Statistics A Tool For Social Researchers in Canada 4Th Ed by Steven Prus - Test Bank

1. What is the purpose of measures of central tendency? a. to find the most typical value of a distribution of scores b. to find the most surprising value of a distribution of scores c. to find the most significant value of a distribution of scores d. to find the most important value of a distribution of scores ANSWER: a 2. Which of these statements describes the three commonly used measures of central tendency (mode, median, and mean)? a. They define “typical” or “average” in different ways and will usually have different values. b. They will always fall in the same order: the mean will have the lowest value, the median will always be in the middle, and the mode will have the highest value. c. They will always have the same value. d. They will always fall in the same order: the mean will have the highest value, followed by the median and the mode. ANSWER: a 3. How does the mode measure “central tendency”? a. in terms of the most average case b. in terms of the most important score c. in terms of the most central case d. in terms of the most common score ANSWER: d 4. Which of these statements tells why a researcher would report a measure of dispersion? a. to indicate whether the sample was large enough for statistical inference b. to indicate whether the sample was representative of the population c. to indicate the amount of variety within the distribution of scores d. to indicate what score was typical for the sample ANSWER: c 5. Which set of scores shows the greatest level of dispersion? a. 300, 310, 320 b. 255, 250, 244 c. 175.20, 164.50, 188.30 d. 2, 80, 99 ANSWER: d 6. Which measure of central tendency would be the most relevant for summarizing the central tendency of bank executives’ gender? a. mode b. median c. interquartile range d. index of qualitative variation ANSWER: a 7. Which of these statements best represents the index of qualitative variation? a. the proportion of cases that fall within the category of the mode b. the most commonly occurring value in the distribution c. the distance between the highest score and the lowest score d. the amount of variation observed in a distribution relative to how much variation there could be ANSWER: d 8. According to the text, why is the mode sometimes not a good representation of the typical score in a distribution? a. Ordinal and interval-ratio variables lack a mode. b. The mode is sometimes different from the majority of other scores in the distribution. c. The mode is sometimes equal to the value of the dispersion. d. The mode tells us how much cases tend to differ from the middle value rather than reflecting what is most common. ANSWER: b 9. Which of the following distributions most clearly illustrates a scenario where the mode fails to represent the central tendency of a distribution? a. 115, 125, 132, 160, 185, 202 b. 80, 82, 82, 82, 83, 84 c. 315 488, 533, 696, 769, 769 d. 1, 87, 229, 229, 229, 229, 480, 534 ANSWER: c 10. Which index of qualitative variation scores shows the least amount of variation in a distribution? a. 0.08 b. 0.22 c. 0.50 d. 1.00 ANSWER: a 11. A researcher has collected data on the citizenship of children in a local preschool. What would be the correct statistic to indicate the diversity of the children in that sample? a. the interquartile range b. the index of qualitative variation c. the median d. the mode ANSWER: b 12. How does the median define “central tendency”? a. in terms of the most likely or probable score b. in terms of the central case c. in terms of the most common score d. in terms of the largest score ANSWER: b 13. A small-scale coffee producer sent out the following number of bags of coffee beans each week over the course of last June: 6, 8, 10, 17. What is the median weekly value for that month? a. 6.5 b. 8 c. 9 d. 10 ANSWER: c 14. Suppose you rank-ordered a set of 49 scores. What would be the median? a. the 25th case b. the average of the 24th and 25th cases c. the average of cases 1–24 added to the average of cases 25–49 d. the summation of each score divided by 49 ANSWER: a 15. Why can the median NOT be found for variables measured at the nominal level? a. The scores cannot be ranked or ordered. b. The distribution is skewed. c. All the cases are representative. d. There is no central tendency. ANSWER: a 16. A researcher asked 12 people in an apartment building what was their social class: upper-, middle-, or lower-class. What would be an appropriate measure of central tendency for this distribution? a. range b. mean c. median d. index of qualitative variation ANSWER: c 17. A city block has 30 