Sociology Pop Culture to Social Structure 3rd Edition By Brym - Test Bank

CHAPTER 3 SOCIALIZATION Questions included in web quizzing are marked in bold Student Learning Objectives After reading Chapter 3, students should be able to: 1. Recognize that human abilities remain undeveloped unless social interaction unleashes them. 2. Compare change over the past century in the socializing influence of the family, schools, peer groups and the mass media. 3. Appreciate that people’s identities change faster, more often, and more completely than they did just a couple of decades ago. 4. List the factors transforming the character of childhood and adolescence today. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The discussion of the “wild boy of Aveyron” in the text illustrates that without childhood socialization a. adults have intense personal relationships. b. most of our human potential remains unlocked until we are socialized. c. humans in the wild become overly violent. d. children are at risk of abuse. e. children can rarely learn to speak. ANS: b TYPE: applied PG: 49 SOURCE: modified LO: 1 2. Examples of children who are deprived of attention social contact demonstrate that the ability to learn culture and become fully human is a. a potential. b. an inevitable part of aging. c. a natural process that requires little nurturing. d. a process that can only begin after learning language. e. not possible for children in any sort of institutional setting. ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 49 SOURCE: modified LO: 1 3. A _____ is the behavior expected of a person occupying a particular position in society. a. status b. socialization c. sense of self d. role e. reference group ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 49 SOURCE: modified LO: 1 4. Both human babies and baby rhesus monkeys require _____ in order to develop normally. a. affection and caring b. very little attention c. modest amounts of food d. little contact with mother figures e. contact with two parent figures ANS: a TYPE: factual PG: 49 SOURCE: modified LO: 1 5. The research of René Spitz comparing children raised in an orphanage with children raised in a nursing home attached to a women’s prison found that a. it is possible for infants to receive too much social interaction in their first year of life. b. without childhood socialization, most of our human potential remains unlocked. c. infants deprived of their mothers or other care givers can grow up completely normally. d. infants must have the care of two parents in order to develop successfully. e. there is no difference in development of children, regardless of how they are raised ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 50 SOURCE: modified LO: 1 6. Which of these statements about agents of socialization is false? a. Agents of socialization operate throughout a person’s life. b. Through agents of socialization we learn to control impulses and how to behave in groups. c. Acquiring self-identity is an important process within agents of socialization. d. Agents of socialization each deliver consistent and similar messages in order to facilitate development. e. Important values and social roles are learned through agents of socialization. ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 51 SOURCE: new LO: 2 7. The process of socialization begins a. when a child enters formal daycare or nursery school. b. at 6 years of age. c. at birth. d. at 1 year of age. e. when a child has started talking. ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 51 SOURCE: pickup LO: 1 8. According to Freud, the development of one’s personality is achieved a. through a very short process of resocialization. b. through play and learning games. c. as an infant learns that his or her needs are different than those of the parent. d. only through a process of severe discipline. e. through the continual gratification of needs. ANS: c TYPE: conceptual PG: 51 SOURCE: modified LO: 1 9. The individual's conscious experience of a distinct, personal identity that is separate and meaningful from all other people is called _____. a. socialization b. the personality c. nurture d. the self e. individualism ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 51 SOURCE: modified LO: 1 10. The main sociological contribution of Freud’s theory of the self is that a. the self emerges during early social interaction. b. the self emerges during social interaction with teenage peers. c. the self is not based on societal rules. d. the process of developing a self is very disorganized. e. there is no singular sense of self apart from our childhood traumas. ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 51 SOURCE: modified LO: 1 11. What is the primary difference between Freud’s theory of the self and the theory of Charles H. Cooley? a. Freud is more sociological and Cooley is more psychoanalytical. b. Cooley is more sociological and Freud is more psychoanalytical. c. Freud is more accurate than Cooley in his theory of the self. d. Cooley is more accurate than Freud in his theory of the self. e. Cooley deals more with the experience in infancy than does Freud. ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 52 SOURCE: new LO: 1 12. The idea of the “looking glass self” is that when we interact with others, they gesture and react to us, and we see ourselves reflected in them as though they were a mirror. The sociologist who created this idea is _____. a. Sigmund Freud b. George Herbert Mead c. Charles Horton Cooley d. Lawrence Kohlberg e. Carol Gilligan ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 52 SOURCE: pickup LO: 1 13. Cooley’s “looking glass self” is based on the idea that we attach and create meanings through the process of interaction. This is the foundation of which of these types of sociological theory? a. conflict theory b. symbolic interactionism c. functionalism d. feminist theory e. structuralism ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 52 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 14. The basic idea of _____ is that our feelings about who we are depend largely on how we see ourselves judged by others. a. Freud’s model of the unconscious b. the significant other c. socialization d. roles e. the “looking glass self” ANS: e TYPE: conceptual PG: 52 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 15. The core idea of the perspective of symbolic interactionism is that a. the process of face-to-face communication is characterized as conflict and tension-filled. b. each part of the social structure plays a role in the successful construction of the self. c. people with the same types of personalities are more likely to engage in social interaction with each other more than others. d. through the process of face-to-face communication people attach meaning to things. e. early childhood and infancy are the key times in terms of creating meaning for oneself. ANS: e TYPE: conceptual PG: 52 SOURCE: new LO: 2 16. George Herbert Mead is best known for his study of _____. a. economic principles b. bureaucracy c. the self d. aging e. rhesus monkeys ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 52 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 17. George Herbert Mead called the impulsive and spontaneous aspect of the self the _____. a. id b. “I” c. “Me” d. unconscious e. superego ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 52 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 18. George Herbert Mead called the culturally approved standards that emerge as part of the self during social interaction the _____. a. id b. “I” c. “Me” d. subconscious e. superego ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 52 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 19. The main difference between Sigmund Freud and George Herbert Mead is that while Freud focused on the denial of the id as generating the self’s objective side, Mead focused on people’s capacity to a. reflect on themselves. b. avoid the judgments of others. c. repress memories. d. take the role of the other. e. organize the self. ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 52 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 20. If someone is smiling at you, how do you know what it means? According to George Herbert Mead, to understand the communication in a smile you must be able to a. reflect on your feelings. b. ask the person why they are smiling. c. repress memories of other incidents involving smiles. d. use your imagination to see things from the perspective of the person who is smiling. e. smile in response. ANS: d TYPE: applied PG: 53 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 21. According to Mead, the development of the self occurs through the process of learning to a. imitate other people. b. pretend to be other people. c. see oneself reflected in others’ reactions. d. take the role of the generalized other. e. control impulses. ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 52 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 22. According to Mead, children learn to use language and other symbols by a. developing the ability to repress trauma. b. imitating important people in their lives. c. creating an understanding of all other people they may come into contact with. d. learning the important symbols in their environment. e. organizing. ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 52 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 23. When children imitate the actions of their mother or father they are following the behavior of _____. a. significant others b. generalized others c. themselves d. their “looking-glass self” e. significant others and generalized others ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 52 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 24. By the time a children reach the age of seven, they have learned to play complex games requiring that they a. “take the role of the self.” b. “avoid the significant other.” c. repress memories and control emotional responses. d. organize the personality or self. e. take the role of several others at the same time. ANS: e TYPE: conceptual PG: 52 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 25. The primary difference between psychological and sociological approaches to cognitive and moral development is that a. psychologists tend to overstate the influence of society on how we think and behave. b. sociologists understate the role of significant individuals. c. psychologists are more likely to ignore the role of the unconscious. d. sociologists emphasize the influence of society and one’s position in it on development. e. sociologists focus only on adults. ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 53 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 26. According to the research of Carol Gilligan, the moral development of boys and girls does not reflect biological or cognitive differences tied to sex. Rather a. the differences are the result of geographic factors. b. the varying influences of fathers in their homes determine moral development. c. the differences are the result of different cultural standards passed on to boys and girls. d. the individual determines moral choices for him or herself. e. the organization of the community shapes moral development. ANS: c TYPE: conceptual PG: 53 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 27. As a consequence of the different expectations that society has for boys and girls, Carol Gilligan found that girls tend to a. develop lower self-esteem than boys. b. develop higher self-esteem than boys. c. be equal with boys in terms of self-esteem. d. have high expectations about what they can achieve. e. grow up feeling superior to boys. ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 53 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 28. Socialization a. is geared toward achieving the same ways of thinking in all societies. b. is shaped by the structure of society. c. responds primarily to innate qualities. d. is a thoroughly individualized process. e. is not something that takes place in every type society. ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 53 SOURCE: new LO: 1 29. _____ emphasize how socialization serves to create orderly social relations. a. Functionalists b. Conflict theorists c. Feminists d. Symbolic interactionists e. Psychologists ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 54 SOURCE: new LO: 2 30. In theories of socialization, _____ are most likely to emphasize the creativity of individuals as they attach meaning to their experiences. a. functionalists b. conflict theorists c. feminists d. symbolic interactionists e. psycholanalysts ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 54 SOURCE: new LO: 2 31. Which of these is the principle agent for primary socialization? a. the family b. schools c. peer groups d. the mass media e. religion ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 54 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 32. The process of mastering the basic skills required to function in a society during childhood is called _____. a. desocialization b. primary socialization c. secondary socialization d. anticipatory socialization e. resocialization ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 54 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 33. According to the text, the influence of some socialization agents increased in the 20th century, while the influence of others declined. One important socialization agent whose influence has declined is _____. a. the family b. schools c. peer groups d. the mass media e. the Internet ANS: a TYPE: factual PG: 54 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 34. After the changes that occurred during the 20th century, the most important agent of primary socialization today is _____. a. language b. the media c. the family d. schools e. teachers ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 54 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 35. Socialization that occurs outside of the family is known as _____. a. impersonal socialization b. primary socialization c. secondary socialization d. ancillary socialization e. master socialization ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 55 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 36. During the 20th century mothers increasingly worked outside of the home in order to support their family. The problem with child care that this created was solved to a large extent by a. state run day care facilities. b. more fathers becoming “stay-at-home” dads. c. day care and pre-schools for private pay. d. the expansion of public school system. e. employer-provided daycare. ANS: d TYPE: factual PG: 55 SOURCE: new LO: 2 37. In school students are not just taught how to prepare for the job market but also how to be conventionally “good citizens.” This is considered an example of _____. a. the problem of postmodernity b. primary socialization c. the Thomas theorem d. a self-fulfilling prophecy e. the hidden curriculum ANS: e TYPE: conceptual PG: 55 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 38. Which of these statements about student success in school is false? a. student success is solely based on their academic performance b. social class may be a factor in determining student success c. mastering the hidden curriculum may help students to achieve academic success d. academic success is affected by one’s racial identity e. gender norms have an influence on whether or not students succeed ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 55 SOURCE: new LO: 2 39. If the hidden curriculum is successful a. students will understand the role of race in how they are evaluated. b. girls will understand that their sex may contribute to how they are evaluated. c. teachers will be completely fair and neutral in their evaluations of students. d. students will be convinced they are judged solely on the basis of their performance. e. most students would lack adequate preparation for the social world. ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 55 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 40. The idea of the hidden curriculum was first proposed by _____. a. conflict theorists b. functionalists c. symbolic interactionists d. psychologists e. school administrators ANS: a TYPE: factual PG: 55 SOURCE: new LO: 2 41. Many students from poor and racial minority families reject the hidden curriculum in schools. They tend to a. be skeptical or rebellious, and may perform poorly. b. be hostile toward other poor groups. c. be receptive to alternative classes to take advantage of job opportunities. d. accept that the school will open job and work opportunities for them. e. work harder to prove the hidden curriculum wrong. ANS: a TYPE: factual PG: 55 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 42. The Thomas theorem was first proposed by _____. a. conflict theorists b. functionalists c. symbolic interactionists d. psychologists e. school administrators ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 55 SOURCE: new LO: 2 43. Which of these statements paraphrases the Thomas theorem? a. social interaction is the result of our personal interests b. phenomenology provides us with the best framework for understanding human behavior c. perceptions of reality are altered when people lack a college education d. situations we define as real become real in their consequences e. the ability to connect the personal to the public stems from our reactions to others ANS: d TYPE: factual PG: 55 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 44. Which of these is most closely related to the Thomas theorem? a. the hidden curriculum b. a self-fulfilling prophecy c. the Peter Principle d. latent functions e. the “looking-glass self” ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 55 SOURCE: new LO: 2 45. When an expectation leads a person to create the very situation that they predicted, this is known as _____. a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. a status conflict c. a role conflict d. a hidden curriculum e. resocialization ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 55 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 46. Research has found that teachers were able to influence student performance on tests by telling randomly assigned students that they were going to do well on the tests. What does this illustrate? a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. a status conflict c. a role conflict d. a hidden curriculum e. resocialization ANS: a TYPE: applied PG: 56 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 47. A category of people composed of individuals who are not necessarily friends but are about the same age and of similar status is called a _____. a. statistical category b. peer group c. cohort d. status set e. coterie ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 56 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 48. A recognized social position that an individual can occupy is known as a _____. a. life stage b. peer group c. role model d. status e. role ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 56 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 49. The dominant socializing agent from middle childhood through adolescence is most often the _____. a. family b. school c. peer group d. mass media e. extracurricular school activities ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 56 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 50. The conflict between adolescents and parents may be intense. It is also usually _____ a. permanent b. long lasting c. temporary d. violent e. artificial ANS: c TYPE: applied PG: 56 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 51. Peer groups a. have the most influence on the educational aspirations and social preferences of adolescents. b. have more influence than parents over political and religious preferences. c. create conflict but have little influence. d. may help to integrate young people into the larger society. e. have less influence among middle-class adolescents than others. ANS: d TYPE: factual PG: 56 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 52. In the Adler’s study of preadolescent peer groups, the popularity of the most popular girls was based on a. having the best grades. b. having the means and opportunity for interesting social activities. c. their willingness to help others. d. the occupations of their parents. e. their athletic abilities. ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 57 SOURCE: new LO: 2 53. Which of these are examples of mass media? a. television, radio, movies, videos, books, and the Internet b. personal testimony c. diaries and individual journal keeping d. personal journals e. email correspondence ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 57 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 54. The fastest growing mass medium is _____. a. the Internet b. television c. the music industry d. newspapers e. electronic books and other publications ANS: a TYPE: factual PG: 57 SOURCE: new LO: 2 55. Today, those who watch the most TV tend to be _____. a. female b. male c. upper class d. middle class e. socially disadvantaged ANS: e TYPE: factual PG: 58 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 56. People are free to choose which aspects of mass media they will be most influenced by. Which of these is not one of the characteristics of the most frequently chosen influences? a. easily accessible b. the most pervasive c. fit existing cultural standards d. are made more appealing by producers in some way e. provide the opportunity for greatest personal growth ANS: e TYPE: factual PG: 58 SOURCE: new LO: 2 57. Widely shared expectations about how males and females are supposed to act are called_____. a. media roles b. gender roles c. family roles d. sexuality norms e. gender patterns ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 58 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 58. The gender roles that most strongly influence us are those that are the most widespread and the ones that a. offers us the most opportunity for change. b. are supported by our virtual communities. c. allow for the most flexibility of gender expressions. d. are most closely aligned with existing cultural standards. e. our parents followed. ANS: d TYPE: applied PG: 59 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 59. Gender roles a. are taught beginning in late adolescence. b. are often resisted or interpreted in unique ways. c. are passively accepted. d. are uncommon in postmodern society. e. tend to remain constant across generations. ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 59 SOURCE: modified LO: 3 60. _____ takes place when powerful socializing agents deliberately cause rapid change in people’s values, roles, and self-conception, sometimes even against their will. a. Self-socialization b. Primary socialization c. Secondary socialization d. Anticipatory socialization e. Resocialization ANS: e TYPE: conceptual PG: 60 SOURCE: pickup LO: 3 61. When people enter military boot camp they are expected to radically change physically, mentally, and emotionally. This is an example of which kind of socialization? a. self-socialization b. primary socialization c. resocialization d. anticipatory socialization e. secondary socialization ANS: c TYPE: applied PG: 60 SOURCE: pickup LO: 3 62. Settings in which people are isolated from the larger society under the strict control and constant supervision of a specialized staff are called _____. a. rites of passage b. resocialization experiences c. the flexible self d. total institutions e. mock prisons ANS: d TYPE: factual PG: 60 SOURCE: pickup LO: 3 63. A ceremony that begins the process of resocialization and ties the person to a group, organization, or collective is called _____. a. a total institution b. an initiation rite c. primary socialization d. brainwashing e. anticipatory socialization ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 60 SOURCE: modified LO: 3 64. Which of these is not one of the stages in an initiation rite? a. individuation b. separation from one’s old status and identity c. degradation, disorientation, and stress d. acceptance of the new group culture and status e. ritual rebirth ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 60 SOURCE: modified LO: 3 65. The Stanford University mock prison experiment demonstrated that socialization a. is unchangeable. b. can be quickly altered in stressful social settings. c. depends on innate tendencies d. is inflexible. e. ends in childhood. ANS: b TYPE: applied PG: 60 SOURCE: modified LO: 3 66. Socialization--the process of learning to be human--begins at birth and continues (until) _____. a. 12 years of age b. 6 years of age c. throughout the life course d. a stable personality is formed e. maturity ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 61 SOURCE: pickup LO: 3 67. When adolescents watch episodes of a popular TV show, they begin to learn what to expect from young adulthood. This is called _____. a. globalization b. anticipatory socializaton c. resocialization d. totalizing socialization e. the “looking-glass self” ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 61 SOURCE: modified LO: 3 68. One of the most important factors contributing to the growing flexibility of the self is the process of _____. a. resocialization b. globalization c. the creation of virtual communities d. creating cultures e. experiencing initiation rites ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 62 SOURCE: pickup LO: 3 69. Today, people’s identities change faster and more completely than ever before. In addition to globalization, the text suggests another extremely important factor in this is a. the availability of public education. b. the economic recession. c. the ability to change one’s body through diet and plastic surgery d. new friendship groups e. television ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 62 SOURCE: new LO: 3 70. Associations of people, scattered across the country or the world, who are able to communicate via computer about some common interest are known as _____. a. communities b. virtual communities c. computer-mediated communities d. the Internet e. sociometric groups ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 62 SOURCE: pickup LO: 3 71. The emergence of childhood a. was necessary for societies requiring a better-educated workforce. b. occurred in the mid-twentieth century. c. was widespread in tribal societies before it reached European societies. d. is actually a myth. e. has been universal for at least one hundred years. ANS: a TYPE: factual PG: 63 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 72. Trends over the past 40 years have contributed to the creation of new problems for childhood and adolescence. Which of these is not considered one of these trends? a. declining adult supervision b. increasing media influence c. declining extracurricular activities d. increasing adult responsibilities e. lack of supportive peer group ANS: e TYPE: factual PG: 63 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 73. Certain popular films, such as Wedding Crashers, The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Clerks II, raise the sociological question of a. the high price of movie tickets in postmodern society. b. why it seems that there are so many adults who are unable to grow up. c. whether the responsibilities of adulthood come too soon in one’s life. d. whether or not comedy movies have anything to do with real life. e. wondering if others around us have the same fantasies. ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 64 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 74. Films like Wedding Crashers, The 40-Year-Old Virgin, and Clerks II a. have no basis in reality. b. are a reflection of the fact that we expect children to grow up too soon. c. raise questions about early childhood socialization. d. reflect the increasing number of adults in the U.S. who seem to be caught between adolescence and adult responsibilities. e. are not at all an accurate reflection of issues of aging in American society. ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 64 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 75. Declining adult supervision, increasing media influence, less involvement in extracurricular activities, and the need for paid employment are all contributing to what is being called _____. a. the hidden curriculum b. the self-fulfilling prophecy c. the vanishing adolescent d. the “Lost Boys: e. the age of innocence ANS: c TYPE: conceptual PG: 67 SOURCE: new LO: 4 True or False Questions 1. Studies show that children raised in isolation do not develop normally. ANS: True PG: 50 SOURCE: pickup LO: 1 2. Social institutions all work together to deliver the same and consistent messages as part of the socialization process. ANS: False PG: 51 SOURCE: new LO: 2 RESPONSE: Social institutions do not always work hand in hand; often they send mixed or contradictory messages. 3. Although he wrote from the perspective of sociology, Freud was in agreement with sociologists who believed that the self is only able to emerge through social interaction. ANS: True PG: 52 SOURCE: new LO: 2 4. According to Charles Horton Cooley, our sense of self comes from what others think of us. ANS: False PG: 52 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 RESPONSE: Cooley’s idea of the “looking glass self” is that when we interact with others, they gesture and react to us. We interpret their reactions to us and this helps create our sense of self. Our self is based on how we perceive ourselves to be judged by others. 5. Although their ideas about the development of the self are different, in the theory of both Freud and Mead the self is considered as having different parts or components. ANS: True PG: 52 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 6. In any given society, socialization results in the same cognitive and moral development, regardless of one’s place or status within the social structure. ANS: False PG: 53 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 RESPONSE: Social position affects socialization, as demonstrated by the work of Carol Gilligan on gender differences in patterns of socialization. 7. The structures of different societies lead to differences in socialization patterns. ANS: True PG: 53 SOURCE: new LO: 2 8. The role of the family in the socialization process is weaker today than it was a century ago. ANS: True PG: 54 SOURCE: new LO: 2 9. Throughout the years in public schools, whether or not children succeed is determined exclusively by their academic performance. ANS: False PG: 55 SOURCE: new LO: 2 RESPONSE: Student success is influenced by many factors besides their academic performance, including race, social class, gender, and ability to abide by the dictates of the hidden curriculum. 10. The expectations that teachers have for students can have a powerful influence on their actual performance. ANS: True PG: 56 SOURCE: new LO: 2 11. The idea of a “self-fulfilling prophecy” is a myth, despite the fact it is a widely held belief. ANS: False PG: 56 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 RESPONSE: Research on the impact of teacher expectations on student performance found that primary school children who were randomly designated as high achievers performed better on a standard IQ test than those who were told they were low achievers. 12. Parent-adolescent conflict is often temporary and in the long run families exert more influence on adolescents than peer groups. ANS: True PG: 56 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 13. Watching TV consumes more of the average American’s time than any other form of mass media. ANS: True PG: 57 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 14. Messages about gender roles surround us in the various media. This makes gender socialization complete and passively accepted. ANS: False PG: 59 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 RESPONSE: Messages about gender roles are open to interpretation; they are frequently resisted and may be enacted in unique ways. 15. When it comes to socializing messages, all forms of media impact people equally. ANS: False PG: 59 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 RESPONSE: Individuals are free to choose among the many media messages. Those that are the most pervasive and enticing, as well as the most consistent with cultural standards are the most likely to be influential. 16. The process of socialization is always very slow and gradual. ANS: False PG: 60 SOURCE: modified LO: 3 RESPONSE: In total institutions, resocialization is typically very rapid and complete. 17. All socialization is active; that is, it takes places while an individual is occupying a particular status and playing a certain role. ANS: False PG: 61 SOURCE: new LO: 3 Anticipatory socialization involves beginning to take the norms and behaviors of a role to which one aspires but does not yet occupy. 