Race and Ethnicity in the United States 8th Edition By Schaefer -Test Bank

Chapter 3 – Discrimination Multiple Choice Questions 1. Sociologists refer to the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities as ________. a. affirmative action b. environmental justice c. relative deprivation d. redlining Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_01_Understanding Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between relative and absolute deprivation. Topic: Understanding Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 2. A fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist is called ________. a. affirmative action b. absolute deprivation c. redlining d. reverse discrimination Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_02_Understanding Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between relative and absolute deprivation. Topic: Understanding Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 3. Discrimination is defined as ________. a. the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstance b. the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups for prejudices or other arbitrary reasons c. a more inclusive term than income and encompasses all of a person’s material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property d. the positive effort to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_03_Understanding Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between relative and absolute deprivation. Topic: Understanding Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 4. Mark is a new immigrant in a country. He gets acquainted with several local people. However, when he compares himself with them, he feels that they have more opportunities and are more successful than him. Therefore, Mark is experiencing ________. a. relative deprivation b. redlining c. absolute deprivation d. reverse discrimination Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_04_Understanding Discrimination_Apply_LO 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between relative and absolute deprivation. Topic: Understanding Discrimination Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 3 – Difficult 5. In the context of discrimination, a conflict theorist is likely to believe that ________. a. absolute, unchanging standards do not determine deprivation and oppression b. individuals who are most vocal are often in the worst economic and social situations c. acts committed by prejudiced individuals are more significant than institutional discrimination d. color-blind policies are not useful in eliminating institutional discrimination Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_05_Understanding Discrimination_Analyze_LO 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between relative and absolute deprivation. Topic: Understanding Discrimination Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: 3 – Difficult 6. ________ is made a meaningful term by national legislation and publicity because of the victimization associated with it. a. Relative deprivation b. Wealth inequality c. Reverse discrimination d. Hate crime Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_06_Hate Crimes_Remember_LO 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.2: Define hate crimes. Topic: Hate Crimes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 7. The Hate Crime Statistics Act has been amended to ________. a. apply solely to crimes based on race or religion b. take into consideration redlining and reverse discrimination c. include disabilities and sexual orientation as factors for crimes d. include crimes related to institutional discrimination Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_07_Hate Crimes_Understand_LO 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.2: Define hate crimes. Topic: Hate Crimes Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 8. A bias crime is one in which ________. a. offenders are motivated to choose a victim because of a particular characteristic that they possess and provide evidence that hatred prompted them to commit the offence b. the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities is based on a fixed standard of a minimum level of subsistence c. the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups results from the normal operations of a society d. people are discriminated while trying to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_08_Hate Crimes_Remember_LO 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.2: Define hate crimes. Topic: Hate Crimes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 9. Hate crimes carry harsher penalties than other related crimes because ________. a. the victim of the crime is randomly selected b. the message is intended for the group to which the victim belongs c. the crimes are most often committed by members of terrorist groups d. the crimes are covered under the Homeland Security Act Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_09_Hate Crimes_Understand_LO 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.2: Define hate crimes. Topic: Hate Crimes Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 3 – Difficult 10. Unlike ordinary crimes, hate crimes are ________. a. often directed at members of dominant groups b. based on particular characteristics of the victims c. covert acts directed at an entire group d. committed in a manner that is invisible to people Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_10_Hate Crimes_Analyze_LO 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.2: Define hate crimes. Topic: Hate Crimes Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: 3 – Difficult 11. The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society is known as ________. a. absolute deprivation b. marginalization c. prejudice d. institutional discrimination Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_11_Institutional Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 12. The concept introduced by civil rights activist Stokely Carmichael and political scientist Charles Hamilton that refers to covert acts committed collectively against an entire group is________. a. institutional racism b. individual discrimination c. redlining d. relative deprivation Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_12_Institutional Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 13. Institutional discrimination is ________. a. sometimes unintended and unconscious b. described as the privileges enjoyed by minority members c. very limited in American society d. illegal as per the civil rights legislation passed in 1964 Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_13_Institutional Discrimination_Understand_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 14. Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination? a. Norman makes his friend Shawn feel inferior because of his religious affiliations. b. A city school gives admission preference to children of White alumni. c. A real estate firm tries to sell houses in minority neighborhoods. d. Sophia refuses to speak to people who are poor in English. Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_14_Institutional Discrimination_Apply_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 3 – Difficult 15. People convicted of felony crimes are prohibited from voting in the country of Arcadia resulting in a drastic decrease in the number of minority voters. This is an example of ________. a. wealth inequality b. affirmative action c. institutional discrimination d. redlining Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_15_Institutional Discrimination_Apply_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 16. Institutional discrimination is so systematic that it takes on the pattern of ________. a. redlining b. woodwork racism c. reverse discrimination d. affirmative action Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_16_Institutional discrimination_Understand_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 17. ________ continuously imposes more hindrances on and awards fewer benefits to certain racial and ethnic groups than it does to others. a. Institutional discrimination b. Reverse discrimination c. Affirmative action d. Environmental justice Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_17_Institutional discrimination_Understand_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 18. The key to social change in social inequality has been ________. a. proactive government intervention b. resistance by subordinate groups c. advocacy by White Americans d. the melting pot philosophy of most Americans Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_18_Discrimination Today_Understand_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 19. The 1964 Civil Rights Act led to the establishment of the ________. a. Glass Ceiling Commission b. Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) c. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) d. Affirmative Action Board Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_19_Discrimination Today_Remember_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 20. In 1972, the Civil Rights Act was amended to include ________. a. employers with as few as 15 employees b. gender discrimination c. discrimination in housing d. undocumented immigrant workers Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_20_Discrimination Today_Remember_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 21. The ________ prohibited discrimination in public accommodations. a. Glass Ceiling Commission b. Fair Employment Practices Commission c. Civil Rights Act of 1964 d. Affirmative Action Board Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_21_Discrimination Today_Remember_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 22. An institution is likely to be engaged in redlining when ________. a. it prevents minority employees from attaining promotions b. women are denied opportunities for moving laterally within the organization c. Black students with low test scores are expelled d. mortgages are denied for houses in minority neighborhoods Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_22_Discrimination Today_Analyze_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: 3 – Difficult 23. Simon, an employee of a home improvement firm, is asked to remodel a house. However, he refuses to do so because the house is located in a minority neighborhood. In this scenario, Simon is practicing ________. a. affirmative action b. glass escalator c. service redlining d. reverse discrimination Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_23_Discrimination Today_Apply_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 3 – Difficult 24. Which of the following explains the high income earning capacity of Asian American men despite the presence of race barriers? a. uniform incomes among the community members b. the median income factor c. denial of opportunities to Blacks and Hispanics d. the past discrimination factor Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_24_Discrimination Today_Understand_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 25. As adults, well-off Black Americans are less likely to have acquired knowledge from their parents about how to invest wisely than their White counterparts. This is a result of ________. a. affirmative action b. environmental justice c. wealth inequality d. reverse discrimination Answer: c Question Title: 3_25_Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy_Understand_LO 3.5 Learning Objective: 3.5: Illustrate how wealth inequality is discrimination’s legacy. Topic: Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 26. Kennedy Heights, a locality consisting mostly of people from minority groups, was knowingly constructed on contaminated land. Which of the following aspects of discrimination is highlighted in the given scenario? a. institutional discrimination b. environmental justice c. reverse discrimination d. redlining Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_26_Environmental Justice_Apply_LO 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.6: Discuss environmental justice. Topic: Environmental Justice Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 27. Environmental justice refers to ________. a. the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstance b. the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities c. the positive efforts to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities, irrespective of their religion and race d. a fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_27_Environmental Justice_Remember_LO 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.6: Discuss environmental justice. Topic: Environmental Justice Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 28. If a bank implements affirmative action in its processes, it is likely to ________. a. provide opportunities for minority group members to build good credit histories b. ensure that married women are prequalified to obtain a loan c. fix interest rates on home loans based on the locality where loan applicants plan to buy a home d. provide assistance to only those students who enroll themselves in reputed universities Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_28_Affirmative Action_Analyze_LO 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.7: Explain affirmative action. Topic: Affirmative Action Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: 3 – Difficult 29. Which of the following terms refers to positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities? a. affirmative action b. reverse discrimination c. environmental justice d. redlining Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_29_Affirmative Action_Remember_LO 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.7: Explain affirmative action. Topic: Affirmative Action Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 30. Affirmative action is an important tool for reducing ________. a. reverse discrimination b. environmental justice c. institutional discrimination d. hate crimes Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_30_Affirmative