Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity 16th Edition By Conrad Kottak - Test Bank

Chapter 01 - What is Anthropology? Multiple Choice Questions 1. What is anthropology? A. the art of ethnography B. the study of long-term physiological adaptation C. the study of the stages of social evolution D. the humanistic investigation of myths in nonindustrial societies E. the exploration of human diversity in time and space Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Human diversity 2. A holistic and comparative perspective A. makes general anthropology superior to sociocultural anthropology. B. refers only to the cultural aspects of human diversity that anthropologists study. C. makes anthropology an interesting field of study, but too broad of one to apply to real problems people face today. D. most characterizes anthropology, when compared to other disciplines that study humans. E. is the hallmark of all social sciences, not just anthropology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Human diversity 1-1 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 01 What is Anthropology? Chapter 01 - What is Anthropology? 3. As humans organize their lives and adapt to different environments, our abilities to learn, think symbolically, use language, and employ tools and other products A. rest on certain features of human biology that make culture itself a biological phenomenon. B. have made some human groups more cultured than others. C. prove that only fully developed adults have the capacity for culture; children lack the capacity for culture until they mature. D. rest on certain features of human biology that make culture, which is not itself biological, possible. E. are shared with other animals capable of organized group life—such as baboons, wolves, and even ants. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Human diversity 4. Which of the following is NOT true about culture? A. Culture is a key aspect of human adaptability and success. B. Culture is passed on genetically to future generations. C. Cultural forces consistently mold and shape human biology and behavior. D. Culture guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to it. E. Culture is passed on from generation to generation. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Human diversity 5. What is the process by which children learn a particular cultural tradition? A. acculturation B. ethnology C. enculturation D. ethnography E. biological adaptation Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Human diversity 1-2 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 01 - What is Anthropology? 6. This chapter's description of how humans cope with low oxygen pressure in high altitudes illustrates A. human capacities for cultural and biological adaptation, the latter involving both genetic and physiological adaptations. B. how biological adaptations are effective only when they are genetic. C. how human plasticity has decreased ever since we embraced a sedentary lifestyle some 10,000 years ago. D. how in matters of life or death, biology is ultimately more important than culture. E. the need for anthropologists to pay more attention to human adaptation in extreme environments. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Human diversity 7. The presence of more efficient respiratory systems to extract oxygen from the air among human populations living at high elevations is an example of which form of adaptation? A. short-term physiological adaptation B. cultural adaptation C. symbolic adaptation D. genetic adaptation E. long-term physiological adaptation Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Human diversity 8. Over time, humans have become increasingly dependent on which of the following in order to cope with the range of environments they have occupied in time and space? A. cultural means of adaptation B. biological means of adaptation, mostly thanks to advanced medical research C. a holistic and comparative approach to problem solving D. social institutions, such as the state, that coordinate collective action E. technological means of adaptation, such as the creation of virtual worlds that allow us to escape from day-to-day reality Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Human diversity 1-3 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 01 - What is Anthropology? 9. Today's global economy and communications link all contemporary people, directly or indirectly, in the modern world system. People must now cope with forces generated by progressively larger systems—the region, the nation, and the world. For anthropologists studying contemporary forms of adaptation, why might this be a challenge? A. Truly isolated indigenous communities, anthropology's traditional and ongoing study focus, are becoming harder to find. B. According to Marcus and Fischer (1986), "The cultures of world peoples need to be constantly rediscovered as these people reinvent them in changing historical circumstances." C. A more dynamic world system, with greater and faster movements of people across space, speeds up the process of evolution, making the study of genetic adaptations more difficult. D. Anthropological research tools do not work in this new modern world system, making their contributions less valuable. E. Since cultures are tied to place, people moving around and connecting across space means the end of culture, and thus the end of anthropology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Human diversity 10. In general, Americans tend to maintain a greater physical distance from others they interact with on a day-to-day basis, especially when compared to Brazilians or Italians, who need less personal space. However, the story of American students' attitudes toward hugging in "Give Me a Hug" reminds us that A. any nation usually contains diverse and even conflicting cultural values, and these cultural values are not static. B. the key reason for the poor track-record of U.S. diplomacy begins with failures in the American school system. C. some aspects of culture are more biologically determined than others. D. cultural values regarding bodily touch and personal space are very difficult to change from one generation to another. E. homosexuality is becoming more prevalent, and more accepted, among teenagers. