A People And A Nation A History of the United States To 1877 9th Edition By by Mary Beth Norton - Test Bank

Chapter 3—North America in the Atlantic World, SHORT ANSWER Instructions: • Identify each item. Give an explanation or description of the item. Answer the questions who, what, where, and when. • Explain the historical significance of each item. Establish the historical context in which the item exists. Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study. Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item? 1. The Sovereignty and Goodness of God ANS: 2. the English Civil War ANS: 3. the Restoration colonies ANS: 4. James, duke of York ANS: 5. the Duke's Laws ANS: 6. Sir George Carteret and John Lord Berkeley ANS: 7. Quakers ANS: 8. William Penn ANS: 9. Carolina ANS: 10. the "Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina" ANS: 11. Atlantic Creoles ANS: 12. New England witchcraft accusations and trials, ANS: 13. colonial political structures of the late seventeenth century ANS: 14. Louis de Baude de Frontenac ANS: 15. the Iroquois Confederacy ANS: 16. the Beaver Wars ANS: 17. the Pueblo revolt of 1680 ANS: 18. King Philip's War ANS: 19. Bacon's Rebellion ANS: 20. the Atlantic slave trade ANS: 21. the Royal African Company ANS: 22. the "middle passage" ANS: 23. Gracia Real de Santa Teresa Mose ANS: 24. Gullah ANS: 25. rice and indigo cultivation in South Carolina ANS: 26. the task system ANS: 27. Eliza Lucas ANS: 28. the Indian slave trade ANS: 29. the Tuscarora War ANS: 30. the Yamasee War ANS: 31. the New York slave revolt of 1712 ANS: 32. mercantilism ANS: 33. the Navigation Acts ANS: 34. vice-admiralty courts ANS: 35. the Dominion of New England ANS: 36. the Glorious Revolution ANS: 37. King William's War ANS: 38. the Salem Village witchcraft crisis ANS: 39. the Board of Trade and Plantations ANS: 40. "court" parties versus the "country interest" ANS: MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. All of the colonies founded during the reign of Charles II were a. founded by colonists who left or were banished from the Puritan colonies of New England. b. given as rewards to men who had supported Charles II during the English Civil War. c. established as military fortifications built to defend against Indian raids. d. seized from the Dutch by military force. ANS: B 2. Which of the following was a feature of the Duke's Laws? a. Dutch residents were allowed to keep their long-standing legal practices even though New Netherland was under English rule. b. They made the Church of England the established church in New Netherland. c. They provided a representative assembly for New Netherland's inhabitants. d. They voided land titles issued by the Dutch. ANS: A 3. Why was the economic growth of New York slow during the colony's early years? a. Continued Dutch resistance to British rule created instability and an atmosphere of economic uncertainty. b. The colony attracted few settlers because of its record of religious intolerance. c. The colony's tax policies deprived investors of much-needed capital. d. The Duke of York's decision to grant the Jerseys to friends deprived the colony of a great deal of fertile land. ANS: D 4. Which of the following is a Quaker belief? a. A person can best know God by attending church regularly. b. Certain select people have been chosen by God to be saved. c. People may not communicate directly with God but must go through a priest. d. Anyone, male or female, may preach the word of God. ANS: D 5. In Pennsylvania, William Penn a. encouraged the use of African slaves to make the colony profitable. b. wanted to provide an environment in which criminals from England could be rehabilitated. c. extended the right to vote to both adult men and women. d. offered religious toleration to all settlers. ANS: D 6. Which of the following is true of William Penn's policies in Pennsylvania? a. His religious policies made the colony unattractive to non-Quakers. b. His policy of screening prospective migrants led to the influx of settlers who were enlightened and tolerant in their views. c. His labor policies meant that Pennsylvania had the highest percentage of slaves outside the South. d. His Indian policies made the area attractive to Indians encountering difficulties with whites elsewhere. ANS: D 7. The government established by the "Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina" may be characterized as a. democratic. b. theocratic. c. hierarchical. d. totalitarian. ANS: C 8. How did the development of the Albemarle region of the Carolina colony differ from the development of the region to the south? a. Slavery was more important to the economic development of the Albemarle region than to the economic development of the southern region. b. African influences were greater in the Albemarle region because it had a higher proportion of African-born blacks than did the southern region. c. A Virginia-like society was established in the Albemarle region; Barbadian influence was more important in the southern region. d. The main export crop in the Albemarle region was grain, whereas cotton was the main export crop in the southern region. ANS: C 9. Which of the following was a reason for the eventual division of Carolina into two separate colonies? a. The network of rivers that crossed Carolina from east to west created a geographical division that led to the division of Carolina into two separate colonies. b. The two population centers that emerged in the colony, one to the north with close ties to Virginia and one to the south with close ties to Barbados, led to the division of Carolina into two separate colonies. c. Disagreement between the colony's two proprietors led to an agreement between them to divide Carolina into two separate colonies. d. The constitution that John Locke drafted at the request of Carolina's proprietors mandated that Carolina be divided into North Carolina and South Carolina. ANS: B 10. Why did Puritan migrations from England to the New World largely stop after 1642? a. The Puritans lost much of their incentive to leave England during the English Civil War and Commonwealth periods. b. King Charles I prohibited further Puritan migrations to America. c. The hardships reported by the Puritans in America deterred those in England from leaving for America. d. Almost all of the Puritans in England had already departed. ANS: A 11. Which of the