Action_Remember_LO 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.7: Explain affirmative action. Topic: Affirmative Action Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 31. The California Civil Rights Initiative was placed on the ballot in 1996 as a referendum to ________. a. establish the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission that had the power to investigate complaints against employers and to recommend action to the Department of Justice b. amend the state constitution and prohibit any programs that give preference to women and minorities for college admission, employment, promotion, or government contracts c. prohibited discrimination in public accommodations, that is, hotels, motels, restaurants, gasoline stations, and amusement parks d. restrict all state universities from using affirmative action in their admissions policies Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_31_Reverse Discrimination_Understand_LO 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.8: Analyze reverse discrimination. Topic: Reverse Discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 32. Critics of affirmative action are likely to call for ________. a. an end to programs that give advantages to any group, including veterans and farmers b. color-blind policies c. more racial profiling d. separation of business and government Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_32_Reverse Discrimination_Analyze_LO 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.8: Analyze reverse discrimination. Topic: Reverse Discrimination Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 33. Mike is a highly qualified engineer. However, he is turned down by a company in favor of a less qualified woman. This is an example of ________. a. absolute deprivation b. redlining c. stereotyping d. reverse discrimination Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_33_Reverse discrimination_Apply_LO 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.8: Analyze reverse discrimination. Topic: Reverse discrimination Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 34. The charge that government actions unfairly bypass White males in favor of women and minority men refers to ________. a. absolute deprivation b. reverse discrimination c. relative deprivation d. redlining Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_34_Reverse Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.8: Analyze reverse discrimination. Topic: Reverse Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 35. Anita Juarez is successful in the personnel relations department of a corporation. She is stopped in her efforts to make a lateral move into marketing, the key to top executive positions. Which of the following obstacles to professional growth is encountered by Anita? a. reverse discrimination b. a glass wall c. relative deprivation d. a glass ceiling Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_35_The Glass Ceiling_Apply_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 3 – Difficult 36. Glass walls describe ________. a. obstacles to entry into law and medicine by minorities b. movement of minorities up the corporate ladder but short of top management positions c. barriers to lateral movement into positions that allow for advancement d. discrimination faced by minorities in the banking industry Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_36_The Glass Ceiling_Remember_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 37. The glass ceiling describes ________. a. barriers that block the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership b. barriers in moving laterally in a business to positions that are more likely to lead to authoritative positions c. the male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women d. reverse discrimination experienced by White males Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_37_The Glass Ceiling_Remember_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 38. As subordinate-group members are able to compete successfully, they sometimes encounter attitudinal or organizational bias that prevents them from reaching their full potential. Which of the following statements support this claim? a. Qualified men often encounter obstacles when they move out of sex-typical jobs. b. Qualified workers often move laterally into a different department without being promoted to a higher level. c. Qualified workers belonging to minority groups encounter barriers that prevent their promotion. d. Qualified subordinate-group members mostly encounter redlining that acts as a barrier to prevent their professional growth. Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_38_The Glass Ceiling_Analyze_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: 3 – Difficult 39. John, a White male, completed his degree in nursing. After six months on his first job, he gets promoted to a managerial role. John’s promotion can be attributed to the presence of ________. a. a glass wall b. a glass escalator c. reverse discrimination d. affirmative action Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_39_The Glass Ceiling_Apply_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 3 – Difficult 40. White males are likely to encounter a glass escalator when ________. a. they are denied loans by banks for choosing to buy homes in minority neighborhoods b. they are refused promotions to higher organizational positions c. provided with an opportunity to move laterally to a different department d. rewarded with promotions in female-dominated occupations Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_40_The Glass Ceiling_Analyze_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: 3 – Difficult Essay Questions 41. Explain the difference between absolute and relative deprivation as applied to the experiences of minority groups in America. Answer: Absolute deprivation implies a fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist. Discrimination does not necessarily mean absolute deprivation. A Japanese American who is promoted to a management position may still be a victim of discrimination if he or she had been passed over for years because of corporate reluctance to place an Asian American in a highly visible position. Relative deprivation is defined as the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities. After settling in the United States, immigrants often enjoy better material comforts and more political freedom than was possible in their old countries. If they compare themselves with most other people in the United States, however, they will feel deprived because, although their standards have improved, the immigrants still perceive relative deprivation. Question Title: TB_3_41_Understanding Discrimination_Understand_LO 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between relative and absolute deprivation. Topic: Understanding Discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 42. Define a hate crime and give examples. Answer: The government defines an ordinary crime as a hate crime when offenders are motivated to