Git
Git
Notes for Professionals
®
Notes for Professionals
100+ pages
of professional hints and tricks
Disclaimer
GoalKicker.com This is an unocial free book created for educational purposes and is
not aliated with ocial Git® group(s) or company(s).
Free Programming Books All trademarks and registered trademarks are
the property of their respective owners
,Contents
About ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Getting started with Git ...................................................................................................................... 2
Section 1.1: Create your first repository, then add and commit files ........................................................................ 2
Section 1.2: Clone a repository ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Section 1.3: Sharing code .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Section 1.4: Setting your user name and email .......................................................................................................... 5
Section 1.5: Setting up the upstream remote .............................................................................................................. 6
Section 1.6: Learning about a command .................................................................................................................... 6
Section 1.7: Set up SSH for Git ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Section 1.8: Git Installation ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Chapter 2: Browsing the history ......................................................................................................................... 10
Section 2.1: "Regular" Git Log ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Section 2.2: Prettier log ............................................................................................................................................... 11
Section 2.3: Colorize Logs ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Section 2.4: Oneline log .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Section 2.5: Log search ............................................................................................................................................... 12
Section 2.6: List all contributions grouped by author name ................................................................................... 12
Section 2.7: Searching commit string in git log ........................................................................................................ 13
Section 2.8: Log for a range of lines within a file ..................................................................................................... 14
Section 2.9: Filter logs ................................................................................................................................................. 14
Section 2.10: Log with changes inline ........................................................................................................................ 14
Section 2.11: Log showing commited files ................................................................................................................. 15
Section 2.12: Show the contents of a single commit ................................................................................................ 15
Section 2.13: Git Log Between Two Branches ........................................................................................................... 16
Section 2.14: One line showing commiter name and time since commit .............................................................. 16
Chapter 3: Working with Remotes ..................................................................................................................... 17
Section 3.1: Deleting a Remote Branch ..................................................................................................................... 17
Section 3.2: Changing Git Remote URL ..................................................................................................................... 17
Section 3.3: List Existing Remotes .............................................................................................................................. 17
Section 3.4: Removing Local Copies of Deleted Remote Branches ....................................................................... 17
Section 3.5: Updating from Upstream Repository .................................................................................................. 18
Section 3.6: ls-remote ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Section 3.7: Adding a New Remote Repository ....................................................................................................... 18
Section 3.8: Set Upstream on a New Branch ........................................................................................................... 18
Section 3.9: Getting Started ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Section 3.10: Renaming a Remote ............................................................................................................................. 19
Section 3.11: Show information about a Specific Remote ........................................................................................ 20
Section 3.12: Set the URL for a Specific Remote ...................................................................................................... 20
Section 3.13: Get the URL for a Specific Remote ...................................................................................................... 20
Section 3.14: Changing a Remote Repository .......................................................................................................... 20
Chapter 4: Staging .................................................................................................................................................... 21
Section 4.1: Staging All Changes to Files ................................................................................................................... 21
Section 4.2: Unstage a file that contains changes ................................................................................................... 21
Section 4.3: Add changes by hunk ............................................................................................................................ 21
Section 4.4: Interactive add ........................................................................................................................................ 22
Section 4.5: Show Staged Changes ........................................................................................................................... 22
Section 4.6: Staging A Single File ............................................................................................................................... 23
, Section 4.7: Stage deleted files .................................................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 5: Ignoring Files and Folders .............................................................................................................. 24
Section 5.1: Ignoring files and directories with a .gitignore file ............................................................................... 24
Section 5.2: Checking if a file is ignored ................................................................................................................... 26
Section 5.3: Exceptions in a .gitignore file ................................................................................................................. 27
Section 5.4: A global .gitignore file ............................................................................................................................ 27
Section 5.5: Ignore files that have already been committed to a Git repository ................................................. 27
Section 5.6: Ignore files locally without committing ignore rules ........................................................................... 28
Section 5.7: Ignoring subsequent changes to a file (without removing it) ............................................................ 29
Section 5.8: Ignoring a file in any directory .............................................................................................................. 29
Section 5.9: Prefilled .gitignore Templates ............................................................................................................... 29
Section 5.10: Ignoring files in subfolders (Multiple gitignore files) ......................................................................... 30
Section 5.11: Create an Empty Folder ........................................................................................................................ 31
Section 5.12: Finding files ignored by .gitignore ....................................................................................................... 31
Section 5.13: Ignoring only part of a file [stub] ........................................................................................................ 32
Section 5.14: Ignoring changes in tracked files. [stub] ............................................................................................ 33
Section 5.15: Clear already committed files, but included in .gitignore ................................................................. 34
Chapter 6: Git Di ....................................................................................................................................................... 35
Section 6.1: Show dierences in working branch ..................................................................................................... 35
