BASICS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES, 3RD ED BY W. LAWRENCE - TEST BANK

Chapter 3 Ethics in Social Research 3.1 Essay Questions 1 ) Why are some groups of people called "special populations" in social research? What things must a researcher do differently when studying them? Diff: 5 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 2 ) How do power relations, deception, and coercion to participate in research conflict with the principle of voluntary consent? Diff: 3 Page Ref: 54 Topic: Power Relations Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 3 ) What is informed consent? Why was it developed? How does it protect research subjects? Diff: 4 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 4 ) Describe the difference between anonymity and confidentiality. Diff: 4 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 5 ) How might a sponsor attempt to illegitimately influence a researcher? What can the researcher do about it and why might an ethical researcher hesitate? Diff: 5 Page Ref: 66 Topic: Ethics and the Sponsors of Research Skill: 13. Balance competing ethical principles Objective: 03.04 Understand pressures/issues of sponsored research 6 ) Identify three major cases in the history of research ethics and describe the basic principle of ethical research they illustrate. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.02 Recognize specific events that gave rise to ethics 7 ) Describe what a whistle-blower is in social research settings, and what pressures a whistle-blower might feel to keep quiet or go public. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 66 Topic: Ethics and the Sponsors of Research Skill: 13. Balance competing ethical principles Objective: 03.04 Understand pressures/issues of sponsored research 8 ) In what ways do political pressures affect the conduct of social research? How do issues of value-free or objective research relate to such political pressures? Diff: 3 Page Ref: 68-69 Topic: Politics of Research; Value-Free and Objective Research Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.04 Understand pressures/issues of sponsored research 9 ) What is "public sociology" and how does it relate to the three approaches to social science discussed in Chapter 2? Diff: 5 Page Ref: 69 Topic: Value-Free and Objective Research Skill: 07. Make distinctions among related ideas/processes Objective: 03.06 Sees ethical/pol. relation between research & society 10 ) Why is "value-free" research not always advocated by social researchers? Diff: 7 Page Ref: 69 Topic: Value-Free and Objective Research Skill: 13. Balance competing ethical principles Objective: 03.06 Sees ethical/pol. relation between research & society 3.2 Multiple Choice Questions 1 ) What ethical concern is the crossover design supposed to help a researcher resolve? A) do not create new inequalities B) protect confidentiality C) ensure voluntary participation D) do not cause legal harm E) do not suppress research findings Answer: A Diff: 6 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 2 ) If a researcher conducting a survey gets "informed consent" she will A) get an ok from funding agencies to experiment with controlled substances. B) get permission to interview friends and family members about personal behavior (such as sexual relations, etc.). C) get permission to conduct the interview from the respondent after telling them something about the interview. D) get permission from other researchers to use non-random sampling. E) get permission from people to use their actual names and addresses in published studies about them. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 3 ) The principle of voluntary consent in social research means A) a professor who hands out a questionnaire to students should inform students that their participation is voluntary and that they can refuse to participate without penalty. B) many research findings actually have limited generalizability to those subjects/respondents who agree to participate in research. C) this norm is violated in covert field research. D) a researcher using deception should tell subjects that they can leave at any time. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 4 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 4 ) For a senior project, Chuck conducts a survey on students' attitudes and behaviors concerning personal beliefs and behaviors, including sexual behavior. While distributing the questionnaire, he assures the group of students that no one will be able to trace responses to an individual. He obtained a seating chart with the names of all the students in the class and where they sit. He notices where each person sat before he or she returns the questionnaire to the front of the room and memorizes who turned in the first, second, etc. questionnaire. Which ethical principle is Chuck violating? A) confidentiality B) anonymity C) harm to subjects D) concealed identity of researcher E) voluntary participation Answer: B Diff: 5 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 01. Apply abstract learning to realistic situations Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 5 ) What is the general ethical principle regarding deception in social research? A) It is fully acceptable and does not involve ethical issues. B) It is forbidden under all circumstances of ethical research. C) It can be ethically used if essential to the research so long as subjects are not physically harmed. D) It can be ethically used if essential to the research, but only to the minimal degree necessary and it must be followed by debriefing. E) Deception can only be ethically used when subjects are "captive" populations (e.g., prisoners, students, mental hospital patients, military personnel). Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 6 ) The original source for the principles of codes of ethics for research on human subjects was developed out of the A) Amnesty International Code of 1975. B) Nuremburg Military Tribunal on Nazi war crimes in 1946-47. C) 1964 Civil Rights Act. D) League of Nations Charter of 1919. E) Constitution of the United States. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 55, 64 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants; Ethics and the Scientific Community Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.02 Recognize specific events that gave rise to ethics 7 ) The primary thing that keeps most social scientific research within ethical-moral boundaries is A) the Codes of Ethics published by professional associations. B) the government's laws and regulations. C) fear of law suits against researchers by subjects. D) the professional training or socialization and peer pressure that individual researchers experience. E) the Research Police who have an office on every college campus. Answer: D Diff: 4 Page Ref: 53 Topic: What are Research Ethics?; Why Be Ethical? Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.04 Understand pressures/issues of sponsored research 8 ) Dr. Doolittle copied five pages from a student paper that was not protected by copyright laws and put it in an article he published but failed to give credit to the student. He also claimed to interview 10 people who never interviewed. Dr. Doolittle committed all the following activities EXCEPT which one? A) plagiarism B) research fraud C) scientific misconduct D) unethical but legal behavior E) illegal but ethical behavior Answer: E Diff: 6 Page Ref: 54 Topic: Why Be Ethical? Skill: 01. Apply abstract learning to realistic situations Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 9 ) It is NOT ethical for a sponsor to do which of the following? A) A school district wants a study of students, but demands that a researcher reach findings showing an improvement in student scores during the past five years. B) A supervisor requires prior review of questionnaire items to make some of them "leading" to make certain that the company looks good. C) A government agency that paid for a study suppresses findings that indicate that it has not enforced a law it is supposed to and has been an overall failure. D) A political party calls people for telephone interviews on opinions, but is really identifying potential financial contributors. It hides the true sponsor of a study by using a made up the name of a research company. E) all of the above. Answer: E Diff: 6 Page Ref: 66 Topic: Ethics and the Sponsors of Research Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.04 Understand pressures/issues of sponsored research 10 ) A great deal of learning about ethics is based on "famous cases." Which study is the "famous case" in which poor black men were not treated and allowed to become disabled and permanently harmed in a Public Health Service study by the U.S. federal government? A) Tearoom Trade B) Jury Study C) Milgram Obedience Experiment D) Zimbardo Prison Experiment E) Bad Blood Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.02 Recognize specific events that gave rise to ethics 11 ) A researcher asks some teenagers to shoplift from a drugstore while he observes so that he can learn more about how they do it. This researcher may be violating the ethical principle which says A) do not cause physical harm. B) avoid causing psychological abuse or stress. C) do not create new inequalities. D) do not place subjects in legal jeopardy. E) none of the above, it is not unethical. Answer: D Diff: 5 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 01. Apply abstract learning to realistic situations Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 12 ) Find the FALSE statement about ethics in social research: A) The individual researcher is ultimately responsible for acting in an ethical manner and protecting research subjects. B) A researcher who lacks strong professional socialization, who is isolated from other researchers, and who is under great pressure to cut corners to produce research findings is in greater danger of doing something unethical. C) Unethical researchers, if caught, have disgraced themselves before their peers. They may lose their job and never get another professional job. All their past research may be suspect. D) It is usually more costly and time consuming to behave ethically, but there is no praise for ethical research. It is simply expected. E) All unethical behavior is also illegal because codes of ethics have the force of law. Answer: E Diff: 6 Page Ref: 53, 55, 64, 66 Topic: Why Be Ethical?; Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants; Ethics and the Scientific Community; Ethics and the Sponsors of Research Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 13 ) What are institutional review boards and what is the purpose of one? A) They are located in state police offices. They ensure that researchers do not misuse money given to them for research. B) They are part of professional associations. They lobby for more research money from government agencies. C) They are at most colleges, hospitals, and research centers. They make sure that research involving humans is carried out ethically. D) They are located inside government agencies that give grants for research. They ensure that the methodology used is scientific. E) They are parts of citizen groups. They fight against the invasion of privacy that social research represents. Answer: C Diff: 4 Page Ref: 64 Topic: Ethics and the Scientific Community Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.05 Explain the role of the IRB 14 ) What is the purpose of informed consent? A) It means that information a researcher gets from a subject may be used in any way by the researcher, even against the desires, beliefs, or wishes of the research subject. B) It documents that a researcher has followed the principle of voluntary participation. C) It gives permission from the government to study certain "taboo" topics. D) It protects researchers and teachers from outside interference when they debate ideas, investigate issues, or discuss findings. E) It gives a researcher the right to see government documents. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 15 ) What ethical issue was NOT raised by the famous "Tearoom Trade" study by Laud Humphries on homosexuals? A) covert observation without informed consent B) protecting the research subjects from legal jeopardy C) protecting the privacy of respondents and confidentiality of data D) the use of deception or lying to subjects E) all of the above were involved Answer: E Diff: 5 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.01 Understand the historic evolution of research ethics 16 ) What is ethical behavior regarding the use of deception in social research? A) Deception is always forbidden; it should never be used under any conditions whatsoever. B) Deception can be used anytime a researcher feels he or she can learn more by using it, so long as the subjects have given their "informed consent." C) Deception can be used anytime a researcher feels he or she would learn more by using it, but only if the researcher afterwards "debriefs" the subjects, telling them the about deception. D) Deception can only be used if it is necessary for a specific research purpose, only to the minimal degree required for that purpose, and subjects should give informed consent before participating and be debriefed immediately afterwards. E) Deception can only be used when one is working with "special populations," during which time debriefing is optional. Answer: D Diff: 5 Page Ref: 55 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 13. Balance competing ethical principles Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 17 ) Dr. Smellysock said, "Before I go any further, I have to run this research design past the IRB." What does this mean? A) Dr. Smellysock needs to get money to conduct the research project and must go to the Internal Revenue Board to get it. B) Dr. Smellysock needs to get an ok by a local committee who checks for ethical concerns in research dealing with people. C) Dr. Smellysock does not have academic freedom and must get permission to do anything. D) Dr. Smellysock has to go to Washington, D.C. to talk with the national lobbying organization for the social science researchers. E) Dr. Smellysock is conducting a research project like the "Bad Blood" study so he must let health officials know he won't contaminate anyone. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 64 Topic: Ethics and the Scientific Community Skill: 01. Apply abstract learning to realistic situations Objective: 03.05 Explain the role of the IRB 18 ) Yukiko got a job working at Big Research Company. After working there for two years, she was asked to conduct a survey of customers who bought Big Motor Corporation cars in the past two years to see how satisfied they were. Her supervisor told her not to bother sending questionnaires to people had who bought a car from Big Motor Corporation but had since sold it. Yukiko thought this was wrong but wanted to keep her supervisor happy so that she could get a promotion. What ethical problem did Yukiko encounter? A) concealing the true sponsor B) suppressing findings C) arriving at particular findings D) limits on how to conduct a study E) no ethical problem Answer: D Diff: 4 Page Ref: 66 Topic: Ethics and the Sponsors of Research Skill: 13. Balance competing ethical principles Objective: 03.04 Understand pressures/issues of sponsored research 3.3 Key Terms Vocabulary Questions 1 ) anonymity Answer: Research participants remain anonymous or nameless. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 62 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 2 ) confidentiality Answer: Information with participant names attached, but the researcher holds it in confidence or keeps it secret from the public. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 63 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 3 ) crossover design Answer: A research design to reduce creating inequality; it is when a study group that gets no treatment in the first phase of the experiment becomes group with the treatment in the second phase, and vice versa. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 61 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 4 ) informed consent Answer: An agreement by participants stating they are willing to be in a study and they know something about what the research procedure will involve. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 59 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 5 ) institutional review board (IRB) Answer: A committee of researchers and community members that oversees, monitors, and reviews the impact of research procedures on human participants and applies ethical guidelines by reviewing research procedures at a preliminary stage when first proposed. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 64 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms Objective: 03.05 Explain the role of the IRB 6 ) plagiarism Answer: When a researcher “steals” the ideas or writings of another or uses them without properly citing the source. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 54 Topic: Why Be Ethical? Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms Objective: 03.04 Understand pressures/issues of sponsored research 7 ) principle of voluntary consent Answer: The idea that researchers must never force anyone to participate in research, and must not lie to them unless it is necessary to accomplish a legitimate research purpose. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 59 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 8 ) public sociology Answer: An approach to social research in which a researcher tries to enrich public debate over moral or political issues by infusing them with social theory and social research findings. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 70 Topic: Value-Free and Objective Research Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms Objective: 11.06 Aware of ethical issues in field research 9 ) research fraud Answer: Unethical behavior that occurs when a researcher fakes or invents data that he/she did not really collect, or fails to honestly and fully report how he/she conducted a study. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 54 Topic: Why Be Ethical? Skill: 12. Recognize and apply ethical principles Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 10 ) scientific misconduct Answer: Unethical behavior in which a researcher falsifies or distorts the data or the methods of data collection, or plagiarizes the work of others. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 54 Topic: Why Be Ethical? Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 11 ) special population Answer: People who lack the necessary cognitive competency give real informed consent or people in a weak position that might comprise their freedom to refuse to participate in a study. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 60 Topic: Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms Objective: 03.03 Discuss ethical issues of human subject treatment 12 ) whistle-blower Answer: A person who sees ethical wrongdoing, tries to correct it internally but then informs an external audience, agency, or the media. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 66 Topic: Ethics and the Sponsors of Research Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms Objective: 03.04 Understand pressures/issues of sponsored research