Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology 8th Edition by Wicks - Test Bank

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TRUE OR FALSE 1. Ab means “away” or “from,” whereas “normal” refers to “average” or “standard.” Thus, abnormal is defined as something the deviates from the average. 2. Age is an important developmental index in judging behavior. 3. Cultural norms for behavior rarely impact diagnostic rates for a disorder. 4. Ethnicity denotes common customs, values, language or traits that are associated with national origin or geographic area. 5. A child’s behavior should be consistent and not vary across settings (e.g., classroom, playground, home). 6. In most cultures boys are expected to be less active and less aggressive than girls. This expectation is an example of a situational norm. 7. Youth rarely refer themselves for clinical evaluation. 8. According to the American Psychological Association, 10 percent of youth have a serious mental health disorder. 9. Quantifying the prevalence of disorders is difficult because it depends on several factors, including the definition of disorders, the population examined, and the methods used to identify the problem. 10. Changing social conditions may increase the risk of disorders in young people. 11. Early disturbances, for example, feeding issues or sleep disorders in infancy, do not have developmental consequences. 12. One difficulty in establishing the age of onset of any behavioral disorder is that the onset may occur gradually, so that age of onset may be an arbitrary estimation rather than a precise age. 13. Schizophrenia is a disorder that typically begins during childhood. 14. Males are more vulnerable than females to neurodevelopmental disorders that occur early in life. 15. One explanation for differing rates of behavioral disorder between boys and girls is gender differences in disruptive behavior, which can result in gender differences in referrals for clinical services. 16. The conceptualization of adolescence as a distinct period of life began in the 17th and 18th centuries. 17. Somatogenesis refers to the belief that behavioral disturbance results from a person’s being possessed or influenced by devils or some similar force. 18. Kraepelin is credited with creating a system to classify mental disturbances that serve as the basis for modern classification systems. 19. The belief that mental problems are caused by psychological variables is called psychogenesis. 20. Freud contributed to the field of childhood behavioral disorder by positing that early, unresolved psychological conflict is the source of emotional problems. 21. Behavior modification or behavior therapy is the explicit application of learning principles for the assessment and treatment of behavioral problems. 22. Longitudinal studies, focusing on normal development, assisted in the understanding and study of child and adolescent disorders. 23. Anna Freud, a mother and visionary, advocated establishing a Child Welfare Research Station at the University of Iowa. 24. Psychiatrists earn an M.D. and psychologists earn a Ph.D. MULTIPLE CHOICE 25. Joe is in the second grade and cannot stay focused. He cannot read and tests below grade level in all subjects. He is rarely in trouble at school or at home. Joe a. is free from all behavior disorders. b. may have a behavioral disorder and should be evaluated. c. is a typical boy. d. is none of the above. 26. Which is least likely to be considered an indication of problem behavior in youth? a. A behavior is excessively intense. b. A behavior is qualitatively atypical. c. A behavior is unusual but of no harm to anyone. d. A behavior is exhibited in inappropriate settings. 27. Which of the following is a behavioral indicator of a disorder noted in Table 1.1? a. Parental intolerance of atypical behavior b. Bedwetting c. Gender d. Developmental delay 28. Serafica & Vargas (2006), found that: a. anxiety is evident across cultures. b. Asian and Latino groups express fewer bodily symptoms of anxiety. c. Asian, Latino and European Americans did not differ in regard to symptoms of anxiety. d. individuals living outside of the United States tend to deny symptoms of anxiety. 29. A study by Ly (2008) on parent perceptions of a child with intellectual disability found that compared to European American parents, Asian American parents: a. viewed their child as less successful on task performance. b. had higher expectations for future success. c. had more sympathy for their child with a disability. d. were no different in their views of their child. 30. Alicia’s mother is worried because although Alicia’s behavior seems much like that of her peers, Alicia misbehaves relative to the setting she is in. Alicia’s mother is concerned that her daughter is not meeting a. gender norms. c. regression norms. b. situational norms. d. developmental norms. 