following was a consequence of New England's population growth in the late seventeenth century? a. The death rate among children increased substantially as population outstripped the food supply. b. A significant number of New Englanders moved back to England. c. Overcrowded conditions increased the incidence of epidemic diseases. d. The scarcity of land caused some New Englanders to abandon agriculture and learn new skills so that they could support themselves in an urban area. ANS: D 12. Frontenac encouraged French exploratory expeditions in the Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley regions in the mid-1670s for which of the following reasons? a. Acting under the direction of the French Catholic church, he wanted to Christianize the Native Americans of the region. b. He hoped to gain control of the fur trade by establishing a trade route to Mexico. c. He was carrying out the instructions of the French government. d. He wanted to subjugate the Native Americans of the region. ANS: B 13. Why did contact with the Europeans intensify the Iroquois' need to wage war? a. The Iroquois needed to increase the power of their Confederacy in order to combat the powerful Europeans. b. The Iroquois had to prevent neighboring tribes from allying with the Europeans. c. European expansion constantly pushed the Iroquois from old tribal lands into new unconsecrated territories. d. As European diseases increased the death rate within the Iroquois Confederacy, their need to replenish their population with captives increased. ANS: D 14. Which of the following was a consequence of the Pueblo revolt? a. The Pueblos permanently gained their independence from Spain. b. Spain decided to abandon its attempts to create an empire in North America. c. Spanish authorities decided that the only way to subdue the Pueblos was to destroy all aspects of their culture. d. When Spain regained control, Spanish governors stressed cooperation with the Pueblos. ANS: D 15. Which of the following was the most successful Indian resistance movement against European dominance in colonial North America? a. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 b. King Philip's War of the 1670s c. Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 d. The Beaver Wars of the 1640s ANS: A 16. During the late seventeenth century, how did the goals of English colonists begin to differ from the goals of the French? a. The English lost interest in converting Native Americans to Christianity; conversion remained a primary objective of the French. b. The English wanted to assimilate the Native Americans into white society; the French wanted to subjugate the Native Americans. c. The English wanted to acquire more land; the French wanted control over the valuable fur trade in the Great Lakes and Mississippi valley regions. d. The English wanted to build their nation's power and prestige; the French explorers sought personal profit. ANS: C 17. What was a cause of King Philip's War? a. Land-hungry white settlers waged attacks against New England Indian tribes. b. The Wampanoags were concerned that their ancestral lands were being surrounded by white settlements. c. The Nipmucs attempted to gain total control over the fur trade with the Europeans. d. The British violated a trade treaty with the Wampanoags. ANS: B 18. Which of the following was a consequence of King Philip's War? a. Not only were abandoned interior New England towns quickly rebuilt, but they expanded considerably. b. Many of the Native American followers of King Philip were captured and sold into slavery. c. New Englanders experienced unprecedented economic prosperity in the years immediately after the war. d. The Wampanoags prevented New England settlers from encroaching on their ancestral lands. ANS: B 19. Which of the following is true of Bacon's Rebellion? a. The rebellion was an attempt by Nathaniel Bacon and his followers to force the Virginia government to compensate the Susquehannocks for lost tribal lands. b. The rebellion was a clash of personalities between Nathaniel Bacon and Governor William Berkeley. c. The rebellion involved land-hungry whites who alternately attacked Indians and battled with established authorities in Virginia. d. The rebellion allowed the Piedmont planters to permanently gain control over the colonial government of Virginia. ANS: C 20. In the aftermath of Bacon's Rebellion, a. most Virginia landowners freed their indentured servants. b. the Doegs and the Susquehannocks were forcibly removed from the Virginia Tidewater. c. Nathaniel Bacon was elected governor of Virginia. d. territory previously reserved for the Indians was opened to white settlement. ANS: D 21. Why, beginning in the mid-1660s, did Chesapeake planters begin to purchase more African slaves? a. They could no longer obtain an adequate supply of white indentured servants. b. The price of slaves dropped as more and more were imported from Africa. c. It became clear that Native Americans could not be used successfully as slaves. d. It became necessary for white indentured servants to serve in the militia to defend against Indian attacks. ANS: A 22. Africans were first used as slaves in the Americas by which of the following? a. The Dutch and the French b. The English c. The Germans d. The Portuguese ANS: D 23. Which of the following may be considered the "linchpin" of the Atlantic trading system? a. European manufactured goods b. Slaves c. European food products d. Natural resources from the Americas ANS: B 24. What impact did the slave trade have on Europe? a. The expanding trans-Atlantic trade in slaves and the products of slave labor became the basis of the European economic system. b. It caused the European economy to become dependent on the whims of West African rulers. c. It caused severe economic dislocations in the European states involved in the trade. d. As European states involved in the trade colonized West Africa, their empires became worldwide in scope. ANS: A 25. Which of the following statements correctly identifies the Royal African Company? a. This English company held a monopoly on all English trade with sub-Saharan Africa during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. b. This West African company consisted of representatives from all West African kingdoms and coordinated slave-catching raids into the African interior. c. This West African company established the rules