AQA Biology paper 1
aerobic respiration an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down using oxygen to
produce carbon dioxide and water and release energy for the cells
anaerobic respiration an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down in the absence of
oxygen to produce lactic acid in animals and ethanol and carbon dioxide in plants and yeast. A
small amount of energy is transferred for the cells
exothermic reaction a reaction that transfers energy to the environment
glycogen carbohydrate store in animals
lactic acid the end product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells
oxygen debt the extra oxygen that must be taken into the body after exercise has stopped to
complete the aerobic respiration of lactic acid
Mitochondria Organelle that is the site of respiration
Responses to exercise Heart rate increases, Breathing rate increases, glycogen in muscles is
converted to glucose
endothermic reaction a reaction that requires a transfer of energy from the environment
glucose a simple sugar
limiting factors limit the rate of a reaction, for example photosynthesis
photosynthesisthe process by which plants make food using carbon dioxide, water, and light
Reactants for photosynthesis water and carbon dioxide
Products of photosynthesis glucose and oxygen
Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis
white blood cells Blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease-causing
microorganisms
Sperm cells It has a long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim. There are a lot of
mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed. It also carries enzymes in its head to
digest through the egg cell membrane.
light energy source for photosynthesis
aorta the artery that leaves the heart from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the
body
arteriesblood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry oxygenated blood
and have a pulse
atria the upper chambers of the heart
capillaries the smallest blood vessels. They run between individual cells and have a wall that
is only one cell thick
coronary arteries the blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
double circulatory system the circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from
the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body
epidermal the name given to cells that make up the epidermis or outer layer of an organism
guard cells surround the stomata in the leaves of plants and control their opening and closing
haemoglobin the red pigment that carries oxygen around the body in the red blood cells
palisade mesophyll the upper layer of the mesophyll tissue in plant leaves made up of closely
packed cells that contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis
, phloem the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the
plant
plasma the clear yellow-liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances and blood cells
around the body
platelets fragments of cells in the blood that play a vital role in the clotting mechanism of
the blood
pulmonary artery the large blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the right
ventricle of the heart to the lungs
pulmonary vein the large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to
the left atrium of the heart
red blood cells biconcave cells that contain the red pigment haemoglobin and carry oxygen
around the body in the blood
spongy mesophyll the lower layer of mesophyll tissue in plant leaves that contains some
chloroplasts and many large air spaces to give a big surface area for the exchange of gases
stent a metal mesh placed in a blocked or partially blocked artery. They are used to open up the
blood vessel by the inflation of a tiny balloon
translocation the movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant through the
phloem
transpiration the loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants through the stomata when they
are opened to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis. It involves evaporation from the surface of
the cells and diffusion through the stomata
veins blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry deoxygenated
blood and have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
vena cava the large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart
ventricles chambers of the heart that contract to force blood out of the heart
white blood cells blood cells involved in the immune system of the body. They engulf
pathogens and make antibodies and antitoxins
xylem the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves
and shoots
active site the site on an enzyme where the reactants bind
amino acids building blocks of proteins
amylase enzyme that speeds up the digestion of starch into sugars
bile neutralises stomach acid to give a high pH for the enzymes from the pancreas and small
intestine to work well. It is not an enzyme
carbohydrases enzymes that speed up the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars
carbohydrates molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They provide the
energy for the metabolism and are found in foods such as rice, potatoes, and bread
denatured the breakdown of the molecular structure of a protein so it no longer functions
differentiate the process where cells become specialised for a particular function
digestive system organ system where food is digested and absorbed
enzymes biological catalysts, usually proteins
fatty acids part of the structure of a lipid molecule
glycerol part of the structure of a lipid molecule
lipase enzymes that speed up the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
lipids include fats and oils and are found in foods such as butter, olive oil, and crisps. They are
made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
aerobic respiration an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down using oxygen to
produce carbon dioxide and water and release energy for the cells
anaerobic respiration an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down in the absence of
oxygen to produce lactic acid in animals and ethanol and carbon dioxide in plants and yeast. A
small amount of energy is transferred for the cells
exothermic reaction a reaction that transfers energy to the environment
glycogen carbohydrate store in animals
lactic acid the end product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells
oxygen debt the extra oxygen that must be taken into the body after exercise has stopped to
complete the aerobic respiration of lactic acid
Mitochondria Organelle that is the site of respiration
Responses to exercise Heart rate increases, Breathing rate increases, glycogen in muscles is
converted to glucose
endothermic reaction a reaction that requires a transfer of energy from the environment
glucose a simple sugar
limiting factors limit the rate of a reaction, for example photosynthesis
photosynthesisthe process by which plants make food using carbon dioxide, water, and light
Reactants for photosynthesis water and carbon dioxide
Products of photosynthesis glucose and oxygen
Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis
white blood cells Blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease-causing
microorganisms
Sperm cells It has a long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim. There are a lot of
mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed. It also carries enzymes in its head to
digest through the egg cell membrane.
light energy source for photosynthesis
aorta the artery that leaves the heart from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the
body
arteriesblood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry oxygenated blood
and have a pulse
atria the upper chambers of the heart
capillaries the smallest blood vessels. They run between individual cells and have a wall that
is only one cell thick
coronary arteries the blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
double circulatory system the circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from
the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body
epidermal the name given to cells that make up the epidermis or outer layer of an organism
guard cells surround the stomata in the leaves of plants and control their opening and closing
haemoglobin the red pigment that carries oxygen around the body in the red blood cells
palisade mesophyll the upper layer of the mesophyll tissue in plant leaves made up of closely
packed cells that contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis
, phloem the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the
plant
plasma the clear yellow-liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances and blood cells
around the body
platelets fragments of cells in the blood that play a vital role in the clotting mechanism of
the blood
pulmonary artery the large blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the right
ventricle of the heart to the lungs
pulmonary vein the large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to
the left atrium of the heart
red blood cells biconcave cells that contain the red pigment haemoglobin and carry oxygen
around the body in the blood
spongy mesophyll the lower layer of mesophyll tissue in plant leaves that contains some
chloroplasts and many large air spaces to give a big surface area for the exchange of gases
stent a metal mesh placed in a blocked or partially blocked artery. They are used to open up the
blood vessel by the inflation of a tiny balloon
translocation the movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant through the
phloem
transpiration the loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants through the stomata when they
are opened to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis. It involves evaporation from the surface of
the cells and diffusion through the stomata
veins blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry deoxygenated
blood and have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
vena cava the large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart
ventricles chambers of the heart that contract to force blood out of the heart
white blood cells blood cells involved in the immune system of the body. They engulf
pathogens and make antibodies and antitoxins
xylem the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves
and shoots
active site the site on an enzyme where the reactants bind
amino acids building blocks of proteins
amylase enzyme that speeds up the digestion of starch into sugars
bile neutralises stomach acid to give a high pH for the enzymes from the pancreas and small
intestine to work well. It is not an enzyme
carbohydrases enzymes that speed up the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars
carbohydrates molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They provide the
energy for the metabolism and are found in foods such as rice, potatoes, and bread
denatured the breakdown of the molecular structure of a protein so it no longer functions
differentiate the process where cells become specialised for a particular function
digestive system organ system where food is digested and absorbed
enzymes biological catalysts, usually proteins
fatty acids part of the structure of a lipid molecule
glycerol part of the structure of a lipid molecule
lipase enzymes that speed up the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
lipids include fats and oils and are found in foods such as butter, olive oil, and crisps. They are
made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
