AQA AS Biology
1. Monomer: One of many small molecules that combine together to form
a polymer
2. Polymer: Large molecule made up of many repeating smaller
molecules (monomers).
3. Polymerisation: The process of making a polymer
4. Condensation: Chemical process in which two molecules combine to
form a more complex one with the elimination of a simple substance,
usually water. Many biological polymers (e.g. polysaccharides,
polypeptides) are formed by condensa- tion.
5. Hydrolysis: The breaking down of large molecules into smaller
ones by the addition of water molecules.
6. Carbohydrate: Compounds made from carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. Either monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
7. Monosaccharide: A single sugar e.g. glucose
8. Disaccharide: Made up of two sugar units that are formed by a
condensation reaction. Monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic
bond.
9. Polysaccharide: Made of many sugar units that are formed by a
,condensation reaction. Monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic
bond.
10.Reducing Sugar: A sugar that serves as a reducing agent. All
monosaccharides are reducing sugars along with some disaccharides.
11.Reducing sugar test: Heat solution with Benedict's reagent to test for
reducing sugars. If it goes brick red then a reducing sugar is present.
12.Benedict's reagent: Blue solution which is used to test for reducing
and non-re- ducing sugars.
13.Glycosidic bond: Bond between sugar molecules in disaccharides
and poly- saccharides.
14.Non-reducing sugar: A sugar which cannot serve as a reducing
agent. An example is sucrose.
15.Non-reducing sugar test: Following a negative reducing sugars test.
Heat the solution with HCl to hydrolyse the non-reducing sugar into it's
monosaccharides. Then perform the Benedict's test again. If you get a
positive result after hydrolysis then a non-reducing sugar is present.
16.Starch: A polysaccharide found in plant cells made up of alpha-
glucose - com- prised of amylose (alpha-1,4 glyosidic bonds) and
amylopectin (alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glyosidic bonds).
, 17.Glycogen: A highly branched polysaccharide made up of alpha-
glucose found in animal cells (alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glyosidic
bonds).
18.Cellulose: A polysaccharide made up of beta-glucose found in
plant cells (beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds).
1. Monomer: One of many small molecules that combine together to form
a polymer
2. Polymer: Large molecule made up of many repeating smaller
molecules (monomers).
3. Polymerisation: The process of making a polymer
4. Condensation: Chemical process in which two molecules combine to
form a more complex one with the elimination of a simple substance,
usually water. Many biological polymers (e.g. polysaccharides,
polypeptides) are formed by condensa- tion.
5. Hydrolysis: The breaking down of large molecules into smaller
ones by the addition of water molecules.
6. Carbohydrate: Compounds made from carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. Either monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
7. Monosaccharide: A single sugar e.g. glucose
8. Disaccharide: Made up of two sugar units that are formed by a
condensation reaction. Monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic
bond.
9. Polysaccharide: Made of many sugar units that are formed by a
,condensation reaction. Monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic
bond.
10.Reducing Sugar: A sugar that serves as a reducing agent. All
monosaccharides are reducing sugars along with some disaccharides.
11.Reducing sugar test: Heat solution with Benedict's reagent to test for
reducing sugars. If it goes brick red then a reducing sugar is present.
12.Benedict's reagent: Blue solution which is used to test for reducing
and non-re- ducing sugars.
13.Glycosidic bond: Bond between sugar molecules in disaccharides
and poly- saccharides.
14.Non-reducing sugar: A sugar which cannot serve as a reducing
agent. An example is sucrose.
15.Non-reducing sugar test: Following a negative reducing sugars test.
Heat the solution with HCl to hydrolyse the non-reducing sugar into it's
monosaccharides. Then perform the Benedict's test again. If you get a
positive result after hydrolysis then a non-reducing sugar is present.
16.Starch: A polysaccharide found in plant cells made up of alpha-
glucose - com- prised of amylose (alpha-1,4 glyosidic bonds) and
amylopectin (alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glyosidic bonds).
, 17.Glycogen: A highly branched polysaccharide made up of alpha-
glucose found in animal cells (alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glyosidic
bonds).
18.Cellulose: A polysaccharide made up of beta-glucose found in
plant cells (beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds).