31. According to the book, which of the following is true regarding behavioral disorders of youth? a. Judgments about abnormality often change over time. b. Cultural norms should have no impact on diagnosis. c. Disorders are best viewed as located within individuals. d. Overall, girls display higher rates of externalizing behavior than boys. 32. Which of the following is true regarding preschooler mental health? a. Preschoolers have fewer problems than older children. b. Preschoolers have more problems, but tend to outgrow them. c. The problems of preschoolers occur at the same rate as older children. d. Secular trends indicate that the risks for young children and mental illness are decreasing. 33. Which of the following is true regarding the prevalence of behavioral disturbance of youth? a. Collishaw (2010) found that the number of adolescents reporting emotional problems decreased from 1986 to 2006. b. Research indicates that a majority of youth (80% or more) with mental health issues receive adequate mental health care. c. Less than 10% of adults with mental illness report having symptoms in childhood or adolescence. d. Prevalence rates are can vary depending on who is reporting on the symptoms (e.g., youth, parents, teachers). 34. With regard to childhood behavioral problems and age of youth, a. little relationship exists between age and the occurrence of problems. b. sometimes what seems to be a relationship between age and the occurrence of a specific disorder may actually reflect the time at which the disorder is first identified. c. almost all behavior problems of young people appear in some form by age 6. d. children cannot be diagnosed with a specific disorder until they are at least 8 years old. 35. With regard to gender and the rates of behavioral disorders, a. boys are more likely to be diagnosed with externalizing disorders. b. boys are more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety. c. boys demonstrate higher levels of relational aggression. d. externalizing problems increase for females as they get older. 36. Jake is a 9 year-old boy. What does the book say about his risk factors for psychopathology? a. They do not differ from a 9 year old female. b. He is at lower risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. c. He is at higher risk for experiencing a traumatic brain injury. d. He is at higher risk to experiencing an inappropriate sexual encounter. 37. Which of the following terms refers to biological causation of behavioral disturbance? a. Egogenesis b. Somatogenesis c. Demonology d. Operogenesis 38. When the term syndrome is used in reference to a behavioral disturbance, it suggests that the disorder a. has a biological cause. b. has a psychological cause. c. occurs mostly in early childhood. d. is characterized by a group of symptoms. 39. Who is credited with publishing, in the 19th century, an important classification system for mental disorders? a. Freud c. Hillis b. Myers d. Kraepelin 40. According to Table 1.3 in the book, who established the first child clinic in the United States? a. Alfred Binet b. Lightner Witmer c. Arnold Gesell d. Leo Kanner 41. Which of the following is true? a. Freud’s theory adhered to the concept of psychogenesis. b. Defense mechanisms serve no purpose. c. The ego houses our unacceptable impulses. d. Freud believed the personality was not completely formed until age 18. 42. In the case of “Little Hans,” Freud proposed that Han’s fear and anxiety were based in his a. desire to have a mustache and wear glasses like his father. b. wish for more attention from his father and his mother. c. desire to own a horse. d. sexual impulses toward his mother and fear of his father. 43. In Freudian theory, defense mechanisms are viewed as protecting the individual from a. overstimulation. b. understimulation. c. recognizing one’s own unacceptable impulses. d. seeking immediate sexual gratification. 44. In contrast to Sigmund Freud, John Watson argued for a. an emphasis on internal psychological conflicts. b. the study of biological influences on behavior. c. an emphasis on learning experiences. d. a stage theory of development. 45. The idea that behavior is shaped by its consequences is called _________ and was created by ______. a. law of effect; Thorndike b. psychoanalysis; Freud c. classical conditioning; Watson d. observational learning; Bandura 46. Who wrote the influential book, A Mind That Found Itself ? a. Beers c. Hillis b. Bandura d. Judge Baker 47. The child guidance movement in the United States a. was related to the establishment of the Orthopsychiatric Association. b. was an outgrowth of behaviorism. c. received its impetus from longitudinal studies of children begun around 1920. d. was based on the work of Hall at Clark University. 