and regulations under which Europeans were allowed to trade with states along the Guinea coast. d. This English company acted as the coordinator and licensing agent for all independent trading companies seeking to transport slaves to the English colonies. ANS: A 26. With regard to the rulers of the West African coastal states of Dahomey and Asante, which of the following statements accurately describes their role in the slave trade and the trade's impact on them? a. Although they controlled aspects of the slave trade, the coastal kings were merely the puppets of European traders who controlled them and the territory they governed. b. By centralizing and controlling the slave trade, the kings of these states oversaw the emergence of powerful kingdoms. c. Since the Europeans completely controlled the slave trade, the coastal kings were merely figureheads with no real power. d. Although the coastal kings allowed the Europeans to control the slave trade, they acquired power and wealth by gaining control over the trans-Saharan trade. ANS: B 27. What impact did the slave trade have on the Gold Coast of Africa? a. By changing the sex ratio in the region, it encouraged polygyny. b. By creating animosity between the Africans and the Europeans, it led to a series of bloody wars. c. It drastically depopulated the region. d. It led the West Africans to adopt written languages. ANS: A 28. By the late 1640s, which of the following was a major source of income for New England's farmers and merchants? a. Foodstuffs and wood for barrels which were sold to sugar planters in the Caribbean b. Ever-increasing migrations to the area from England c. Grains sold into European markets d. Manufactured goods sold to English merchants ANS: A 29. Which of the following provided a major market for New England goods in the late seventeenth century? a. Continental Europe b. England c. South America d. The Caribbean ANS: D 30. The part of the New England trading system that was triangular in nature involved a. firearms, ammunition, and slaves. b. steel knives, molasses, and rum. c. ammunition, grain, and rum. d. molasses, rum, and slaves. ANS: D 31. What is the main reason for the deaths of most white sailors during the "middle passage"? a. They died from African diseases contracted from the slaves. b. They died from exposure to the elements when their ships were stalled at sea. c. They were killed by mutinying slaves. d. They were killed by pirates who seized slave ships. ANS: A 32. Which of the following was a consequence of the transition from indentured servitude to enslaved labor in the Chesapeake? a. The transition provided increased political opportunities for poorer whites. b. Cotton replaced tobacco as the major cash crop of the region. c. Land that had been reserved for freed servants was distributed to previously landless whites. d. Chesapeake society became more socially and economically stratified. ANS: D 33. Why did more aspects of West African culture survive in South Carolina than in any of the other British colonies in North America? a. South Carolina officials consciously encouraged the survival of West African culture. b. South Carolina slaves were more isolated from American culture because of the inadequacy of that colony's educational system. c. The large number of African-born slaves in South Carolina ensured the survival of many aspects of West African culture. d. South Carolina had little trade with other colonies. ANS: C 34. The case of Eliza Lucas provides evidence for which of the following conclusions? a. Eighteenth-century South Carolina adopted progressive attitudes toward women. b. South Carolina society was intolerant of educated women. c. Women often spoke out against the institution of slavery. d. The knowledge of slaves from the Caribbean contributed significantly to the economic development of South Carolina. ANS: D 35. Which of the following was a consequence of the Tuscarora War of 1711? a. The Algonquians were allowed to return to their ancient tribal lands. b. The Algonquians were Christianized and entered into an alliance with the English. c. The Tuscaroras replaced the Algonquians as the major suppliers of grain to the English. d. Many Tuscaroras were enslaved. ANS: D 36. Why did the Yamasees attack English settlements in South Carolina in 1715? a. Colonial traders had not only abused the Yamasees but had also threatened their lands. b. They were angry over the recent alliance between the Creeks and the English. c. They had recently allied with the Spanish to push English settlers out of the Carolinas. d. They heard rumors that the English settlers were planning to exterminate all Native Americans in the area. ANS: A 37. Which of the following was a consequence of the Yamasee War? a. White colonists abandoned the city of Charleston. b. Unity was established among the various Indian tribes in the Carolinas. c. For self-protection, the Yamasees moved south. d. The Creeks established a lasting alliance with the white South Carolina settlers. ANS: C 38. Mercantilist theory held that a. colonies can help the mother country become self-sufficient by providing it with valuable raw materials. b. there should be an equal balance of imports and exports. c. government should not interfere in the economy. d. overseas colonies were an unnecessary burden on a nation's natural resources. ANS: A 39. Which of the following was a provision of the Navigation Acts? a. All foreign goods bound for the colonies will be shipped by way of England. b. Colonial products sold to foreign nations must be transported in the purchasing nation's ships. c. Goods exported from the colonies to foreign nations will be subject to an export tax. d. Colonial industries that produce certain goods will be subsidized by the British government. ANS: A 40. Which of the following was a consequence of the Navigation Acts? a. They gave Chesapeake planters a ready market for their staple crops. b. They caused a depression in the fishing industry in the Middle Colonies. c. They stimulated the colonial shipbuilding industry, especially in New England. d. They had a negative economic impact on all of the colonies. ANS: C 41. Which of the following was a provision of the Navigation Act of 1696? a. Ships from European nations other than England were again allowed to trade in the colonies. b. Sugar and tobacco were added to the list of goods that could be sold