restaurants, all of which are Vietnamese, Korean, or Chinese eateries. What would an index of qualitative variation (IQV) score of 0.40 represent? a. more dispersion than if the IQV had been 0.60 b. less dispersion than if the IQV had been 0.25 c. The block is 40% as diverse in its restaurants as it could be, given the three types of restaurants present. d. The block is 60% as diverse in its restaurants as it could be, given the three types of restaurants present. ANSWER: c 18. Which of the following is among the problems with using the range (R) as a measure of dispersion? a. R can be used only for nominal-level variables. b. R is very difficult to calculate. c. R ignores the most extreme scores. d. R is based on only the most extreme scores. ANSWER: d 19. A researcher reports that $18,000 represents the first quartile of Canadians’ incomes. Which of the following is another term he could use to describe that dollar value? a. median b. first percentile c. second percentile d. 25th percentile ANSWER: d 20. What value is equal to the median? a. It is impossible to tell without knowing the actual scores in the distribution. b. the first quartile c. the second percentile d. the fiftieth percentile ANSWER: d 21. An army recruit scored in the 80th percentile of incoming soldiers for a fitness test. What can we conclude about that soldier? a. The soldier scored higher than 80% of soldiers taking the test. b. The soldier scored higher than 20% of solders taking the test. c. The soldier scored 30 points higher on the test than the average soldier. d. No matter how many soldiers took the test, the soldier beat 20 of them on it. ANSWER: a 22. Which of the following describes the symbol Q3? a. the third quintile b. the first quartile c. the third quartile d. the third percentile ANSWER: c 23. The monthly costs of four different one-bedroom apartments are $1,200, $1,050, $1,320, $1,250. What is the median cost? a. $1,200 b. $1,250 c. the average of $1,200 and $1,250 d. the average of $1,050 and $1,320 ANSWER: c 24. When would it be especially appropriate to rely on the interquartile range rather than the range to describe a sample’s distribution? a. when the distribution is symmetrical with no outlying values in the distribution b. when the distribution is slightly negatively skewed with no outlying values in the distribution c. when the distribution’s mean, median, and mode are nearly equal d. when there are outlying values in the distribution ANSWER: d 25. What is one advantage of the interquartile range (Q) over the range (R)? a. Q ignores the first and third quartiles. b. Q can be used for nominal-level variables. c. Q is based on only the middle 50% of the scores. d. Q includes the most extreme scores. ANSWER: c 26. Which of these variables would be most appropriate for calculating the interquartile range? a. very happy, somewhat happy, somewhat unhappy, very unhappy b. left handed, right-handed, ambidextrous c. political party preference d. language preference: English, French, other ANSWER: a 27. What is the purpose of the expression ?(Xi)? a. to direct the researcher to find the middle score b. to direct the researcher to find the average of the scores c. to direct the researcher to find the median of the scores d. to direct the researcher to find the sum of the scores ANSWER: d 28. On a survey, age was divided into three categories: younger than 18 years, 18 to 21 years, and older than 21 years. The researcher computed the mean age of the respondents by adding up the scores and then dividing by the number of cases. Why was this a mistake? a. because the data are interval-ratio and should not be treated as ordinal b. because the data are only nominal and should not be treated as ordinal c. because the data are continuous and should not be treated as discrete d. because the data are ordinal and should not be treated as interval-ratio data ANSWER: d 29. Suppose we have yearly unemployment data for OECD countries. Which measure of central tendency would be the most appropriate for this data set? a. index of qualitative variation b. dispersion ratio c. mode d. mean ANSWER: d 30. Which measure of central tendency is affected by every score in a distribution? a. range b. mode c. median d. mean ANSWER: d 31. How does the standard deviation formula differ for samples and populations? a. Xi is used to represent the score of a variable in the population; N is used to represent scores in a sample. b. Xi is used to represent the score of a variable in the sample; N is used to represent scores in a population. c. ì is used to represent the population mean; is used to represent a sample’s mean. d. Standard