48. The theorist who linked the social context with cognition was a. Anna Freud. b. Emil Kraepelin. c. Skinner. d. Bandura. 49. Which name does not belong with the others? a. Thorndike c. Skinner b. Binet d. Watson 50. Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association? a. Skinner c. Hall b. Gesell d. Beers 51. Who is best known for early efforts to evaluate children's intellectual functioning? a. Binet and Simon c. Kraepelin b. Healy and Bronner d. Beers 52. Mrs. Cora Bussey Hills was instrumental in a. the establishment of the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute in Chicago. b. the establishment of the Judge Baker Guidance Center in Boston. c. the establishment of the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. d. the establishment of the Fels Research Institute at Berkley. 53. A __________ is a trusting, personal bond formed between the therapist and the client. a. confidentiality agreement b. therapeutic alliance c. treatment contract d. working relationship BRIEF ESSAY QUESTIONS 54. Discuss three indicators that influence whether a child or adolescent will be identified as experiencing a behavioral problem. 55. Discuss how culture can influence the definition and understanding of disordered behavior of youth. 56. List and describe the four variables that are important to note in regard to infant mental health. 57. How can gender bias in clinic samples indirectly affect gender differences in the prevalence of behavioral disorders (what methodological issues can create the appearance of gender differences)? 58. Discuss three aspects of Freud’s theory that framed his important view of psychological disturbances in youth and adults. How has psychoanalysis changed over the years? 59. Briefly describe classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. 60. Summarize the aims and early history of the mental hygiene and the child guidance movements. 61. List five themes (premises) viewed by the text’s authors as central to the current study and practice of developmental psychopathology. 62. Define informed consent and how it applies to child therapy. ANSWER KEY 1. T, p. 3, factual 2. T, p. 3, factual 3. F, p. 4, conceptual 4. T, p. 4, factual 5. F, p. 5, conceptual 6. F, p. 5, factual 7. T, p. 5, factual 8. T, p. 6, conceptual 9. T, p. 6, factual 10. F, p. 6, factual 11. F, p. 7, conceptual 12. T, p. 8, factual 13. F, p. 8 (Fig 1.4), factual 14. T, p. 9, factual 15. T, pp. 9-10, factual 16. T, p. 10, factual 17. F, p. 10, factual 18. T, p. 11, applied 19. T, pp. 11-12, factual 20. T, p. 12, applied 21. T, p. 14, factual 22. T, p. 15, factual 23. F, p. 15, applied 24. T, p. 16, factual 25. B, p. 3, applied 26. C, p. 3, conceptual 27. D, p. 3 (Table 1.1), factual 28. A, p. 3, applied 29. A, p. 4, applied 30. B, p. 5, conceptual 31. A, pp. 3-6, conceptual 32. C, p. 6, factual 33. D, pp. 6-8 (Figure 1.3), applied 34. B, p. 8 (Figure 1.4), factual 35. A, p. 9, Table 1.2, & Figure 1.5, factual 36. C, pp. 8-9, applied 37. B, p. 10, factual 38. D, p. 11, factual 39. D, p. 11, applied 40. B, p. 11, Table 1.3, applied 41. A, pp. 11-12, applied 42. D, p. 12 (accent), applied 43. C, p. 12, conceptual 44. C, p. 13, applied 45. A, p. 13, applied 46. A, p. 14, applied 47. A, p. 14, factual 48. D, p. 14, applied 49. B, pp. 13-15, applied 50. C, p. 15, applied 51. A, p. 15, applied 52. C, p. 15 (accent), applied 53. B, p. 17, factual 54. p. 3, factual 55. pp. 3–5, conceptual 56. p. 7 (accent), factual 57. pp. 9-10, factual 58. pp. 11-12, applied 59. pp. 13-14, factual 60. p. 14, factual 61. p. 16, factual 62. p. 17, factual CHAPTER 3 BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXTS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY TRUE OR FALSE 1. The development of the brain and nervous system begins relatively late in the embryonic period. 2. Together, the brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system (CNS). 3. The two subsystems of the peripheral nervous system are the somatic system and the autonomic system. 4. The medulla, located in the hindbrain, is involved in movement and cognitive processing. 5. The small gap between neurons is called the axon. 6. Neurotransmitters can excite or inhibit neurons. 7. The term perinatal refers to the period of time during pregnancy. 8. Research indicates that the fetus is surprisingly resistant to high levels of maternal stress. 9. Timing of exposure to teratogens can have varying effects. 10. From the moment of conception, development is influenced by constitutional, economic, social, and cultural factors. 11. The overall rate of prematurity in the U.S. is 25%. 12. The notion that a child's nervous system is “plastic” refers to the seeming artificial manner in which the child is behaving. 13. A person's observable characteristics are referred to as his or her phenotype. 