Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity 18th Edition By Conrad Kottak - Test Bank

Anthropology: Appreciating Human Diversity, 18e (Kottak) Chapter 1 What is Anthropology? 1) What is anthropology? A) the art of ethnography B) the study of long-term physiological adaptation C) the study of the stages of social evolution D) the humanistic investigation of myths in nonindustrial societies E) the study of humans around the world and through time Answer: E Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2) A holistic and comparative perspective A) makes general anthropology superior to sociocultural anthropology. B) refers only to the cultural aspects of human diversity that anthropologists study. C) makes anthropology an interesting field of study, but too broad of one to apply to real problems people face today. D) most characterizes anthropology when compared to other disciplines that study humans. E) is the hallmark of all social sciences, not just anthropology. Answer: D Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 3) As humans organize their lives and adapt to different environments, our abilities to learn, think symbolically, use language, and employ tools and other products A) rest on certain features of human biology that make culture itself a biological phenomenon. B) have made some human groups more cultured than others. C) prove that only fully developed adults have the capacity for culture; children lack the capacity for culture until they mature. D) rest on certain features of human biology that make culture, which is not itself biological, possible. E) are shared with other animals capable of organized group life—such as baboons, wolves, and even ants. Answer: D Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 1 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4) Which of the following statements about culture is FALSE? A) Culture is a key aspect of human adaptability and success. B) Culture is passed on genetically to future generations. C) Cultural forces consistently mold and shape human biology and behavior. D) Culture guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to it. E) Culture is passed on from generation to generation. Answer: B Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5) What is the process by which children learn a particular cultural tradition? A) acculturation B) ethnology C) enculturation D) ethnography E) biological adaptation Answer: C Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 6) This chapter's description of how humans cope with low oxygen pressure in high altitudes illustrates A) human capacities for cultural and biological adaptation, the latter involving both genetic and physiological adaptations. B) how biological adaptations are effective only when they are genetic. C) how human plasticity has decreased ever since we embraced a sedentary lifestyle some 10,000 years ago. D) how in matters of life or death, biology is ultimately more important than culture. E) the need for anthropologists to pay more attention to human adaptation in extreme environments. Answer: A Topic: Types of human adaptation Learning Objective: Explain the significance of the four primary types of human adaptation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 7) The presence of more efficient respiratory systems to extract oxygen from the air among human populations living at high elevations is an example of which form of adaptation? A) short-term physiological adaptation B) cultural adaptation C) symbolic adaptation D) genetic adaptation E) long-term physiological adaptation Answer: E Topic: Types of human adaptation Learning Objective: Explain the significance of the four primary types of human adaptation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 8) Over time, humans have become increasingly dependent on which of the following in order to cope with the range of environments they have occupied in time and space? A) cultural means of adaptation B) biological means of adaptation, mostly thanks to advanced medical research C) a holistic and comparative approach to problem solving D) social institutions, such as the state, that coordinate collective action E) technological means of adaptation, such as the creation of virtual worlds that allow us to escape from day-to-day reality Answer: A Topic: Types of human adaptation Learning Objective: Explain the significance of the four primary types of human adaptation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 9) Today's global economy and communications link all contemporary people, directly or indirectly, in the modern world system. People must now cope with forces generated by progressively larger systems—the region, the nation, and the world. For anthropologists studying contemporary forms of adaptation, why might this be a challenge? A) Truly isolated indigenous communities, anthropology's traditional and ongoing study focus, are becoming harder to find. B) According to Marcus and Fischer (1986), "The cultures of world peoples need to be constantly rediscovered as these people reinvent them in changing historical circumstances." C) A more dynamic world system, with greater and faster movements of people across space, speeds up the process of evolution, making the study of genetic adaptations more difficult. D) Anthropological research tools do not work in this new modern world system, making their contributions less valuable. E) Since cultures are tied to place, people moving around and connecting across space means the end of culture, and thus the end of anthropology. Answer: B Topic: Types of human adaptation Learning Objective: Explain the significance of the four primary types of human adaptation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 3 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 10) Which of the following perspectives emphasizes how cultural forces constantly mold human biology? A) cultural genetics perspective B) biocultural perspective C) psychological anthropological perspective D) holistic perspective E) scientific-humanistic perspective Answer: B Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 11) What are the four subdisciplines of anthropology? A) medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology B) archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology C) biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology D) genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, and anthropology and linguistics E) primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleoscatology Answer: C Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 12) Anthropologists' early interest in Native North Americans A) is unique to European anthropology. B) was more important than interest in the relation between biology and culture in the development of U.S. four-field anthropology. C) proved early on that culture is a function of race. D) is an important historical reason for the development of four-field anthropology in the U.S. E) was replaced in the 1930s by the two-field approach. Answer: D Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 4 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13) How are the four subfields of U.S. anthropology unified? A) Each subfield studies human variation through time and space. B) Each subfield studies the human capacity for language. C) Each subfield studies human biological variability. D) Each subfield studies human genetic variation through time and space. E) The subfields really are not unified; their grouping into one discipline is a historical accident. Answer: A Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 14) What is one of the most fundamental key assumptions that anthropologists share? A) There are no universals, so cross-cultural research is bound to fail. B) A degree in philosophy is the best way to produce good ethnography. C) We can draw conclusions about human nature by studying a single society. D) Anthropologists cannot agree on what anthropology is, much less share key assumptions. E) A comparative, cross-cultural approach is essential to study the human condition. Answer: E Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 15) Cultural anthropologists carry out their fieldwork in A) factories. B) the tropics. C) the third world. D) former colonies. E) all kinds of societies. Answer: E Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16) Ethnography is the A) study of biological adaptability. B) preliminary data that sociologists use to develop survey research. C) fieldwork component of cultural anthropology. D) cross-cultural comparative component of cultural anthropology. E) generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology. Answer: C Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 17) Based on his observation that contact between neighboring tribes had existed since humanity's beginnings and covered enormous areas, Franz Boas argued that A) cultures should not be treated as isolated phenomena. B) even the earliest foragers engaged in warfare. C) language must have originated among the Neandertals. D) biology, not culture, was responsible for the vast majority of human diversity. E) general anthropologists were wrong to focus too much attention on biology. Answer: A Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 18) What component of cultural anthropology is comparative and focused on building upon our understanding of how cultural systems work? A) ethnography B) data collection C) ethnology D) fieldwork E) data entry Answer: C Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 6 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 19) Archaeologists studying sunken ships off the coast of Florida or analyzing the content of modern garbage are examples of how A) archaeologists study the culture of historical and even living peoples. B) Hollywood has popularized archaeology in recent movies, making it a popular college major. C) archaeology is going through an identity crisis, with its practitioners questioning the discipline's focus on studying prehistory. D) archaeology is free from having to worry about the impact of its work on people. E) training in the use of research skills for extreme environments—such as landfills and the deep sea—are worth the time, resources, and risk for the sake of the anthropological knowledge gained. Answer: A Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 20) Which of the following best describes biological anthropology? A) the study of language and linguistic diversity B) the study of public health C) the study of human biological diversity D) the study of biology through material remains E) the study of biological and cultural approaches to a given problem Answer: C Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 21) Primatology is a specialty within A) linguistic anthropology. B) biological anthropology. C) cultural anthropology. D) applied anthropology. E) anthropological archaeology. Answer: B Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 7 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 22) Linguistic anthropology A) is a research strategy of biological anthropologists studying the emergence of language among nonhuman primates. B) relies heavily on the methods of phrenology. C) includes sociolinguistics, descriptive linguistics, and the study of the biological basis for speech. D) includes cultural anthropology and paleoecology. E) has securely dated the origin of hominid language. Answer: C Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 23) The American Anthropological Association has formally acknowledged a public service role by recognizing that anthropology has which two dimensions? A) academic anthropology and applied anthropology B) ethnology and public ethnography C) cultural resource management and medical anthropology D) private anthropology and public anthropology E) applied anthropology and practicing anthropology Answer: A Topic: Applied anthropology Learning Objective: Identify the work of applied anthropologists. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 24) Applied anthropology A) originated at the same time that anthropology's four-field approach became established among early-twentieth-century U.S. academics. B) has yet to be recognized by the American Anthropological Association. C) encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of its four subfields to identify, assess, and solve practical problems. D) focuses on preparing emerging academic scholars to improve their grant application skills. E) is an European phenomenon. Answer: C Topic: Applied anthropology Learning Objective: Identify the work of applied anthropologists. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 8 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 25) During a massive construction project, a city came across a treasure trove of archeological sites under its streets. It decided to call in an expert to help decide what needed to be saved and how to preserve information about what was not saved. This expert's role is best described as A) sociological anthropology. B) biological anthropology. C) sociolinguistics. D) cultural resource management. E) historic preservation. Answer: D Topic: Applied anthropology Learning Objective: Identify the work of applied anthropologists. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 26) Anthropology is a science, yet it has been suggested that anthropology is among the most humanistic of all academic fields. This is because A) its main object of study is humans. B) of its fundamental respect for human diversity. C) its findings are best expressed with the tools of the humanities. D) the field, particularly in the United States, traces its origins to philosophy and literature. E) it puts so much emphasis on the study of culture that cannot be studied scientifically. Answer: B Topic: Anthropology as a social science Learning Objective: Summarize why anthropology is considered a social science. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 27) Anthropology may improve psychological studies of human behavior by contributing A) examples of primitive thinking from tribal societies. B) nothing, since anthropology focuses on culture and psychology concentrates on personality. C) prehistoric analysis. D) a humanistic approach to psychology. E) a cross-cultural perspective on models of human psychology. Answer: E Topic: Anthropology as a social science Learning Objective: Summarize why anthropology is considered a social science. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 9 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 28) If an anthropologist proposes an explanation for something but it has yet to be verified, he or she has made a(n) A) association. B) generalization. C) theory. D) law. E) hypothesis. Answer: E Topic: The scientific method Learning Objective: Describe the scientific method and its application in anthropological research. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 29) Which of the following statements about theories is the most accurate? A) Theories refer to a covariation of variables. B) Theories are untested explanations for something. C) Theories provide explanations for associations. D) Theories state a uniform association between two variables. E) Theories are generalizations that are universally valid. Answer: C Topic: The scientific method Learning Objective: Describe the scientific method and its application in anthropological research. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 30) Anthropologists study only non-Western cultures. Answer: FALSE Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 31) Humans can adapt to their surroundings through both biological and cultural means. Answer: TRUE Topic: Types of human adaptation Learning Objective: Explain the significance of the four primary types of human adaptation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 10 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 32) Culture is not itself biological but rests on certain features of human biology. Answer: TRUE Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 33) Adaptation refers to the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses, such as those posed by climate and topography. Answer: TRUE Topic: Types of human adaptation Learning Objective: Explain the significance of the four primary types of human adaptation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 34) Anthropologists agree that a comparative, cross-cultural approach is unnecessary as long as researchers are diligent in their work. Answer: FALSE Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 35) Ethnography involves the collection of data that is used to create an account of a particular community, society, or culture. Answer: TRUE Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 36) Ethnomusicology is one of the four main subfields of anthropology. Answer: FALSE Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 11 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 37) Archaeologists study only prehistoric communities. Answer: FALSE Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 38) Biological anthropologists study only human bones. Answer: FALSE Topic: Subfields of U.S. anthropology Learning Objective: List the four subfields of anthropology and distinguish between ethnography and ethnology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 39) As an academic discipline, anthropology falls under both the social sciences and the humanities. Answer: TRUE Topic: Anthropology as a social science Learning Objective: Summarize why anthropology is considered a social science. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 40) The differences between sociology and cultural anthropology are becoming increasingly distinct. Answer: FALSE Topic: Anthropology as a social science Learning Objective: Summarize why anthropology is considered a social science. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 41) Psychologists tend to study only people living in the non-Western world, so anthropology has very little to offer to this field. Answer: FALSE Topic: Anthropology as a social science Learning Objective: Summarize why anthropology is considered a social science. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 12 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 42) Applied anthropology encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of its four subfields to identify, assess, and solve theoretical problems. Answer: FALSE Topic: Applied anthropology Learning Objective: Identify the work of applied anthropologists. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 43) Theories must be proved correct before they can be accepted. Answer: FALSE Topic: The scientific method Learning Objective: Describe the scientific method and its application in anthropological research. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 44) In the social sciences, associations are usually probable rather than absolute. Answer: TRUE Topic: The scientific method Learning Objective: Describe the scientific method and its application in anthropological research. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 45) According to this chapter's "Focus on Globalization," American baseball appears to be more ethnically diverse than American football or basketball. Answer: TRUE Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 46) This chapter begins with a bold claim: Anthropologists study human beings wherever and whenever they find them. Yet there are limits to when and where anthropologists can carry out their work. Can you think of any? How might your consideration of these limits affect how you would design an anthropological study? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 13 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 47) What is culture? How do anthropologists define and study culture? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 48) What does holism refer to? Why is the concept central to anthropology? How does this concept relate to the "four-field" approach within the discipline? Have you encountered this concept in any of your other classes? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 49) This chapter provides an example of human adaptation to high altitude to illustrate the various forms of cultural and biological adaptation. Can you think of another example that illustrates the broad capacity of humans to adapt both biologically and culturally? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Types of human adaptation Learning Objective: Explain the significance of the four primary types of human adaptation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 50) What does biocultural perspective refer to? If you are planning to major in the biological sciences or planning a career as a medical doctor or clinical researcher, how might a minor in anthropology complement your education? If you are thinking of majoring in the humanities, how might a minor in anthropology complement your education? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Defining anthropology Learning Objective: Explain what is meant by the statement that anthropology is the holistic and comparative study of humanity. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 51) This chapter considers differences and similarities between anthropology and other academic fields such as sociology and psychology. What about history? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Anthropology as a social science Learning Objective: Summarize why anthropology is considered a social science. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 52) In this chapter, John Whiting's research regarding the postpartum taboo is used to illustrate 14 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. the application of the scientific method in an anthropological study. Describe theories, associations, and explanations, using his research as an example. Answer: Answers will vary Topic: The scientific method Learning Objective: Describe the scientific method and its application in anthropological research. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 15 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Anthropology: Appreciating Human Diversity, 18e (Kottak) Chapter 2 Culture 1) Which of the following statements about culture is TRUE? A) It is the exclusive domain of the elite. B) It is acquired by humans as members of society through the process of enculturation. C) It is being destroyed by electronic media. D) It developed among nonhuman primates around 10,000 years ago. E) It is more developed in industrial nations than among hunters and gatherers. Answer: B Topic: Defining culture Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2) Which of the following statements about enculturation is FALSE? A) It occurs through a process of conscious and unconscious learning. B) It results in internalization of a cultural tradition. C) It may involve direct teaching. D) It is the exchange of cultural features that results when two or more groups come into consistent firsthand contact. E) It is the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations. Answer: D Topic: Defining culture Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 3) Regarding human capacity for culture, anthropologists agree that A) although women and men both share the emotional and intellectual capacities for culture, at the population level there is less variability in these capacities among men than among women. B) although individuals differ in their emotional and intellectual capacities, all human populations have equivalent capacities for culture. C) although an individual's genetic endowment does not affect that person's ability to learn cultural traditions, it does affect his or her capacity to change culture creatively. D) because human populations differ in their emotional and intellectual capacities, the ability to learn culture differs among societies. E) both mental abilities and mental disabilities are evenly distributed among individuals of all cultures. Answer: B Topic: Defining culture Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 1 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4) Anthropologist Clifford Geertz defined culture as ideas based on cultural learning and symbols. For anthropologist Leslie White, culture originated when our ancestors acquired the ability to use symbols. What is a symbol? A) a distinctive or unique cultural trait, pattern, or integration that can be translated into other cultures B) any element within a culture that distinguishes it from other cultures, precisely because it is difficult to translate C) something verbal or nonverbal within a particular language or culture that comes to stand for something else, with no necessary or natural connection to the thing for which it stands D) a linguistic sign within a particular language that comes to stand for something else in another language E) something verbal or nonverbal with a nonarbitrary association with what it symbolizes Answer: C Topic: Defining culture Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5) What does it mean to say that humans use culture instrumentally? A) People use culture to fulfill their basic biological needs for food, drink, shelter, comfort, and reproduction. B) People