deviations can be calculated for samples only, not for populations. ANSWER: c 32. Which of these statements describes the “least squares” principle? a. The mean is the point in a distribution around which the variation of the scores is minimized. b. The range of an interval-ratio-level variable can never exceed the value of its mean. c. The interquartile range will always contain a variable’s median, but not necessarily the variable’s mean. d. Taking the square root of a variable’s mean will create a more symmetrical distribution. ANSWER: a 33. Which of the following always happens when the mean is subtracted from a set of numbers, and all the differences are summed? a. The sum is 0. b. The sum is 1. c. The sum is equal to the mean. d. The sum is equal to the variance. ANSWER: a 34. What does the expression instruct us to do? a. sum the scores b. subtract every score from the mean c. sum the scores and then subtract the mean d. subtract the mean from each score and add up the deviations ANSWER: d 35. The mean square footage of a 20-home Ontario suburban neighbourhood is 1,775 square feet. The developers are considering building a 13,500 square-foot mansion on the edge of the neighbourhood. What measure of the neighbourhood’s central tendency would be most affected if the mansion was built? a. the mode b. the median c. the mean d. the variation ratio ANSWER: c 36. The distribution of student test scores is severely left skewed. What would this mean? a. that the mean of the distribution is less than the median b. that the mode of the distribution is less than the median c. that the median of the distribution is less than the mean d. that the mode of the distribution is less than the mean ANSWER: a 37. A teacher examines the distribution of test scores from a calculus class. She calculates both the median and the mean and discovers that they are equal. What can she conclude? a. The distribution is negatively skewed. b. The mode is equal to the standard deviation. c. The distribution is symmetrical. d. The range is equal to the interquartile range. ANSWER: c 38. What is the term for a distribution that has its peak on the left and a tail extending far to the right? a. positively skewed b. negatively skewed c. normally distributed d. bimodally distributed ANSWER: a 39. Which statement describes the distribution of test scores that has a mean of 70 and a median of 80? a. It has a positive skew. b. It has few very high scores. c. It has a negative skew. d. It has a mode of 75. ANSWER: c 40. When will the mean and the median in any distribution have the same value? a. when the distribution is positively skewed b. when the distribution is negatively skewed c. when the distribution has extreme scores d. when the distribution is symmetrical ANSWER: d 41. In an election campaign debate about the level of prosperity in Canada, the Prime Minister says, “Average income is $53,000.” One of his opponents responds, “The average Canadian earns only $38,000.” Both statements are true. Why is it possible that both statements are true? a. because the opponent is using the mean b. because the Prime Minister is using the mean c. because the Prime Minister is citing the median d. because the opponent is using the mode ANSWER: b 42. In preparing a report showing mid-semester grades, an instructor notes that the mean, median, and mode are all exactly 76. What can the instructor conclude from this observation? a. that the distribution of grades is unskewed b. that the distribution has extreme scores c. that there is a positive skew in the distribution because a few students have very high grades d. that there is a negative skew in the distribution because a few students have very low grades ANSWER: a 43. Which of these terms is the preferred measure of central tendency for the variable income distribution, which almost always has a positive skew? a. range b. median c. mode d. mean ANSWER: b 44. Which statement describes how the standard deviation (s) differs from the average deviation? a. The standard deviation decreases in value as distributions become more heterogeneous. b. The standard deviation squares the deviations to eliminate minus values. c. The standard deviation is based on the median rather than the mean. d. The standard deviation does not use all the scores. ANSWER: b 45. Which measure of dispersion is most important and most commonly used in social science research? a. range b. median c. standard deviation d. average deviation ANSWER: c 46. The mean height of a 22-member university women’s hockey team is 175.2 cm. If we subtracted each of the 22 players’ heights from the mean value and added these