14. Recent research indicates that the human genome can be modified by exposure to environmental toxins. 15. In order for a dominant gene to be expressed, it has to be genetically transmitted by both parents. 16. The intellectual stimulation offered in a family is an example of a shared environmental influence. 17. Reinforcing a nonverbal child to first make sounds, then to say words, then to say sentences is an example of generalization. 18. Negative reinforcement results in a decrease in the behavior it follows. 19. The lack of forethought and planning exhibited by an impulsive child is an example of a cognitive distortion. 20. Two dimensions of parenting styles that have been identified are acceptance/warmth and degree of control. 21. Research indicates that parental psychopathology is only influential when the child inherits vulnerability genes. 22. The only major forms of maltreatment are physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. 23. Over one million youth a year experience divorce. 24. Multiple divorces increase the child’s risk for adjustment problems. 25. Research on the effects of divorce on children indicates that the effects are clearly greater on boys. 26. Authoritarian/restrictive parenting is associated with positive social behavior and peer acceptance. 27. Young people experience higher rates of poverty than any other age group. 28. Hanson and colleagues (2011) found a direct association between poverty and the volume of gray matter of the hippocampus. 29. According to Tienda and Haskins (2011), in 2008 almost 25% of youth age 17 and under lived with an immigrant parent. MULTIPLE CHOICE 30. Which of the following is true regarding brain development? a. Neurons chemically transmit impulses within the nervous system and to other parts of the body. b. Myelin is a neurotransmitter associated with inducing sleep. c. The human brain is fully developed by adolescence. d. The various areas of the brain develop simultaneously. 31. The __________ has two branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, and is the part of the nervous system that helps regulate arousal and emotions. a. peripheral nervous system b. somatic nervous system c. autonomic nervous system d. voluntary nervous system 32. The brain has three major divisions: a. forebrain, thalamus, cerebellum. b. cerebellum, cortex, limbic system. c. hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain. d. hippocampus, amygdale, forebrain. 33. The ___________, which includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and parts of the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, and hypothalamus, plays a central role in memory and the regulation of emotions and biological urges. a. limbic system c. hindbrain system b. libido system d. autonomic system 34. The part of the brain that is involved in higher mental functioning, including information processing, learning, and memory is the a. thalamus. c. cerebellum. b. hypothalamus. d. cerebral hemispheres. 35. ___________receive chemical messages from other neurons. a. Axons c. Synaptic vesicles b. Dendrites d. Nuclei 36. Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine are all examples of a. bodily humors. c. neurotransmitters. b. synaptic clefts. d. growth hormones. 37. A toxic substance that may cause damage to the developing fetus is known as a a. placenta. c. teratogen. b. barrier. d. diathesis. 38. The exposure of the developing fetus to alcohol consumed by the mother is an example of a a. prenatal influence. c. postnatal influence. b. perinatal influence. d. genetic influence. 39. Mr. and Mrs. Smith have recently adopted Jimmy, age 9. They do not know much about his birth history. They are concerned because Jimmy exhibits slow growth and poor motor skills. He also has small eyes and a thin upper lip. Finally, Jimmy seems to have difficulty learning and is quite hyperactive. His pediatrician suspects that a. Jimmy was exposed to lead early in life. b. Jimmy’s mother had Rubella while pregnant with Jimmy. c. Jimmy’s mother drank while pregnant with Jimmy. d. Jimmy was born breech. 40. Anoxia at the time of birth is an example of a a. prenatal influence. c. postnatal influence. b. perinatal influence. d. genetic influence. 41. The genetic code is the basis for the ____________ or synthesis of messenger RNA. a. translocation b. transmission c. transference d. transcription 42. The genetic code on DNA is made up of which of the following nucleotides? a. Guanine b. Glycolic acid c. Glucose d. Glutamate 43. Many complex human characteristics, such as intelligence and behaviors implicated in behavior disorders, are believed to be associated with a. a single gene. b. a single gene in combination with environmental influences. c. multiple genes. d. multiple genes in combination with environmental influences. 