only in England or in the English colonies. c. Foreign goods classified as "necessities" could once again be sold directly to the English colonies. d. American merchants charged with violations of the Navigation Acts would be tried in vice-admiralty courts. ANS: D 42. The Navigation Acts, vice-admiralty courts, and enumerated goods are all associated with a. philosopher John Locke's constitution for Carolina. b. English mercantilism. c. the Dominion of New England. d. a decline in American shipbuilding. ANS: B 43. James II and his successors, William and Mary, would most likely have agreed on which of the following statements? a. England should exercise tighter control over its colonies in North America. b. The British constitution gives the English monarch absolute power. c. Representative assemblies in the British colonies should be abolished. d. English regulations concerning colonial trade should be relaxed. ANS: A 44. The Salem Village witchcraft crisis occurred for which of the following reasons? a. Experiencing feelings of powerlessness and insecurity, many Puritans found in witchcraft an explanation for the disorder and change around them. b. As the poor felt more and more powerless, they tried to take out their frustrations on the wealthy by charging them with practicing witchcraft. c. Old-guard Puritans created the crisis to regain their power and restore morality to the community. d. The crisis was primarily the result of a power struggle among leading Puritan families. ANS: A 45. Members of "court parties" differed from members of the "country interest" in which of the following ways? a. Members of court parties supported English officials assigned to implement the policies of the English government; members of the country interest supported more colonial autonomy. b. Members of court parties supported the concept of divine-right monarchy; members of the country interest supported replacing the monarchy with a democratic republic. c. Members of the court parties were born in England; members of the country parties were American-born. d. Members of the court parties were colonial officials appointed to their positions by the monarch; members of the country parties were colonial officials appointed to their positions by colonial assemblies. ANS: A 46. By the 1720s, which of the following was an important difference between northern and southern colonial societies? a. The economy of the southern colonies was based on diversified agriculture, whereas that of the northern colonies was based on the production of staple crops. b. The political institutions of the southern colonies were more representative of the masses than were those in the northern colonies. c. There was more economic opportunity for new arrivals in the southern colonies than in the northern colonies. d. The South had become a slave society, whereas the North was a society with slaves. ANS: D ESSAY 1. Discuss the characteristics of New Netherland when it was acquired by James, the Duke of York in 1664, and examine its development as an English colony during the late seventeenth century. ANS: 2. Discuss the beliefs of the Quakers, and explain the impact of those beliefs on the social and economic development of Pennsylvania. ANS: 3. Discuss the causes and consequences of Bacon's Rebellion. ANS: 4. Examine the introduction of African slavery into the Americas, the reasons why African slavery was introduced into England's North American colonies, and the evolution of slave societies in those colonies. ANS: 5. Defend the following statement: The traffic in enslaved human beings served as the linchpin of the Atlantic trading system. ANS: 6. Describe the experience of the "middle passage" and the impact of that experience on the slave cargo. ANS: 7. Discuss the economic philosophy of mercantilism, and examine Parliament's attempts to apply mercantilist philosophy to the economic relationship between England and its American colonies. ANS: 8. Examine the impact of the introduction of large-scale slavery on the political, social, economic, and cultural development of the South. ANS: 9. Examine the dynamics of the relationship between the colonists and the Indians of South Carolina, and discuss the causes and consequences of the Tuscarora War and the Yamasee War. ANS: 10. Discuss the political structure of the American colonies in the late seventeenth century at both the colonial level and the local level. How and why did James II attempt to restructure colonial government in New England between 1686 and 1689? What were the consequences? ANS: 11. Analyze the forces responsible for the Salem Village witchcraft crisis. Why did the crisis end so abruptly? ANS: MAP EXERCISES Map Exercise 3-1 You will need seven pens of different colors for this exercise. Use the outline map that follows: 1. Refer to Map Exercise 3-1. Label the following: Connecticut New York Delaware North Carolina Florida (Spain) Pennsylvania Georgia Rhode Island Maine (part of Massachusetts) South Carolina Maryland Virginia Massachusetts New France New Hampshire New Jersey 2. Refer to Map Exercise 3-1. Label the following rivers and bodies of water: Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico Lake Erie Lake Huron Lake Ontario St. Lawrence River 3. Refer to Map Exercise 3-1. Part 1 Designate the four colonial regions (New England, Middle Colonies, The Chesapeake, and The Lower South) by using pens of four different colors to color the colonies in each region. Part 2 Create a legend for the map to indicate which pen color corresponds to which region. 4. Refer to Map Exercise 3-1. In each colony, designate the date settled by Europeans with one pen color and the date each English colony became a royal colony with a different pen color. Add this to the map legend. 5. Refer to Map Exercise 3-1. Mark the boundary of the Dominion of New England. Add this to the map legend. Map Exercise 3-2 Use the outline map of the Carolina colony that follows: 6. Refer to Map Exercise 3-2. Mark the following rivers and bodies of water: Albemarle Sound Cape Fear River Pamlico Sound Pee Dee River Savannah River 7. Refer to Map Exercise 3-2. Mark the following colonies: North Carolina South Carolina 8. Refer to Map Exercise 3-2. Mark the location of and label the following places: Beaufort Charleston New Bern New Inverness Santa Cruz de Savacola Savacola 9. Refer to Map Exercise 3-2. Mark the location of and label the following boundaries: North Carolina's northern boundary in 1663 North Carolina's northern boundary in 1665 South Carolina's southern boundary in 1663 South Carolina's southern boundary in 1665 10. Refer to Map Exercise 3-2. What river ultimately became the southwestern boundary of South Carolina? ANS: Chapter 6—A Revolution, Indeed, SHORT ANSWER Instructions: • Identify each item. Give an explanation or description of the item. Answer the questions who, what, where, and when. • Explain the historical significance of each item. Establish the historical context in which the item exists. Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study. Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item? 1. Daniel Boone ANS: 2. the First Continental Congress ANS: 3. Joseph Galloway ANS: 4. the Declaration of Rights and Grievances ANS: 5. the Continental Association ANS: 6. committees of observation and inspection ANS: 7. emergence of popularly elected provincial conventions, ANS: 8. Lord Dunmore's war ANS: 9. Chief Dragging Canoe ANS: 10. the resistance movement in Nova Scotia and Britain's Caribbean colonies ANS: 11. loyalists ANS: 12. neutrals ANS: 13. Thomas Jeremiah ANS: 14. Lord Dunmore's proclamation, November 1775 ANS: 15. William Dawes, Paul Revere, and Dr. Samuel Prescott ANS: 16. the battles of Lexington and Concord ANS: 17. the Battle of Breed's (Bunker) Hill ANS: 18. Lord North and Lord George Germain ANS: 19. the Second Continental Congress ANS: 20. George Washington as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army ANS: 21. Sir William Howe ANS: 22. Common Sense ANS: 23. Thomas Jefferson ANS: 24. the Declaration of Independence ANS: 25. the New York military campaign ANS: 26. the New Jersey military campaign ANS: 27. The Crisis ANS: 28. the battles of Trenton and Princeton ANS: 29. Howe's Philadelphia military campaign ANS: 30. Burgoyne's New York military campaign ANS: 31. the Battle of Saratoga ANS: 32. the Battle of Oriskany ANS: 33. Joseph and Mary Brant ANS: 34. the retaliatory expedition of General John Sullivan ANS: 35. Benjamin Franklin ANS: 36. the Franco-American alliance ANS: 37. the "citizen soldier" (militiamen) ANS: 38. profile of Continental soldiers ANS: 39. camp followers ANS: 40. esprit de corps among officers of the Continental Army ANS: 41. endemic diseases in the Continental Army ANS: 42. American prisoners of war ANS: 43. the homefront during the Revolutionary War ANS: 44. Sir Henry Clinton ANS: 45. the fall of Charleston ANS: 46. the Battle of Camden ANS: 47. General Nathanael Greene ANS: 48. the battles of King's Mountain, Cowpens, and Guilford Court House ANS: 49. the Battle of Yorktown ANS: 50. the Newburgh Conspiracy ANS: 51. the Treaty of Paris ANS: MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. George Washington's primary goal as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army was to a. avoid decisive military losses. b. prevent British reinforcements from coming ashore. c. destroy the British army. d. secure financial aid from foreign sources. ANS: A 2. Why was there widespread popular support for the measures adopted by the First Continental Congress? a. Before any measure could be introduced in the Congress, it had to be approved by three-fourths of the colonial assemblies. b. Widespread polling had been undertaken in the months before the Congress convened, so the delegates knew what the colonists would accept. c. The colonists were so frustrated that they willingly accepted any measure that had an anti-British tone. d. Before the Congress convened, many colonists had participated in open meetings in which they had pledged to support the Congress's decisions. ANS: D 3. The most difficult task facing the delegates to the First Continental Congress was a. reaching an agreement about how best to resist the British. b. deciding who should write the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. c. reaching a consensus on the nature of the constitutional relationship between the colonies and England. d. deciding what to include in their list of grievances. ANS: C 4. Which of the following accurately identifies Joseph Galloway's plan? a. Galloway proposed a distinction between taxation and legislation, with the assemblies having authority over the former and Parliament over the latter. b. Galloway proposed a formal plan of union that required the joint consent of Parliament and a new American legislature to all laws pertaining to the colonies. c. Galloway proposed that each colony negotiate its own separate agreement with Parliament concerning parliamentary power. d. Galloway proposed the acceptance of the concept of virtual representation. ANS: B 5. In the Declaration of Rights and Grievances adopted by the First Continental Congress, the delegates made it clear that the American colonists a. were most concerned about the arbitrary use of power by King George III. b. owed no allegiance to Parliament. c. would only voluntarily obey Parliament. d. believed that independence from England was the only way to protect their rights and liberties. ANS: C 6. The Continental Association called for the a. nonimportation and nonconsumption of British goods. b. election of representatives to an American legislature. c. formation of a Continental Army. d. enactment of laws designed to create a virtuous republic. ANS: A 7. Did the committees of observation and inspection enjoy widespread popular support? Why or why not? a. No, because the election of many radicals to these committees caused further divisions within the resistance movement. b. No, because the method of election ensured that only members of the elite would be elected to these committees. c. Yes, because all men eligible to vote for delegates of the lower house of the colonial assemblies were allowed to elect committee members at the local level. d. Yes, because only well-known men who had previously been elected to positions of authority were chosen as committee members. ANS: C 8. Committees of observation and inspection were officially charged with enforcing the Continental Association, and they also a. took over the task of training and outfitting local militia groups. b. encouraged open debate between loyalists and patriots. c. established revolutionary tribunals that tried and executed dissidents. d. established elaborate spy networks to identify opponents of the