use culture to develop artistic endeavors, including musical instruments and visual arts. C) People use culture to advance civilization. D) Culture is a human construct. E) Culture is instrumental in the creation of societies. Answer: A Topic: Defining culture Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 6) What do anthropologists mean when they say culture is shared? A) Culture is an attribute of particular individuals. B) Culture is an attribute of individuals as members of groups. C) Culture is what ensures that all people raised in the same society have the same opinions. D) Culture is universally regarded as more important than the concept of the individual. E) Passive enculturation is accomplished by more than one person. Answer: B Topic: Defining culture Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 7) People in the United States sometimes have trouble understanding the power of culture because of the value that American culture places on the idea of the individual. Yet in American culture, A) individualism is a distinctive commercial value, a feature of capitalist culture shared only by the business elite. B) the cult of individualism is truly shared only by the country's atheist minority. C) individualism is a distinctive shared value, a feature of culture. D) individualism is a distinctive shared value, a result of genetic enculturation. E) individualism is something people talk about but don't practice, because it is not really part of their culture. Answer: C Topic: Defining culture Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 8) People must eat, but culture teaches us what, when, and how to do so. This is an example of how A) culture takes the natural biological urges we share with other animals and teaches us how to express them in particular ways. B) biology dominates culture. C) we are all just uncultured animals. D) individuals are powerless to alter the strong relationship between nature and culture. E) "human nature" is a cultural construction, an idea we have in our minds that has nothing to do with true nature. Answer: A Topic: Defining culture Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 9) Something, verbal or nonverbal, that stands for something else is known as a A) transmitter. B) symbol. C) taboo. D) substitute. E) talisman. Answer: B Topic: Defining culture Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 3 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 10) Which of the following statements about culture is FALSE? A) It has an evolutionary basis. B) It is acquired by all humans, as members of society, through enculturation. C) It encompasses rule-governed, shared, symbol-based, learned behavior, as well as beliefs transmitted across the generations. D) Everyone is cultured. E) It is transmitted genetically. Answer: E Topic: Defining culture Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 11) Culture can be adaptive or maladaptive. It is maladaptive when A) it exhibits cultural traits that are not shared with the majority of the group. B) it threatens the core values of a culture that guarantee its integration. C) cultural traits diminish the survival of particular individuals but not others. D) cultural traits, patterns, and inventions disrupt the world economy, causing international discontent. E) cultural traits, patterns, and inventions threaten the group's continued survival and reproduction and thus its very existence. Answer: E Topic: Defining culture Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 12) The human capacity for culture has an evolutionary basis that extends back perhaps 3 million years. This date corresponds to A) the earliest production of cave art found in South Africa. B) early toolmakers, whose products survive in the archaeological record. C) a genetic mutation that caused an increase in brain size and complexity. D) the advent of anatomically modern primates. E) evidence of hunting and the use of fire to cook tough meats. Answer: B Topic: Culture's evolutionary basis Learning Objective: Discuss the evolutionary basis of culture and the similarities and differences between humans and primates. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 4 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13) Why does this chapter on culture include a section that describes similarities and differences between humans and apes, our closest relatives? A) to emphasize culture's evolutionary basis B) to better define culture as a capacity that distinguishes members of the zoological family hominidae from anatomically modern humans C) to stress that there is no such thing as human nature D) to promote the study of primatology, which has nothing to do with human culture E) to illustrate how evolution is just a theory Answer: A Topic: Culture's evolutionary basis Learning Objective: Discuss the evolutionary basis of culture and the similarities and differences between humans and primates. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 14) Many human traits reflect the fact that our primate ancestors lived in trees. These traits include all of the following EXCEPT A) grasping ability. B) depth and color vision. C) learning ability based on a large brain. D) substantial parental investment in a limited number of offspring. E) echolocation, made possible by overlapping visual fields. Answer: E Topic: Culture's evolutionary basis Learning Objective: Discuss the evolutionary basis of culture and the similarities and differences between humans and primates. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 15) Which of the following is a mechanism of cultural change? A) cultural relativism B) ethnocentrism C) diffusion D) generational enculturation E) particularity Answer: C Topic: Mechanisms of cultural change Learning Objective: Describe the mechanisms of cultural change. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16) Which of the following is a cultural generality? A) exogamy B) the use of fire C) the incest taboo D) the use of symbols E) the nuclear family Answer: E Topic: Cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities Learning Objective: Define and identify examples of cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 17) Which of the following LEAST explains the existence of cultural generalities? A) cultural borrowing B) globalization C) colonialism D) isolationism E) trade Answer: D Topic: Cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities Learning Objective: Define and identify examples of cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 18) What are cultural particularities? A) traits isolated from other traits in the same culture B) traits unique to a given culture, not shared with others C) different levels of culture D) the most general aspect of culture patterns E) cultural traits of individuals rather than of groups Answer: B Topic: Cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities Learning Objective: Define and identify examples of cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 6 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 19) All of the following are evidence of the tendency to view culture as a process EXCEPT A) analysis that attempts to establish boundaries between cultures. B) practice theory. C) attention to agency in anthropological analysis. D) interest in public, collective, and individual dimensions of day-to-day life. E) interest in how acts of resistance can make and remake culture. Answer: A Topic: Cultural rules and their anthropological analysis Learning Objective: Explain how people may avoid, subvert, and manipulate cultural "rules" and expectations, and how today's anthropologists view and analyze those practices. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 20) What process is most responsible for the existence of international culture? A) ethnocentrism B) cultural relativism C) dendritic acculturation D) gene flow E) cultural diffusion Answer: E Topic: Three levels of culture Learning Objective: Recall the three levels of culture and why it is important to differentiate among them. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 21) Which of the following statements about subcultures is FALSE? A) They exemplify "levels of culture." B) They have different learning experiences. C) They have shared learning experiences. D) They may originate in ethnicity, class, region, or religion. E) They are mutually exclusive; individuals may not participate in more than one subculture. Answer: E Topic: Three levels of culture Learning Objective: Recall the three levels of culture and why it is important to differentiate among them. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 7 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 22) The Makah, a tribe that lives near the mouth of the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the Olympic Peninsula, see themselves as whalers and continue to identify themselves spiritually with whales. Their ongoing struggle to maintain their traditional way of life, which involves whale hunting, demonstrates how A) some indigenous communities are able to isolate themselves from national and international politics despite continuous threat from outsiders. B) indigenous communities do not understand the threat their activities pose to endangered species. C) contemporary law is useless in solving disputes with indigenous communities. D) contemporary indigenous groups have to grapple with multiple levels of culture, contestation, and political regulation. E) animals do not have rights. Answer: D Topic: Three levels of culture Learning Objective: Recall the three levels of culture and why it is important to differentiate among them. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 23) The tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to use one's own standards and values in judging others is called A) patriotism. B) ethnocentrism. C) moral relativism. D) cultural relativism. E) illiteracy. Answer: B Topic: Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism Learning Objective: Distinguish between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, including how both relate to human rights. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 8 Copyright 2019 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 24) In anthropology, cultural relativism is not a moral position but a methodological one. It states that A) because cultural values vary between cultures, they cannot be analyzed and compared. B) some cultures are relatively better than others. C) to understand another culture fully, we must try to understand how the people in that culture see things. D) to understand another culture, we must use tactics to try to jar people so that their true views are revealed. E) to bring about desired cultural change, anthropologists should act as emissaries of the most evolved cultural values. Answer: C Topic: Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism Learning Objective: Distinguish between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, including how both relate to human rights. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 25) How are cultural rights different from human rights? A) Human rights are real, whereas cultural rights are just perceived. B) The United Nations protects human rights but not cultural rights. C) Cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals. D) Cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights. E) The term cultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rights. Answer: C Topic: Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism Learning Objective: Distinguish between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, including how both relate to human rights. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 26) Human rights are seen as inalienable. This means that A) no one can abuse them. B) nations cannot abridge or terminate them. C) they are vested in groups and not individuals. D) anthropologists have no moral grounds to question them. E) they are universally accepted by all individuals. Answer: B Topic: Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism Learning Objective: Distinguish between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, including how both relate to human rights. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation anthropology appreciating human diversity - test bank, anthropology appreciating human diversity, anthropology appreciating human diversity 19th edition, anthropology appreciating human diversity 17th edition pdf free, anthropology appreciating human diversity 18th edition pdf reddit, cultural anthropology appreciating cultural diversity,