44. Tom has been diagnosed with a particular disorder as a result of behavior genetic research. Tom’s relatives are examined to determine if they resemble Tom with respect to this disorder. In this research, Tom is described as the _______. a. proband or index case b. concordant or the genetic base proband c. monozygote or dyzygote d. first degree relative 45. In twin studies, genetic influence is suggested when a. monozygotic twins are more concordant than dyzygotic twins. b. dyzygotic twins are more concordant than monozygotic twins. c. there is no difference between monozygotic and dyzygotic twins. d. the twins are more concordant with non twin siblings than each other. 46. Children who have disorder X and were adopted at birth are studied to determine the degree of genetic contribution to disorder X. Which of the following results is most likely to support the hypothesis of genetic influence in the etiology of disorder X? a. The rate of the disorder in these adopted children is the same as in the general population. b. The rate of the disorder is greater in the biological siblings of these children than in adoptive siblings. c. The rate of the disorder is greater in the adoptive siblings of these children than in their biological siblings. d. The rate of the disorder is the same in the biological and adoptive siblings of these children. 47. Results from behavior genetic research suggest that heritability estimates for behavioral disorders a. rarely exceed 10 percent. c. frequently exceed 50 percent. b. rarely exceed 50 percent. d. frequently exceed 75 percent. 48. Which of the following are two major molecular genetic research methods? a. linkage analysis and association analysis b. linkage analysis and adoption studies c. linkage analysis and twin designs d. association analysis and adoption studies 49. The term _________ refers to differential sensitivity to experience due to differences in genotype. a. gene-environment interaction c. linkage analysis b. gene-environment correlation d. association analysis 50. Adopted children are more likely to have criminal records when the adoptive parent has a criminal record, but only when they also have a biological parent with a criminal record. This is an example of a. gene-environment interaction. c. linkage analysis. b. gene-environment correlation. d. association analysis. 51. The term __________ refers to genetic differences in exposure to environments. a. gene-environment interaction c. quantitative genetics b. gene-environment correlation d. molecular genetics 52. Michael inherits a genetic propensity for high-activity level from his parents and the parents have created a family environment that is highly active. This is an example of a _______ gene-environment correlation. a. active c. reactive b. passive d. redundant 53. In Mary Cover Jones’ (1924) study of Peter, she used ___________ to treat his fear of furry objects. a. punishment b. counterconditioning c. extinction d. cognitive behavioral therapy 54. In Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert the conditioned stimulus was a. a white rat. c. a loud noise. b. the fear. d. anxiety. 55. Operant conditioning emphasizes the __________ of behavior. a. unconscious aspects c. interpretation b. consequences d. symbolism 56. A particular child develops a fear of all men with mustaches similar that of his uncle, who is stern. This is an example of the operant conditioning process of a. negative reinforcement. c. generalization. b. shaping. d. discrimination. 57. The phenomenon of disinhibition in observational learning is illustrated by a. a child observes another child being punished for talking to a peer during a lesson and becomes quieter in other ways. b. a child observes another child push a peer and thereby get to the head of the line. The first child then uses physical force to get what he wants. c. a shy child is nervous in his new class. He doesn’t participate in learning a new art project. d. a child in a class learns how to do a new kind of art project by observing her “buddy” do that same art project. 58. Attention, memory, concept formation, strategies to mentally manipulate information, and problem solving are examples of a. instrumental processes. c. cognitive processes. b. observational processes. d. unconscious processes. 59. ________________ are schema for representing information stored in memory. a. Cognitive processes b. Cognitive structures c. Cognitive content d. Cognitive products 60. A depressed child views herself as less capable than her peers, whereas others do not view her this way. This is an example of a. cognitive deficiency. c. thought disorder. b. cognitive distortion. d. protective cognition. 61. A depressed youngster has come to view negative events in his life as due to his lack of intelligence. According to Kendall (2006), this is an example of a. cognitive structure. c. cognitive process. b. cognitive content. d. cognitive product. 