resistance movement. ANS: D 9. As the Revolutionary War began, British officials attempted to persuade the interior Indian tribes to a. remain neutral in the British-American conflict. b. form a pan-Indian alliance in order to prevent further British or American encroachment on Indian lands. c. conduct raids against white settlements along the frontier. d. actively ally with the British against the American rebels. ANS: A 10. How did Chief Dragging Canoe respond to the fighting between the British and the Americans? a. He led an attack against white settlements along the western borders of the Carolinas and Virginia. b. He formed a pan-Indian alliance aimed at ridding North America of all white settlers. c. He sought an alliance with the British in hopes that he could regain Cherokee land lost to white settlers. d. He decided that the best course of action was to remain neutral. ANS: A 11. Which of the following statements best explains the ineffectiveness of the Native Americans in defending their interests during the Revolutionary War? a. They steadfastly refused to take up arms on behalf of either side. b. The various tribes were unwilling to set aside their differences in order to pursue a common goal. c. Their methods of fighting were so primitive that they were not in a position to be of much use to either side. d. They made the mistake of siding consistently with the British. ANS: B 12. Why did sugar producers in the British Caribbean islands decide not to join the mainland colonies in opposing Great Britain? a. Parliament had not imposed any taxes on its possessions in the Caribbean islands. b. They were afraid that joining the resistance movement would leave them unprotected in the event of a slave uprising. c. Quaker pacifists had far greater influence in the British Caribbean islands than in Britain's mainland colonies. d. Sugar producers in the British Caribbean islands had elected representatives who sat in Parliament. ANS: B 13. Which of the following was most likely to have been an active patriot? a. A city artisan b. An African American slave c. An Anglican clergyman d. A Pennsylvania Quaker ANS: A 14. Which of the following was most likely to have been a loyalist? a. A city artisan b. A yeoman farmer c. An Anglican clergyman d. A Scotch-Irish settler in the southern backcountry ANS: C 15. Which of the following was most likely to have remained neutral in the Revolutionary War? a. A member of the Chesapeake gentry b. A Scots-Irish settler in the backcountry c. A Scottish settler d. A city artisan ANS: B 16. Why was South Carolina less likely than Maryland to support the revolution? a. The Anglican church had more influence in South Carolina than it did in Maryland. b. There were fewer Scots-Irish in South Carolina than there were in Maryland. c. The South Carolina population had a much higher percentage of slaves than did the Maryland population. d. South Carolina had a lower percentage of tenant farmers than did Maryland. ANS: C 17. Lord Dartmouth's letter of January 1775 to General Gage led Gage to a. send a military expedition to confiscate colonial military supplies stockpiled at Concord. b. lay siege to Philadelphia. c. blockade all American ports. d. relax enforcement of the Coercive Acts. ANS: A 18. The British incurred their greatest losses of the entire Revolutionary War in the Battle of a. Breed's Hill. b. Long Island. c. Trenton. d. White Plains. ANS: A 19. The most significant aspect of the first year of the Revolutionary War was a. the number of significant battles won by the Americans. b. the long lull in fighting between British and American forces at Boston. c. France's decision to ally openly with the United States. d. Great Britain's decision to use mercenaries. ANS: B 20. Which of the following was a false assumption made by the British concerning the Revolutionary War? a. The patriots cannot withstand the assaults of trained British soldiers. b. Victory will not necessitate a large commitment of manpower. c. It will not be necessary to use the navy in the conflict. d. Britain will receive aid from other European powers. ANS: A 21. Which of these statements is most consistent with the sentiments expressed in Common Sense? a. Our disagreements with Parliament concern minor constitutional points; therefore, Americans should compromise and seek reconciliation with the mother country. b. These American colonies have had the privilege of serving a loving and enlightened king; nevertheless, independence is still the best course of action. c. If America declares its independence, it must erect a government much like England's in order to ensure the continuation of liberty. d. An America that throws off the exploitive British yoke and declares itself an independent republic will be strong, and its citizens will be free. ANS: D 22. The long-term significance of the Declaration of Independence lies in its a. charge that Parliament used excessive force in the colonies. b. statements of principle. c. charge that the king was responsible for slavery in the colonies. d. commitment to strong central government. ANS: B 23. When the delegates to the Second Continental Congress voted to accept the Declaration of Independence, they a. established a stable government for the new nation. b. risked their lives by committing treason. c. demonstrated complete confidence that America would achieve victory against Great Britain. d. continued to express a desire for reconciliation with England. ANS: B 24. Which of the following is true concerning the 1776 battle for New York City? a. Although the British won the battle, their army was demoralized by the number of casualties suffered. b. Washington successfully defended New York City and demonstrated his abilities as a military tactician. c. Due to mistakes made by Washington and his men, the city fell to the British. d. Washington realized too late that he should have abandoned the city to the British without a fight. ANS: C 25. "These are the times that try men's souls." This statement by Thomas Paine was written in response to a. American deaths at Lexington. b. General Washington's retreat across New Jersey. c. the American defeat at the Battle of Bunker Hill. d. the defection of Benedict Arnold to the British side. ANS: B 26. Before setting up winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, in January 1777, General Washington defeated the