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Human diversity 1-4 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 01 - What is Anthropology? 11. What are the four subfields of anthropology? A. medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology B. archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology C. biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology D. genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, and linguistic and anthropology E. primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleoscatology Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: General anthropology 12. Anthropologists' early interest in Native North Americans A. is unique to European anthropology. B. was more important than interest in the relation between biology and culture in the development of U.S. four-field anthropology. C. proved early on that culture is a function of race. D. is an important historical reason for the development of four-field anthropology in the U.S. E. was replaced in the 1930s by the two-field approach. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: General anthropology 13. How are the four subfields of U.S. anthropology unified? A. Each subfield studies human variation through time and space. B. Each subfield studies the human capacity for language. C. Each subfield studies human biological variability. D. Each subfield studies human genetic variation through time and space. E. The subfields really are not unified; their grouping into one discipline is a historical accident. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: General anthropology 1-5 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 01 - What is Anthropology? 14. What is one of the most fundamental key assumptions that anthropologists share? A. There are no universals, so cross-cultural research is bound to fail. B. A degree in philosophy is the best way to produce good ethnography. C. We can draw conclusions about human nature by studying a single society. D. Anthropologists cannot agree on what anthropology is, much less share key assumptions. E. A comparative, cross-cultural approach is essential to study the human condition. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: General anthropology 15. Cultural anthropologists carry out their fieldwork in A. factories. B. the tropics. C. the third world. D. former colonies. E. all kinds of societies. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Subdisciplines of anthropology 16. Which of the following perspectives emphasizes how cultural forces constantly mold human biology? A. cultural genetics perspective B. biocultural perspective C. psychological anthropological perspective D. holistic perspective E. scientific-humanistic perspective Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: General anthropology 1-6 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 01 - What is Anthropology? 17. Ethnography is the A. study of biological adaptability. B. preliminary data that sociologists use to develop survey research. C. fieldwork component of cultural anthropology. D. cross-cultural comparative component of cultural anthropology. E. generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Subdisciplines of anthropology 18. Based on his observation that contact between neighboring tribes had existed since humanity's beginnings and covered enormous areas, Franz Boas argued A. against treating cultures as isolated phenomena. B. that even the earliest foragers engaged in warfare. C. that language must have originated among the Neandertals. D. that biology, not culture, was responsible for the vast majority of human diversity. E. that general anthropologists were wrong to focus too much attention on biology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Subdisciplines of anthropology 19. What component of cultural anthropology is comparative and focused on building upon our understanding of how cultural systems work? A. ethnography B. data collection C. ethnology D. fieldwork E. data entry Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Subdisciplines of anthropology 1-7 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 01 - What is Anthropology? 20. Archaeologists studying sunken ships off the coast of Florida or analyzing the content of modern garbage are examples of how A. archaeologists study the culture of historical and even living peoples. B. Hollywood has popularized archaeology in recent movies, making it a popular college major. C. archaeology is going through an identity crisis, with its practitioners questioning the discipline's focus on studying prehistory. D. archaeology is free from having to worry about the impact of its work on people. E. training in the use of research skills for extreme environments—such as landfills and the deep sea—are worth the time, resources, and risk for the sake of the anthropological knowledge gained. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Subdisciplines of anthropology 21. Linguistic anthropology A. is a research strategy of biological anthropologists studying the emergence of language among nonhuman primates. B. relies heavily on the methods of phrenology. C. includes sociolinguistics, descriptive linguistics, and the study of the biological basis for speech. D. includes cultural anthropology and paleoecology. E. has securely dated the origin of hominid language. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Topic: Subdisciplines of anthropology 22. Anthropology is a science, yet it has been suggested that anthropology is among the most humanistic of all academic fields. This is because A. its main object of study are humans. B. of its fundamental respect for human diversity. C. its findings are best expressed with the tools of the humanities. D. the field, particularly in the United States, traces its origins to philosophy and literature. E. it puts so much emphasis on the study of culture that cannot be studied scientifically. 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