62. In an ecological model of development, _______ contexts would be expected to have relatively more direct impact. a. cultural c. proximal b. distal d. pathological 63. Which of the following is true regarding the research of Livingston and Parker, Pew Research Center (2011), depicted in Figure 3.5 of the text? a. In 2010, 27% of fathers lived apart from their children. b. White fathers are more likely to live apart from their children than Black or Hispanic fathers. c. Families with incomes exceeding $50,000 were more likely to have fathers that lived apart from their children. d. Fathers with higher education were more likely to live apart from their children. 64. Children who are allowed much self-regulation and whose parents make few demands for mature behavior are said to have parents with which parenting style? a. indulgent/permissive c. secure b. authoritative d. neglectful 65. Which parental style is associated with the tendency of children to be independent, socially responsible, and self confident? a. authoritative c. indulgent b. permissive d. authoritarian 66. In defining child maltreatment, an act of omission by a parent or caregiver that involves failure or delay in providing care or supervision would be considered a. physical abuse. c. neglect. b. sexual abuse. d. emotional abuse. 67. The most common form of child maltreatment is a. emotional maltreatment. c. physical abuse. b. neglect. d. sexual abuse. 68. According to the book, the definition of _________ is probably the most difficult and controversial. a. emotional maltreatment c. physical abuse b. neglect d. sexual abuse 69. Which of the following statements regarding abuse is correct? a. Physical abuse is harder to detect than other forms of maltreatment. b. Sexual abuse of boys is more common than that of girls. c. Refusing special education when needed can be considered neglect. d. According to the book, in 2009 there were less than 200,000 cases of maltreatment reported in the U.S. 70. Which of the following is true about child maltreatment? a. Maltreatment occurs equally across socioeconomic classes. b. Parents are rarely the perpetrators of abuse. c. Parents who have children later in life are at higher risk for perpetrating abuse. d. Social isolation of the parent from family and friends contributes to abuse. 71. Which of the following children is at the highest risk for abuse? a. A one year-old with physical disabilities b. A 12 year-old from a large family c. A 17 year-old with failing grades d. A 13 year-old Black male living in an impoverished neighborhood 72. Single-parent families make up ______ percent of all families with children. a. 5 c. 30 b. 19 d. 48 73. Which of the following variables is thought to contribute to a youngster’s adjustment to divorce? a. The youngster’s prior level of adjustment b. Individual characteristics of parents c. The youngster’s prior level of adjustment and individual characteristics of parents d. The youngster’s prior level of adjustment, individual characteristics of parents, and ethnic differences 74. Which of the following is an example of molecular family stability? a. Living in a family with no divorce history b. Living in the same home and never moving c. Consistency in who lives in the home d. Having a regular bed time 75. In 2010, the percentage of U.S. youth under 18 living in poverty was about a. 2 percent. c. 15 percent. b. 10 percent. d. 22 percent. 76. Which of the following statements regarding the impact of poverty on youth is accurate? a. Rates of poverty are equal across racial groups. b. Single female-headed households are at higher risk for poverty than married households. c. Childrearing practices do not vary by social class. d. Poverty is most damaging to middleschoolers. 77. Leventhal and Brooks-Gunn have suggested three potential mechanisms or pathways whereby communities might affect youngsters’ development. They are a. genetics, family environment, and neighborhood b. socioeconomic status, school structure, and crime c. community resources, relationships, and community norms/collective efficacy d. individual, intrafamilial, and cultural 78. The term acculturation refers to a. the elimination of cultural influences so as to understand the effect of individual variables. b. changes in culture resulting from different cultures coming in contact with each other. c. the attempt to provide cultural experiences, such as music and art to at-risk children. d. interventions to overcome the negative impact of a youngster’s cultural background. BRIEF ESSAY QUESTIONS 79. Describe the parts of the neuron and how electrical messages are transmitted between neurons. 80. Briefly describe a prenatal, a perinatal, and a postnatal biological influence thought to affect the functioning/behavior of the developing child. 