choose a victim because of some characteristic, for example, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or disability and provide evidence that hatred prompted them to commit the crime. Hate crimes also are sometimes referred to as bias crimes. For example, in 2009, a Maryland man with a long history of ties to neo-Nazi groups walked into the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., and opened fire, killing a security guard. Question Title: TB_3_42_Hate Crimes_Remember_LO 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.2: Define hate crimes. Topic: Hate Crimes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Easy 43. How does individual discrimination differ from institutional racism? Answer: Individual discrimination refers to overt acts of individual Whites against individual Blacks. Carmichael and Hamilton reserved the term institutional racism for covert acts committed collectively against an entire group. From this perspective, discrimination can take place without an individual intending to deprive others of privileges and even without the individual being aware that others are being deprived. Question Title: TB 3_43_Institutional Discrimination_Understand_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 44. Define redlining and give an example. Answer: Redlining is the pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods. African Americans, Latinos, and others fall victim to it. People living in predominantly minority neighborhoods have found that companies with delivery services refuse to go to their area. For example, in 1997, a Pizza Hut in Kansas City refused to deliver 40 pizzas to an honors program at a high school in an all-Black neighborhood. Question Title: TB_3_44_Discrimination Today_Remember_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Remember 45. Write a note on wealth and differentiate it from income. Answer: Wealth is a more inclusive term than income and encompasses all of a person’s material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property. Wealth allows one to live better, and even modest assets provide insurance against the effects of job layoffs, natural disasters, and long-term illness, and they afford individuals much better interest rates when they need to borrow money. Wealth allows children to graduate from college with little or no debt. This reminds us that for many people, wealth is not always related to assets but also can be measured by indebtedness. Question Title: TB_3_45_Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy_Understand_LO 3.5 Learning Objective: 3.5: Illustrate how wealth inequality is discrimination’s legacy. Topic: Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 46. Write a note on environmental justice. Answer: Environmental justice refers to the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstance. After the Environmental Protection Agency and other organizations documented discrimination in the location of hazardous waste sites, an executive order was issued in 1994 that requires all federal agencies to ensure that low-income and minority communities have access to better information about their environment and have an opportunity to participate in shaping government policies that affect their communities’ health. Initial efforts to implement the policy have met widespread opposition, including criticism from some proponents of economic development who argue that the guidelines unnecessarily delay or altogether block locating new industrial sites. Low-income communities and areas with significant minority populations are more likely to be adjacent to waste sites, landfills, incinerators, and polluting factories than are affluent White communities. Question Title: TB_3_46_Environmental Justice_Understand_LO 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.6: Discuss environmental justice. Topic: Environmental justice Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 47. Describe affirmative action. Answer: Affirmative action is the positive effort to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. Today, affirmative action has become a catchall term for racial preference programs and goals. It also has become a lightning rod for opposition to any programs that suggest special consideration of women or racial minorities. Affirmative action has been viewed as an important tool for reducing institutional discrimination. Whereas previous efforts were aimed at eliminating individual acts of discrimination, federal measures under the heading of affirmative action have been aimed at procedures that deny equal opportunities, even if they are not intended to be overtly discriminatory. Question Title: TB_3_47_Affirmative Action_Understand_LO 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.8: Explain affirmative action. Topic: Affirmative Action Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate 48. What is reverse discrimination? Answer: The charges of reverse discrimination are that government actions cause better-qualified White men to be bypassed in favor of women and minority men. Reverse discrimination is an emotional term, because it conjures up the notion that somehow women and minorities will subject White men in the United States to the same treatment received by minorities during the last three centuries. Question Title: TB_3_48_Reverse Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.8: Analyze reverse discrimination. Topic: Reverse Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Remember 49. Define glass ceilings, glass walls, and glass escalators. Answer: The glass ceiling refers to the barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership. Women and racial and ethnic minorities face glass walls that keep them from moving laterally. Women are assigned to and, therefore, trapped in jobs that reflect their stereotypical helping nature. The glass escalator refers to the White male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women. Question Title: TB_3_49_The Glass Ceiling_Remember_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 – Remember 50. Identify the glass ceiling barriers as found by the 1991 Glass Ceiling Commission. Answer: Concern about women and minorities climbing a broken ladder led to the formation in 1991 of the Glass Ceiling Commission. It regarded the following as some of the glass ceiling barriers: • Lack of management commitment to establishing systems, policies, and practices for achieving workplace diversity and upward mobility • Pay inequities for work of equal or comparable value • Sex-, race-, and ethnicity-based stereotyping and harassment • Unfair recruitment practices • Lack of family-friendly workplace policies • Parent-track policies that discourage parental leave policies • Limited opportunities for advancement to decision-making positions Question Title: TB_3_50_The Glass Ceiling_Understand_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 – Moderate race and ethnicity test j banks multicultural education is race and ethnicity the same thing tyra banks ethnicity race v. ethnicity 3 percent black