18. The self is becoming more flexible due to globalization and the availability of choices, including the ability to alter one’s appearance through plastic surgery and other means. ANS: True PG: 61 SOURCE: pickup LO: 3 19. Computer-assisted social interaction affords people the opportunity to assume multiple identities. ANS: True PG: 62 SOURCE: new LO: 3 20. Today, the nature of childhood and adolescence is changing due to a return to the family, with increasing adult supervision and guidance, and decreasing interest mass media and peer groups. ANS: False PG: 63 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 RESPONSE: According to the textbook, the character of childhood and adolescence is changing due to decreasing adult supervision and guidance, increasing mass media and peer group influence, and the increasing assumption of substantial adult responsibilities by some young people. Short Answer Questions 1. What is socialization? ANS: Socialization is the process by which people learn their culture. PG: 49 SOURCE: pickup LO: 1 2. Define what is meant by the “self.” ANS: The “self” is a set of ideas and attitudes one has about who they are as independent beings. PG: 51 SOURCE: new LO: 1 3. What is the "me" according to Mead? ANS: The "me" is the objective component of the self that emerges as people communicate symbolically and learn to take the role of the other. PG: 52 SOURCE: pickup LO: 1 4. Who are significant others? ANS: Significant others are people who play important roles in the early socialization experiences of children. PG: 52 SOURCE: pickup LO: 1 5. Which theoretical perspective argues that socialization serves to establish and maintain social order? ANS: Functionalism PG: 54 SOURCE: new LO: 2 6. What is a hidden curriculum? ANS: A hidden curriculum teaches students what will be expected of them as conventionally good citizens once they leave school. PG: 55 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 7. What is a self-fulfilling prophecy? ANS: A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation that helps bring about what it predicts. PG: 55 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 8. In what ways does the family have more influence on adolescents than their peers? ANS: The family has greater influence over educational aspirations, and religious, political and social preferences. PG: 56 SOURCE: new LO: 2 9. What is the fastest growing type of mass media in the U.S. today? ANS: The Internet. Television is still most popular, but the Internet is the fastest growing. PG: 57 SOURCE: new LO: 2 10. What is a virtual community? ANS: A virtual community is an association of people, scattered across a country or planet, who communicate via computer about a subject of common interest. PG: 62 SOURCE: pickup LO: 3 11. What is meant by the “vanishing adolescent”? ANS: A decline in adult supervision and increased assumption of adult roles, combined with decreased involvement in extracurricular activities have caused some to suggest that childhood and adolescence are disappearing. PG: 67 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 Essay Questions 1. Explain how children raised in extreme isolation have contributed to our understanding of the socialization process. ANS: The examples of children raised in isolation, as well as comparative studies of children in orphanages versus those cared for by their mothers in prison, demonstrate the importance of socialization. Without caring social interaction a child is unable to achieve their human potential. PG: 49 SOURCE: new LO: 1 2. What are the stages of development according to George Herbert Mead? ANS: First children imitate the important people in their lives, whom Mead called significant others. Secondly, children pretend to be others by playing house, for example. By the age of 7 children learn to play complex games in which they must understand the roles of multiple people simultaneously. In the final stage, the child learns to take the role of the generalized other. This is Mead’s term for the cultural standards and expectations of society. PG: 52 SOURCE: pickup LO: 1 3. Compare and contrast Freud and Mead on the development of the self. ANS: While Freud saw the development of the self as a difficult process, involving denying the impulses of the id while learning a sense of right and wrong (superego). For Mead the development of the self is pleasant, even fun, because it occurs while children play and learn games. Mead emphasized the eventual learning to take the role of the other instead of repressing any needs for gratification. PG: 52 SOURCE: pickup LO: 1 4. Explain how one’s gender may influence the pattern of socialization. ANS: Gilligan demonstrated that the messages about gender delivered by those in authority resulted in girls being socialized to be less assertive. Gilligan found that, in general, girls had lower self-esteem than boys. PG: 53 SOURCE: new LO: 2 5. Compare and contrast primary and secondary socialization and resocialization. ANS: Primary socialization occurs during childhood within the family; secondary socialization begins after childhood and occurs outside of the family. Resocialization is a process that causes a rapid and dramatic change in the norms, values, and sense of self established earlier in life. PG: 54-60 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2, 3 6. What is the Thomas theorem and how does it work? ANS: The Thomas theorem states that, “Situations we define as real become real in their consequences.” The theorem is related to a self-fulfilling prophecy; it suggests that we make come true that which we believe to be true. PG: 55 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 7. Explain the concept of a total institution and its role in resocialization. ANS: Total institutions isolate people from the outside society. They involve constant supervision and often are very stressful environments. They are able to achieve resocialization very rapidly. PG: 60 SOURCE: modified LO: 3 8. Explain how virtual communities influence the creation of a flexible self. ANS: Virtual communities are established via the internet so they link people who may live throughout the country, or even the world. In addition to this exposure to a variety of cultural backgrounds, virtual communities provide the opportunity to use a concealed identity. People can present themselves in whatever they want to. PG: 62 SOURCE: pickup LO: 3 9. Explain the concept of the “vanishing adolescent”, and its causes. Do you agree that this is a problem today? ANS: The “vanishing adolescent” refers to the disappearance of a more carefree adolescence. It is being caused by a decline in adult supervision and guidance, increased media influence, declining participation in extracurricular activities and increasing adult responsibilities for adolescents. PG: 67 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCING SOCIOLOGY Questions included in web quizzing are marked in bold Student Learning Objectives After reading Chapter 1, students should be able to: 1. Define sociology. 2. Identify the social relations that surround them, permeate them, and influence their behavior. 3. Describe how sociological research seeks to improve people’s lives and test ideas using scientific methods. 4. Summarize the four main schools of sociological theory. 5. Distinguish the four main methods of collecting sociological data. 6. Explain how sociology can help us deal with the many challenges that society faces today. Multiple Choice Questions 1. For most people, the social relations and structures that underlie daily life are a. a constant concern. b. taken for granted. c. analyzed on a regular basis. d. very uncomfortable. e. obvious. ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 4 SOURCE: new LO: 1, 2 2. Sociologists say we must look beyond individual states of mind to explain human behavior. What do sociologists focus on in their explanations of human behavior? a. social causes b. television programs c. individual psychology d. market forces e. social relations and individual psychology ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 4 SOURCE: pickup LO: 1, 2 3. From the _____ perspective, fashion cycles help contribute to social stability by enabling people to distinguish themselves from others. a. conflict theory b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. feminist theory e. human resources ANS: c TYPE: conceptual PG: 5 SOURCE: new LO: 4 4. From a functionalist perspective, fashion enables people of different economic rank to distinguish themselves from each other. These positions within an economic hierarchy are termed _____. a. castes b. ingroups c. reference groups d. social classes e. anomic ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 5 SOURCE: new LO: 4 5. Which of these is not a criticism of the functionalist perspective on fashion? a. Since the 1960s fashion has become more democratic making class distinctions less apparent. b. Fashion trends are increasingly introduced by people who lack social status. c. Trends from inner city and other marginalized groups have entered into fashion design. d. Today, members of upper classes are as likely to adopt the styles of lower classes as vice versa. e. Fashion cycles sped up during the 20th century due to technological advances in clothing manufacturing. ANS: e TYPE: conceptual PG: 5 SOURCE: new LO: 4 6. _____ highlights tensions in the social structure that may fracture and lead to social change. a. Conflict theory b. Symbolic interactionist c. Functionalist d. Feminist theory e. Human resources ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 6 SOURCE: new LO: 4 7. Which theoretical perspective is most likely to focus the fashion choices made by the consumers? a. conflict theory b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. feminist theory e. human resources ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 6 SOURCE: new LO: 4 8. From the perspective of symbolic interactionism, the primary purpose of fashion is to a. express and share information about one’s identity. b. make profits for large clothing manufacturers. c. help to mark and maintain boundaries between members of different social classes. d. distract people from more serious and pressing social issues. e. maintain gender roles. ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 6 SOURCE: new LO: 4 9. Feminists view fashion as one aspect of _____ or the system of male domination of women. a. patrilineage b. patriarchy c. patrimony d. structural functionalism e. hegemony ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 7 SOURCE: new LO: 4 10. The system that maintains male privilege in society is known as: a. gender roles b. social structures c. macro structures d. patriarchy e. gender inequity ANS: d TYPE: factual PG: 5 SOURCE: pickup LO: 5 11. Which of these statements is the best reflection of the feminist analysis of fashion and popular culture more generally? a. Feminist theory does not address fashion or other forms of popular culture. b. Feminists are in agreement that fashion imprisons women and promotes unrealistic ideals for female beauty. c. The majority of feminist theorists view fashion as an important means of attaining power for women. d. Feminist theory explores the ambiguity of gender identities expressed in fashion trends. e. From a sociological perspective, feminist theory offers the best explanation for fashion cycles in popular culture. ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 7 SOURCE: new LO: 4 12. Stable patterns of social relations are called: a. group cohesion b. social structure c. social solidarity d. societal expectations e. fear of society ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 8 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 13. The ability to see the connection between personal troubles and social structures is called _____. a. social solidarity b. the sociological imagination c. selective perception d. the etic perspective e. creative visualization ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 8 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 14. The sociological imagination allows people to: a. understand the relationship between body and mind b. understand the relationship between politics and religion c. understand the relationship between drive and instinct d. understand the relationship between social issues and private troubles e. understand the relationship between psychology and political science ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 8 SOURCE: pickup LO: 1, 2 15. One aspect of social organization is the patterns of intimate social relations that are formed during face-to-face interpersonal interactions. Sociologists call these patterns: a. microstructures b. social structures c. macrostructures d. global structures e. macro-global structures ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 8 SOURCE: pickup LO: 2 16. Sociologists use the term microstructures to refer to a. patterns of social relations that are intimate and personal. b. international organizations that shape communication and other aspects of life. c. patterns of social relations that are above and beyond mesostructures. d. the impersonal relationships between people involved in different organizations. e. patterns of worldwide communication and travel. ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 8 SOURCE: new LO: 2 17. The social class system in the United States would be an example of what kind of social structure? a. micro-structure b. social structure c. macro-structure d. global structure e. micro-meso structure ANS: c TYPE: applied PG: 8 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 18. The international organizations that shape communication and other aspects of life are examples of which type of social structures? a. micro-structures b. social structures c. macro-structures d. global structures e. micro-meso structure ANS: d TYPE: applied PG: 8 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 19. The entire social world has become more interconnected economically and politically. This is creates which type of social organization? a. micro-structures b. social structures c. macro-structures d. global structures e. micro-social structures ANS: d TYPE: applied PG: 8 SOURCE: modified LO: 2 20. The idea that understanding the workings of society must be based on evidence rather than speculation or a religious view was the basis for _____. a. the scientific revolution b. the democratic revolution c. the sociological imagination d. the industrial revolution e. the sociological turn ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 8 SOURCE: modified LO: 3 21. The ideas that people are responsible for organizing society, and that human action can solve social problems, were essential to the _____ a. the scientific revolution b. the democratic revolution c. the enlightenment d. the industrial revolution e. none of these choices ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 9 SOURCE: modified LO: 3 22. Which one of these social and historical trends was not discussed in the text as being instrumental for the creation of a favorable environment for the development of sociology? a. de-industrialization b. the Industrial Revolution c. Vatican II d. slavery e. none of these choices ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 8 SOURCE: pickup LO: 3 23. The transformation from agrarian production to manufacturing is termed _____. a. the scientific revolution b. the age of reason c. the enlightenment shift d. the industrial revolution e. the Neolithic revolution ANS: d TYPE: factual PG: 9 SOURCE: modified LO: 3 24. The social thinker who coined the term “sociology” in 1838 was _____. a. Emile Durkheim b. C.W. Mills c. August Comte d. Max Weber e. Harriet Martineau ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 9 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 25. The sociological study of suicide reveals that a. what is thought to be individual behavior is actually influenced by social factors. b. only the mentally ill commit suicide. c. unfortunately suicide cannot be predicted. d. what is considered social behavior is really the result of psychological problems. e. suicide must be understood as a purely personal and moral act. ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 10 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 26. According to Emile Durkheim, the more a group’s members share beliefs and values, and the more they interact with one another, the more social cohesion the group has. Durkheim called this _____. a. group think b. social structure c. social solidarity d. social organization e. sociological imagination ANS: c TYPE: conceptual PG: 10 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 27. Emile Durkheim’s study of suicide demonstrated that a. suicide rates are strongly influenced by social forces b. suicide rates are strongly influenced by psychological disorders c. there are four female suicides for every male suicide d. suicide rates decreased with advancing age e. suicide rates are tied to patterns of imitation ANS: a TYPE: factual PG: 10 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 28. Married adults are half as likely as unmarried adults to commit suicide because marriage creates _____. a. anomie b. social structure c. social ties and commitments d. self-centeredness e. socialization ANS: c TYPE: applied PG: 10 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 29. According to Durkheim’s typology, “suicide bombers” would be an example of _____. a. altruistic suicide b. anomic suicide c. egoistic suicide d. fatalistic suicide e. individualistic suicide ANS: a TYPE: applied PG: 10 SOURCE: new LO: 4 30. Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim shared concern over a. rapid social change caused by industrialization. b. the population explosion. c. the stability of society caused by workers unions. d. economic inequality. e. rationalization ANS: a TYPE: factual PG: 10 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 31. _____ is sociological theory that stresses the stability of social relations and social organization. a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interactionism d. Feminism e. Differential association ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 10 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 32. Emile Durkheim’s theory of suicide is an application of the theory that sociologists now call _____. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. feminism e. dramaturgical sociology ANS: a TYPE: applied PG: 10 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 33. Which of these is not considered one of the key features of functionalism? a. shared values b. equilibrium c. competing interests d. social structure e. social stability ANS: c TYPE: conceptual PG: 10 SOURCE: new LO: 4 34. _____ is the American sociologist known as the foremost proponent of functionalism. a. Emile Durkheim b. C.W. Mills c. Karl Marx d. Talcott Parsons e. Max Weber ANS: d TYPE: factual PG: 11 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 35. The sociologist best known for emphasizing that various institutions must work to ensure the smooth operation of society as a whole is _____. a. Robert Merton b. C.W. Mills c. Karl Marx d. Talcott Parsons e. Max Weber ANS: d TYPE: factual PG: 11 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 36. _____ was a critic of Talcott Parsons and argued that social structures have different consequences for different groups of people. a. Emile Durkheim b. Robert Merton c. Karl Marx d. Talcott Parsons e. Max Weber ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 11 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 37. The national effort known as the “war on drugs” had the unintended consequences of increasing the profitability of the illegal drug trade. According to Robert Merton, this would be an example of a _______________ . a. manifest dysfunction b. manifest function c. latent function d. functional dysfunction e. universal function ANS: c TYPE: applied PG: 11 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 38. Schools transmit skills, information, and build knowledge. This is an example of a _____. a. dysfunction b. manifest function c. latent function d. functional dysfunction e. universal function ANS: b TYPE: applied PG: 11 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 39. According to Robert Merton, social organization may have negative consequences for some people or be disruptive for society. Merton called these social structures _____. a. dysfunctional b. manifestly functional c. latently function d. functionally dysfunctional e. universally functional ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 11 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 40. _____ focuses on how the major patterns of inequality in society come into existence and are maintained. a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interactionism d. eminism e. Dramaturgical sociology ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 11 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 41. Which of these concepts is most central to the theory of Karl Marx? a. class conflict b. government c. social institutions d. moral order e. authority ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 11 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 42. According to _____, the dominant force in society is the struggle between the working class and the owning class. a. Talcott Parsons b. Robert Merton c. Emile Durkheim d. Karl Marx e. Max Weber ANS: d TYPE: factual PG: 11 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 43. According to Marx, the creation of trade unions and labor parties requires the development of _____. a. class conflict b. class consciousness c. class society d. social status e. managers ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 11 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 44. Conflict theory originated in the work of _____. a. Talcott Parsons b. Robert Merton c. Emile Durkheim d. Karl Marx e. Kingsley Davis ANS: d TYPE: factual PG: 11 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 45. An early critic of Karl Marx, and the person who noted the rapid growth of the service sector within the industrial economy, was _____. a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Max Weber d. George Herbert Mead e. Talcott Parsons ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 11 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 46. Max Weber conducted his research in the generation immediately following Karl Marx. While Weber was strongly influenced by Marx, he was critical of Marx’s conclusions. One of Weber’s criticisms of Marx was that a. class conflict is not the only driving force of history. b. the working classes were more revolutionary than Marx predicted. c. ideas are less influential than Marx thought. d. manufacturing economies became more personal and flexible over time. e. the revolution would have to be violent. ANS: a TYPE: conceptual PG: 12 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 47. Which of these is not one of the general principles of conflict theory? a. inequality b. conflict c. lessening privilege d. equilibrium e. macro-level structures ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 12 SOURCE: new LO: 4 48. The first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard was sociologist a. Cornel West b. W.E.B. Du Bois c. Marcus Garvey d. Kwame Anthony Appiah e. C. W. Mills ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 12 SOURCE: pickup LO: 3, 4 49. The first major sociological research project on African American communities in the United States, The Philadelphia Negro, concluded that the supposed “natural” inferiority of African Americans was actually a result of _____. a. white prejudice b. class inequality c. historical change d. redlining e. self esteem ANS: a TYPE: factual PG: 12 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 50. W.E.B. Du Bois believed that the elimination of white prejudice would reduce racial conflict and create more equality between blacks and whites. In order to advance his interest in creating racial equality, Du Bois a. wrote the Communist Manifesto. b. relocated to Liberia. c. co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). d. abandoned the study of race relations. e. founded La Raza Unida. ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 12 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 51. The main point of Max Weber’s study of Protestantism and the development of capitalism was that a. there should be a separation of religion and economics. b. the only consequence of the Protestant work ethic was the enrichment of Protestants. c. eligion slows the development of capitalism. d. capitalism developed where the Protestant ethic took a strong hold in the area. e. it is important to separate religion from politics. ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 13 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 52. Which sociologist was most concerned with the study of how individual identity is formed in the course of interacting with other people? a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Max Weber d. George Herbert Mead e. Talcott Parsons ANS: d TYPE: factual PG: 13 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 53. Which of the following is not a feature of symbolic interactionism? a. a focus on interpersonal communication b. the recognition that subjective meanings make social life possible c. the importance of class consciousness to changing society d. stressing that people help to create their social circumstances e. a focus on small social settings ANS: c TYPE: conceptual PG: 13 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 54. Which scholar is often called the first woman sociologist? a. Marianne Weber b. Harriet Martineau c. Mary Wollstonecraft d. Auguste Comte e. Mary Mills ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 14 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 55. Who is the only sociologist to win a Nobel Prize? a. Marianne Weber b. Harriet Martineau c. Mary Wollstonecraft d. Auguste Comte e. Jane Addams ANS: e TYPE: factual PG: 14 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 56. Which theoretical approach focuses on the various aspects of male domination in society? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. feminist theory e. dramaturgical sociology ANS: d TYPE: factual PG: 15 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 57. Which of these is not one of the basic features of all forms of feminist theory? a. argues that gender inequality should be changed for the benefit of society. b. is the study of patriarchal relations at the micro- and macro-levels of society c. argues that patriarchy is as important as class inequality in terms of determining one’s life chances d. has found that male domination and female subordination are the result of social forces, not biological necessity e. an exclusive focus on micro-level social interaction ANS: e TYPE: conceptual PG: 15 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 58. Feminist thinking had little impact on sociology until the mid-1960s. What happened in the 1960s to change this state of affairs? a. The rise of the modern women’s movement. b. The great opening of American sociology. c. The decline of functionalism. d. The development of scientific research models. e. The Vietnam War. ANS: a TYPE: applied PG: 15 SOURCE: pickup LO: 4 59. Feminist theory maintains that male domination and female subordination in society is determined by _____. a. class conflict b. social solidarity c. the Protestant ethic d. patriarchy e. religious beliefs ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 15 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 60. According to feminists, women are subordinate to men in contemporary society because of a. biological necessity. b. women’s desires to be taken care of. c. structures of power and social convention. d. the need for stability and consistency in modern society. e. complementary and functional roles. ANS: c TYPE: conceptual PG: 15 SOURCE: modified LO: 4 61. Which of these is not one of the goals of sociological research? a. to test theory against observations of the social world b. to determine whether to reject or modify theories c. to gain information that could result in the creation of new theories d. to determine whether people personal beliefs are good or true e. to conduct studies that may be repeated and checked by other researchers ANS: d TYPE: conceptual PG: 16 SOURCE: new LO: 5 62. Which of the following is usually the first step in the research cycle? a. selecting a research method b. reviewing the literature c. formulating a research question d. collecting data e. publishing the research ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 16 SOURCE: pickup LO: 5 63. Sociological research attempts to overcome nonscientific thinking by following a rigorous six-step model. Usually, the last step in this process is _____. a. reviewing the literature b. selecting a research method c. making the research public through publication d. collecting the data e. analyzing the data ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 17 SOURCE: pickup LO: 5 64. When a sociological researcher interviews workers about their opinions of their health insurance, the researcher is engaging in what stage of research? a. reviewing the literature b. selecting a research method c. formulate a research question d. collecting the data e. analyzing the data ANS: d TYPE: applied PG: 17 SOURCE: pickup LO: 5 65. When conducting research on human subjects, sociologists should be the most mindful of the need to a. respect the reputation of their university b. respect the need for public information c. respect technology d. respect the objective data collection process e. respect their subjects’ rights ANS: e TYPE: factual PG: 17 SOURCE: pickup LO: 5 66. A carefully controlled artificial situation that allows researchers to isolate hypothesized causes and measure their effects precisely is called _____. a. a random sample b. a population c. an experiment d. a sample e. a variable ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 17 SOURCE: pickup LO: 5 67. When individuals are assigned to research groups based on chance, so they have equal chances of being selected for any particular group, this is called _____. a. randomization b. population c. experimentation d. sampling e. variation ANS: a TYPE: factual PG: 18 SOURCE: modified LO: 5 68. A researcher believes that colder temperatures lead to more snowfall. The amount of snowfall is the _____ variable. a. independent b. dependent c. spurious d. sociological e. randomized ANS: b TYPE: applied PG: 18 SOURCE: modified LO: 5 69. A sociologist believes that high levels of education create the opportunity for better-paid work after graduation. Levels of education would be the _____ variable in this hypothesis. a. independent b. dependent c. spurious d. sociological e. randomized ANS: a TYPE: applied PG: 19 SOURCE: pickup LO: 5 70. A researcher uses a series of questions to gauge the commitment level of members of a new religious movement. She is concerned that her questions may not actually be measuring levels of commitment. This is a concern about _____. a. replicability b. a testable hypothesis c. validity d. reliability e. researcher subjectivity ANS: c TYPE: applied PG: 19 SOURCE: pickup LO: 5 71. Two sociologists, each separately studying a new religious movement are concerned that their findings are consistent. This concern is with _____. a. variability b. hypotheses c. validity d. operationalization e. reliability ANS: e TYPE: applied PG: 19 SOURCE: pickup LO: 5 72. Experiments to measure the impact of media violence on children are most like to lack _____ because of the artificial setting in which experiments are conducted. a. reliability b. validity c. generalizability d. causality e. accuracy ANS: b TYPE: conceptual PG: 19 SOURCE: new LO: 5 73. In sociological research, a subset of a population is called a _____. a. population b. sample c. survey d. design e. sub-population ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 20 SOURCE: modified LO: 5 74. A sociologist prepares a list of questions to ask in order to study student behavior in residence halls. This sociologist is using _____ to conduct his or her research. a. a survey b. an experiment c. participant observation d. existing documents e. detached observation ANS: a TYPE: factual PG: 20 SOURCE: pickup LO: 5 75. When a researcher immerses his or herself into the world of their subjects by learning the language and becoming accepted by the group, the researcher is attempting to reduce _____. a. “going native” b. validity c. reactivity d. relativity e. objectivity ANS: c TYPE: applied PG: 21 SOURCE: modified LO: 5 76. If a researcher’s presence influences the subjects’ behavior, it is said to create _____. a. value neutrality b. interference c. reactivity d. subjectivity e. objectivity ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 21 SOURCE: modified LO: 5 77. To achieve the deepest and most thorough understanding of the rationalizations and motives that criminals use, and the meaning and consequences of their actions, which method would you use? a. detached observation b. participant observation c. statistical analysis d. surveying e. experimentation ANS: b TYPE: applied PG: 22 SOURCE: pickup LO: 5 78. In order to study the amount of immigration into a community over a five year period which type of research would you use? a. detached observation b. participant observation c. analysis of existing sources d. surveying e. experimentation ANS: c TYPE: factual PG: 22 SOURCE: pickup LO: 5 79. The technological shift that changed production from manufacturing goods to producing services is called _____. a. the Industrial Revolution b. the Postindustrial Revolution c. the Agricultural Revolution d. the Neolithic Revolution e. the International Revolution ANS: b TYPE: factual PG: 23 SOURCE: new LO: 6 80.