differences together, what would the overall sum of the deviations be? a. It is impossible to tell from the information given. b. 0 c. 175.20/2 = 87.60 d. 175.20 ANSWER: b 47. The distribution of film genre preferences in a retirement community of 150 seniors is as follows: Drama—37%; Comedy—32%; Musicals—8%; Action—18%; Documentaries—5%. Why is it impossible to calculate a standard deviation for this variable? a. The variable’s categories are not mutually exclusive. b. The variable’s categories do not sum to 100%. c. The variable is too skewed to calculate the variance. d. The variable does not have a mean value. ANSWER: d 48. Environmental violations for 16 companies ranged from values of 11 to 97. The variance was 14. How should we calculate the standard deviation for this distribution? a. = 4 b. (97 – 11) × 14 = 1204 c. 142 = 196 d. = 3.74 ANSWER: d 49. Four students have applied to a co-op education program, and only one can be accepted. They have each taken six skills tests and all the students have exactly the same average score. The standard deviations of the test scores are as follows: Student A = 3.12, Student B = 0.27, Student C = 13.45, Student D = 6.45. Which student should be accepted to the program if consistency of performance is among the criteria for acceptance? a. Student A b. Student B c. Student C d. Student D ANSWER: b 50. What would be an appropriate measure of dispersion for a set of values of people’s ages, measured in years? a. the mean b. the mode c. the standard quartile d. the standard deviation ANSWER: d 51. When a distribution of scores becomes more variable, what is the effect on the value of the standard deviation? a. It becomes unpredictable. b. It decreases. c. It stays the same. d. It increases. ANSWER: d 52. When the lower limit for the standard deviation is 0, what is the upper limit? a. It is a function of the number of cases. b. It is undefined; there is no upper limit. c. It is the score of the mean. d. It is the score of the median. ANSWER: b 53. What can we conclude about a set of scores in which the mean is 18 and the standard deviation is 0? a. The range is also 0. b. The range is equal to 1. c. The variance is smaller than the standard deviation. d. The variance is larger than the standard deviation. ANSWER: a 54. Which of the following is the lowest valid score for a standard deviation? a. –3 b. –1 c. 0 d. 0.5 ANSWER: c 55. Which of these statements describes the difference between variance and standard deviation? a. Variance is an indicator of dispersion; standard deviation is an indicator of central tendency. b. Standard deviations are more affected by outlying values than are variances. c. Standard deviations are always smaller than variances when variance >1. d. There are no differences: the terms are synonyms. ANSWER: c 56. Suppose low variability in a runner’s heart rate during a long distance run is a good indication of cardiopulmonary fitness. Which of these statistics measuring pulse rates during a 20 km run would be best? a. standard deviation = 0.25 beats per minute b. standard deviation = 0.75 beats per minute c. standard deviation = 1.6 beats per minute d. standard deviation = 2.2 beats per minute ANSWER: a 57. Suppose a distribution has an outlying value far smaller than the other values in the distribution. What will happen to the standard deviation if the outlier is removed? a. It will necessarily diminish. b. It will not change. c. It will necessarily increase. d. It is impossible to say without knowing the actual values in the distribution. ANSWER: a 58. Researchers wish to compare the dispersion of student grades across eight universities of varying sizes. What strategy would allow them to properly compare grade dispersion across the eight distributions? a. adding up the deviations for the smallest and the largest university b. dividing the squared deviations by the number of cases (N) for each university c. calculating the mode for each of the eight universities d. calculating the median for each of the eight universities ANSWER: b 59. What is the one central tendency statistic that can be accurately calculated for nominal, ordinal, and interval-ratio variables? a. mode b. median c. mean d. variance ANSWER: a Table 3.1 Data Set of Six Volunteers at a Charitable Organization People Years Served in Organization Employment Status Steve 1 Part-time worker Hasan 5 Full-time worker Amanda 5 Retired Xi 2 Student Jorge 3 Full-time worker Candace 2 Full-time worker 60. Refer to Table 3.1. What is the mode of employment status? a. student b. part-time worker c. full-time worker d. There is no mode for this distribution. ANSWER: c 