redcoats in the battles of a. Brandywine Creek and Germantown. b. Brooklyn Heights and Manhattan Island. c. Fort Ticonderoga and Bennington. d. Trenton and Princeton. ANS: D 27. Which of the following was the goal of British strategy for 1777? a. To blockade the American coastline b. For Burgoyne to join forces with Howe at White Plains and invade Pennsylvania c. To cut New England off from the other colonies d. To isolate all colonies south of Maryland by taking control of the Potomac ANS: C 28. Which of the following is true of Howe's Philadelphia campaign? a. Howe's attack was so swift that Washington had no time to organize defenses. b. Howe's capture of Philadelphia did very little to help the British. c. The unexpected defeat of Howe's forces at Germantown caused the campaign to collapse. d. The campaign demoralized the Continental Army. ANS: B 29. The British were surrounded and General Burgoyne's entire force of over six thousand men surrendered in the Battle of a. Bunker Hill. b. Princeton. c. Saratoga. d. Trenton. ANS: C 30. Which of the following objectives was pursued by Joseph and Mary Brant? a. They tried to convince the tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy to migrate to Canada. b. They tried to convince Native Americans and blacks to forge an alliance and thus take advantage of the Anglo-American conflict. c. They hoped to persuade the Iroquois Confederacy to ally with the British. d. They worked to bring about a general slave uprising. ANS: C 31. During the winter of 17791780, many Iroquois bands left their ancestral homeland for which of the following reasons? a. All bands that broke their pledge of neutrality and allied with the Americans were forced onto reservations by the British. b. They were afraid they would be drawn into the Anglo-American conflict raging around them. c. The Iroquois ruling council banished from the homeland all bands that remained neutral or allied with the Americans. d. Their settlements and crops were so completely destroyed by General John Sullivan's expedition that they moved to Canada in search of food and shelter. ANS: D 32. Which of the following was the most important consequence of the Battle of Saratoga? a. It led Lord North to resign as prime minister. b. It prompted the first parliamentary opposition to the war. c. It resulted in the surrender of the last British army in America. d. It brought France into the war as an American ally. ANS: D 33. Why was the French alliance beneficial to the Americans? a. The alliance widened the war, making it impossible for the British to concentrate solely on the American mainland. b. French military officers began the process of retraining soldiers in the Continental Army to fight military engagements in the European style. c. French influence was essential in negotiating Dutch loans for the United States. d. The alliance led Russia and Spain to negotiate treaties of alliance with the United States. ANS: A 34. Which of the following was a consequence of Lord Dunmore's Proclamation, issued in November 1775? a. The Second Continental Congress decided to allow African Americans to enlist in the Continental Army. b. Yeoman farmers began to desert the Virginia militia and rally to the British side. c. Slaves rallied to the British side in greater numbers than expected. d. The Virginia assembly was forcibly disbanded, and many of its leaders were arrested. ANS: A 35. Camp followers were usually a. women who worked as cooks, nurses, and launderers while traveling with the American forces. b. reporters who followed the American forces and issued daily news dispatches to colonial newspapers. c. British spies who followed and watched the activities of the American forces. d. people who followed the forces of either side for the purpose of watching their military engagements. ANS: A 36. Which of the following was true of the officers of the Continental Army? a. There was little sense of camaraderie among them. b. Their primary sense of devotion was to their respective states. c. They developed an intense commitment to the patriot cause. d. Most refused to serve for more than six months. ANS: C 37. In response to the threat of smallpox in the ranks of the Continental Army, Washington a. asked for the resignation of all soldiers who had not had the disease. b. requested that the Second Continental Congress double the army's medical staff. c. ordered the inoculation of all members of the regular army and of all new recruits. d. issued an order discharging all foreign-born men from the Continental Army. ANS: C 38. Which of the following is true of American soldiers and sailors held as prisoners of war by the British? a. Over half of them joined the British army and joined the battle against the Continental Army. b. Many died of disease because they received meager rations and were confined in prisons that were crowded and unsanitary. c. They were usually treated decently and humanely. d. At the end of the Revolutionary War, many of them sailed with their captors back to England. ANS: B 39. Reassessment of their war strategy after the Battle of Saratoga led the British to a. shift the field of battle to the south. b. shift their attention to urban areas. c. adopt guerrilla tactics similar to those used by the patriots. d. concentrate their forces along the New England coast. ANS: A 40. As a result of the fall of Charleston in May 1780, a. the British navy eliminated the French navy as a potential threat. b. South Carolina served as a secure British base from which to attack the other American states. c. patriot forces were disheartened and demoralized. d. many South Carolinians renounced the American cause and pledged their loyalty to the Crown. ANS: D 41. Which of the following, in large numbers, joined British forces in the South in the two years following the fall of Charleston? a. Indentured servants b. African Americans c. Wealthy planters d. Recent immigrants ANS: B 42. After taking command of the southern campaign for the Americans, Nathanael Greene a. instructed his troops to follow a scorched-earth policy. b. systematically seized the property of loyalists throughout the South. c. adopted a conciliatory policy toward loyalists and neutrals throughout the South. d. destabilized civilian governments throughout the area. ANS: C 43. The outcome of the Battles of King's Mountain, Cowpens, and Guilford Court House supports