81. Discuss the reasons why research involving harmful influences on the fetus must be interpreted with caution. 82. Briefly describe two different behavior genetic research methods that might be employed to study heritability of childhood behavior disorders. 83. Define the terms shared and nonshared environmental influences. Give an example of each. 84. Describe the purpose of linkage analysis, association analysis, and genome wide linkage/association analysis. 85. What are the three types of gene-environment correlation? Give an example of each. 86. Use examples to describe classical conditioning and operant learning. 87. What variables influence whether or not a child imitates a model in observational learning? What cognitive processes are needed for observational learning to occur? 88. Using children, give an example of a cognitive deficiency and of a cognitive distortion. 89. What is meant by an ecological model for understanding the development of maladaptive behavior in a young person? What are the domains described in the model? Give an example of each. 90. Contrast the authoritative, authoritarian, neglectful, and indulgent/permissive styles of parenting and the child characteristics associated with each style. 91. What are the four types of child maltreatment described in the literature? Give an example of each type. 92. Discuss the consequences of maltreatment including neurobiological outcomes and the factors that can influence outcomes. 93. Choose and describe (give examples) of 3 predictors of children’s adjustment following divorce and remarriage. (Hint: think of Figure 3.10 in your book). 94. Why are peer relationships important? What is an example of a protective factor and a risk factor for having a close friend? 95. Describe the variables that contribute to dropping out of school or repeating a grade. 96. Discuss several ways in which poverty puts children at developmental risk, including how parents may mediate the effects of poverty. 97. What are the three pathways or mechanisms that Leventhal and Brooks-Gunn suggest may explain the effect of the community on youngsters’ development? Give an example of each. 98. How might prejudice and discrimination impact young people? Discuss the research noted in the textbook. ANSWER KEY 1. F, p. 37, factual 2. T, p. 38, factual 3. T, p. 38, factual 4. F, p. 39, factual 5. F, p. 39, factual 6. T, p. 40, factual 7. F, p. 40, factual 8. F, p. 40, factual 9. T, p. 40, factual 10. T, pp. 40–41, conceptual 11. F, p. 41, factual 12. F, p. 41, conceptual 13. T, p. 42, factual 14. T, p. 42 (Accent), conceptual 15. F, pp. 42-43, factual 16. T, p. 43, factual 17. F, p. 46 (Table 3.3), conceptual 18. F, p. 46 (Table 3.3), conceptual 19. F, p. 48, conceptual 20. T, p. 49, factual 21. F, p. 50, factual 22. F. p. 51 (Table 3.4), factual 23. T, p. 54, factual 24. T, p. 55, factual 25. F, p. 56, factual 26. F, p. 58, conceptual 27. T, p. 60, factual 28. T, pp. 60-61, applied 29. T, p. 63, applied 30. A, pp. 37-38, factual 31. C, p. 38, factual 32. C, pp. 38-39, factual 33. A, p. 39, factual 34. D, p. 39, factual 35. B, p. 39, factual 36. C, p. 39, factual 37. C, p. 40, factual 38. A, p. 40, conceptual 39. C, p. 40, applied 40. B, p. 41, factual 41. D, p. 42, factual 42. A, p. 42, factual 43. D, p. 43, conceptual 44. A, p. 43, applied 45. A, p. 43 (Table 3.1), conceptual 46. B, p. 43 (Table 3.1), conceptual 47. B, p. 43, factual 48. A, p. 44, factual 49. A, p. 44, factual 50. A, p. 44, applied 51. B, p. 44, factual 52. B, p. 45 (Table 3.2), applied 53. B, p. 46 (Accent), applied 54. A, p. 46 (Accent), applied 55. B, p. 45, factual 56. C, p. 46, factual 57. B, p. 47, applied 58. C, p. 47, factual 59. B, p. 47, factual 60. B, p. 48, applied 61. D, p. 48 (Accent), applied 62. C, p. 48, conceptual 63. A, p. 49 (Figure 3.5), applied 64. A, p. 50 (Figure 3.6), factual 65. A, p. 50, factual 66. C, p. 51 (Table 3.4), factual 67. B, p. 51 (Figure 3.7), factual 68. A, p. 52, factual 69. C, pp. 51-52, factual 70. D, pp. 52-53, factual 71. A, p. 53, applied 72. C, p. 54, factual 73. D, p. 55, factual 74. D, p. 57 (Accent), conceptual 75. D, p. 60 (Table 3.5), factual 76. B, p. 60, factual 77. C, p. 62 (Figure 3.12), applied 78. B, p. 62, factual 79. pp. 39-40 (Figure 3.2), factual 80. pp. 40-41, conceptual 81. p. 41, conceptual 82. pp. 43-44, conceptual 83. p. 43, conceptual 84. p. 44, conceptual 85. p. 45 (Table 3.2), conceptual 86. pp. 45-46, conceptual 87. pp. 47, conceptual 88. pp. 47-48, applied 89. p. 48 (Figure 3.4), conceptual 90. pp. 49-50, conceptual 91. pp. 51–52 (Table 3.4), factual 92. pp. 53–54 (Figure 3.8), conceptual 93. pp. 56-57, conceptual 94. pp. 58-59, conceptual 95. p. 59, factual 96. pp. 59-61, conceptual 97. pp. 61-62, conceptual 98. p. 63, factual