61. Refer to Table 3.1. What is the median of employment status? a. full-time worker b. student c. part-time worker d. There is no valid median score. ANSWER: d 62. Refer to Table 3.1. What is the mean of years served in the organization? a. 2 b. 2.5 c. 3 d. 5 ANSWER: c 63. Refer to Table 3.1. What is the median of years served in the organization? a. 2 b. 2.5 c. 3 d. 5 ANSWER: b Table 3.2 Park Space in Five Neighbourhoods of a Fictional City City Neighbourhood Square Footage of Park Space Montclair East 25,471 South Lawndale 30,755 Everton 180 East Lakeside 26,983 Dunsterville 22,870 64. Refer to Table 3.2. Which of the following describes the distribution of park space? a. negatively skewed b. positively skewed c. symmetric d. unclear from the information given ANSWER: a 65. Refer to Table 3.2. What would be the most appropriate measure of central tendency for the distribution of park space? a. the mode b. the median c. the mean d. the interquartile range ANSWER: b Table 3.3 Means and Standard Deviations in Monthly Accident Events for Two Mining Companies, 2014–2018 Jackson Minerals Inc. H & W Energy Resources = 4.5 = 3.6 s = 1.8 s = 5.9 66. Refer to Table 3.3. Which of the following could we conclude from these data? a. Jackson Minerals started off with many accidents, but it is improving. b. H & W Energy Resources had fewer accidents on average than Jackson Minerals, but it also had more month-to-month variation. c. H & W Energy Resources had fewer accidents from 2014 to 2018, and varied less from one month to the next than Jackson Minerals. d. Jackson Minerals had only about 1/3 as many accidents as H & W Energy Resources, but it had more month-to-month variation. Had more ANSWER: b 67. Refer to Table 3.3. What is the value for the variance of H & W Energy Resources? a. = 2.43 b. 5.9 – 3.6 = 2.3 c. 5.9 + 3.6 = 9.5 d. 5.92 = 34.81 ANSWER: d 68. Describe what a boxplot portrays and explain what its “whiskers” are. ANSWER: ∙ A boxplot shows the lowest score, first quartile, second quartile (the median), third quartile, and highest score in a distribution. ∙ Whiskers are the vertical line from the box (the first/third quartile) to the lowest/highest scores. Examining the proportional length of the whiskers shows us whether there are any extreme values (outliers) that jut out from the middle 50% of the distribution. 69. What is the difference between central tendency and dispersion in a distribution of data? ANSWER: ? Central tendency gives us the most common (mode), the midpoint (median), or the average (mean) score in a distribution. One could say that these statistics summarize a large amount of data to give us some sense of what is “typical.” ? Dispersion, on the other hand, conveys variability. It indicates how the data are spread around their central tendency. In other words, does the data tend to cluster around the mode, median, or mean? Or are the data very spread out across a wide range of values? 70. The mayor of a city (City A) was wondering whether her city has shown that more new companies start up in City A than in another city of similar size. She asked her staff to gather the number of new companies started annually in her city from 2006 to 2017. She obtained similar data from her comparison city (City B). Compute the mode, mean, median, range, and standard deviation for both cities. New Companies Started in City A 2006: 26 2010: 44 2014: 28 2007: 33 2011: 45 2015: 26 2008: 20 2012: 35 2016: 28 2009: 19 2013: 30 2017: 36 New Companies Started in City B 2006: 18 2010: 33 2014: 24 2007: 27 2011: 30 2015: 36 2008: 41 2012: 38 2016: 20 2009: 24 2013: 42 2017: 17 ANSWER: City A City B Median = 29 Median = 28.5 Mean = 30.83 Mean = 29.17 Range = 26 Range = 25 s = 7.88 s = 8.45 71. Below is a summary of data about violent crime rates (number of violent crimes per 100,000 population) for a sample of 20 cities in two different years. Describe this statistical information in words. What changes occurred in the overall shape of the distribution for this variable? In central tendency? In dispersion? 1995 2015 Mean 115.31 128.07 Median 113.86 114.01 Standard deviation 14.54 29.46 ANSWER: In 1995, the mean violent crime rate was similar to the median. This indicates that the distribution was fairly symmetrical. By 2015, however, the distribution was far more skewed. This is demonstrated by the fact that the mean is considerably higher than the median. On average, crime rates were higher in 2015, but this depiction of central tendency is somewhat distorted by the skew of the data. The median is far more similar across the two years. 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