which of the following conclusions? a. General Washington was a brilliant military strategist. b. The Continental Army was disorganized and demoralized by the winter of 1780. c. The momentum in the southern campaign had begun to swing to the patriot side. d. American victory in the Revolutionary War was due primarily to French military ingenuity. ANS: C 44. As a result of the Battle of Yorktown, a. Cornwallis retreated to Wilmington to await supplies and fresh troops. b. the French navy ceased to be effective. c. Parliament stopped all offensive operations in America and authorized peace negotiations. d. Cornwallis returned to England as a hero. ANS: C 45. Which of the following is true of George Washington's decision to resign his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army? a. By resigning his commission, Washington was demonstrating his support of the soldiers involved in the Newburgh Conspiracy. b. Washington hoped that by resigning his commission Congress would select him as its president and the chief executive officer of the new republic. c. It indicated his disdain for the way the Second Continental Congress had managed the war. d. It established the precedent of civilian control of the American military. ANS: D 46. What was the western border of the American nation established by the Treaty of Paris? a. The western border of what is now Ohio b. The Mississippi River c. The western border of what is now Indiana d. The Appalachian Mountains ANS: B 47. In negotiating the boundaries for the new American nation, the British a. adopted an inflexible stance that led to restrictive boundaries. b. completely ignored the territorial rights of their Indian allies. c. ceded large amounts of territory to France. d. ceded the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi to Spain. ANS: B ESSAY 1. John Galloway and John Adams held different positions on the constitutional relationship between England and its colonies. Using Galloway's plan of union and the crucial clauses proposed by John Adams and contained in the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, contrast their positions. ANS: 2. Discuss the purpose, makeup, tactics, and ultimate effectiveness of the committees of observation and inspection. ANS: 3. Examine the process by which British political authority in the colonies came to an end and was replaced by American political authority. ANS: 4. Analyze the threat posed by Native Americans to the revolutionary cause, and explain why that potential threat never fully materialized. ANS: 5. Examine the division of opinion among the American colonists at the beginning of the Revolution, and indicate the major factors that determined a person's loyalties. ANS: 6. Analyze the threat posed by the African American population to the revolutionary cause, and explain how patriot leaders turned the potential threat to their advantage. ANS: 7. Lord North and Lord George Germain developed an analysis of the Revolutionary War that was based on three assumptions. All three assumptions proved to be false. What were the assumptions, and why were they incorrect? ANS: 8. Discuss why George Washington was selected as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and evaluate Washington's performance as commanding general, specifying his strengths and his weaknesses. ANS: 9. Discuss the content, style, and timing of Thomas Paine's Common Sense. ANS: 10. Discuss the debate over and the final adoption of the Declaration of Independence by the Second Continental Congress, and examine the importance of the ideas embodied in Thomas Jefferson's document. ANS: 11. Discuss the 1776 battle for New York, concentrating on the errors committed by the commanders of both sides, and explain British actions in the aftermath of the battle. ANS: 12. Discuss the common failings of William Howe, John Burgoyne, and George Cornwallis. To what extent were their failings personal, and to what extent did they reflect general British misunderstanding about the nature of the Revolutionary War? ANS: 13. Discuss the impact of the Revolutionary War on the lives of Americans. ANS: 14. Discuss the condition of the patriot cause in the South when General Nathanael Greene assumed command of the southern army in December 1780; explain the policies undertaken by Greene in the region; and evaluate the effectiveness of those policies. ANS: 15. Discuss the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Paris, and explain the significance of the treaty's provisions. ANS: MAP EXERCISES Map Exercise 6-1 Use the outline map that follows: 1. Refer to Map Exercise 6-1. Draw and label the following rivers: Delaware River East River Hudson River 2. Refer to Map Exercise 6-1. Label the following colonies: Connecticut New Jersey New York 3. Refer to Map Exercise 6-1. Mark the location of and label the following places: Long Island Morristown New York City Newark Princeton Trenton White Plains 4. Refer to Map Exercise 6-1. Use a pen of one color to mark and label the routes of General Howe from Nova Scotia and of Admiral Howe from London, and use a pen of a different color to mark and label General Washington's route of retreat from New Jersey. Map Exercise 6-2 Refer to an historical atlas as a reference. Use the map that follows: 5. Refer to Map Exercise 6-2. Label the following colonies: Georgia North Carolina South Carolina Virginia 6. Refer to Map Exercise 6-2. Mark the location of and label the following places: Camden Charleston Charlotte Cowpens Guilford Court House King's Mountain Savannah Wilmington 7. Refer to Map Exercise 6-2. Using one pen color to designate the British and another pen color to designate the Americans, mark and label the routes of the following: British Cornwallis and Clinton American Brigadier General Daniel Morgan General Nathanael Greene Horatio Gates Map Exercise 6-3 Use the outline map that follows: 8. Refer to Map Exercise 6-3. Label the following rivers and bodies of water: Chesapeake Bay Delaware Bay 9. Refer to Map Exercise 6-3. Label the following colonies: Delaware Maryland Virginia 10. Refer to Map Exercise 6-3. Mark the location of and label Yorktown. 11. Refer to Map Exercise 6-3. Using one pen color to designate the British and another pen color to designate the Americans, mark and label the routes of the following: British British squadron Cornwallis American De Grasse Washington and Rochambeau