Section 6.2: Show changes between two commits .................................................................................................. 35
Section 6.3: Show dierences for staged files .......................................................................................................... 35
Section 6.4: Comparing branches ............................................................................................................................. 36
Section 6.5: Show both staged and unstaged changes .......................................................................................... 36
Section 6.6: Show dierences for a specific file or directory .................................................................................. 36
Section 6.7: Viewing a word-di for long lines ......................................................................................................... 37
Section 6.8: Show dierences between current version and last version ............................................................. 37
Section 6.9: Produce a patch-compatible di .......................................................................................................... 37
Section 6.10: dierence between two commit or branch ........................................................................................ 38
Section 6.11: Using meld to see all modifications in the working directory ........................................................... 38
Section 6.12: Di UTF-16 encoded text and binary plist files .................................................................................. 38
Chapter 7: Undoing .................................................................................................................................................... 40
Section 7.1: Return to a previous commit ................................................................................................................. 40
Section 7.2: Undoing changes .................................................................................................................................... 40
Section 7.3: Using reflog ............................................................................................................................................. 41
Section 7.4: Undoing merges ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Section 7.5: Revert some existing commits .............................................................................................................. 43
Section 7.6: Undo / Redo a series of commits ......................................................................................................... 43
Chapter 8: Merging .................................................................................................................................................... 45
Section 8.1: Automatic Merging .................................................................................................................................. 45
Section 8.2: Finding all branches with no merged changes ................................................................................... 45
Section 8.3: Aborting a merge ................................................................................................................................... 45
Section 8.4: Merge with a commit ............................................................................................................................. 45
Section 8.5: Keep changes from only one side of a merge .................................................................................... 45
Section 8.6: Merge one branch into another ............................................................................................................ 46
Chapter 9: Submodules ........................................................................................................................................... 47
Section 9.1: Cloning a Git repository having submodules ....................................................................................... 47
Section 9.2: Updating a Submodule .......................................................................................................................... 47
Section 9.3: Adding a submodule .............................................................................................................................. 47
Section 9.4: Setting a submodule to follow a branch .............................................................................................. 48
Section 9.5: Moving a submodule .............................................................................................................................. 48
, Section 9.6: Removing a submodule ......................................................................................................................... 49
Chapter 10: Committing ........................................................................................................................................... 50
Section 10.1: Stage and commit changes .................................................................................................................. 50
Section 10.2: Good commit messages ...................................................................................................................... 51
Section 10.3: Amending a commit ............................................................................................................................. 52
Section 10.4: Committing without opening an editor ............................................................................................... 53
Section 10.5: Committing changes directly ............................................................................................................... 53
Section 10.6: Selecting which lines should be staged for committing .................................................................... 53
Section 10.7: Creating an empty commit .................................................................................................................. 54
Section 10.8: Committing on behalf of someone else ............................................................................................. 54
Section 10.9: GPG signing commits ............................................................................................................................ 55
Section 10.10: Commiting changes in specific files ................................................................................................... 55
Section 10.11: Committing at a specific date ............................................................................................................. 55
Section 10.12: Amending the time of a commit ........................................................................................................ 56
Section 10.13: Amending the author of a commit ..................................................................................................... 56
Chapter 11: Aliases ...................................................................................................................................................... 57
Section 11.1: Simple aliases .......................................................................................................................................... 57
Section 11.2: List / search existing aliases ................................................................................................................. 57
Section 11.3: Advanced Aliases ................................................................................................................................... 57
Section 11.4: Temporarily ignore tracked files .......................................................................................................... 58
Section 11.5: Show pretty log with branch graph ..................................................................................................... 58
Section 11.6: See which files are being ignored by your .gitignore configuration ................................................. 59
Section 11.7: Updating code while keeping a linear history ..................................................................................... 60
Section 11.8: Unstage staged files .............................................................................................................................. 60
Chapter 12: Rebasing ................................................................................................................................................ 61
Section 12.1: Local Branch Rebasing ......................................................................................................................... 61
Section 12.2: Rebase: ours and theirs, local and remote ......................................................................................... 61
Section 12.3: Interactive Rebase ................................................................................................................................ 63
Section 12.4: Rebase down to the initial commit ...................................................................................................... 64
Section 12.5: Configuring autostash .......................................................................................................................... 64
Section 12.6: Testing all commits during rebase ...................................................................................................... 65
Section 12.7: Rebasing before a code review ........................................................................................................... 65
Section 12.8: Aborting an Interactive Rebase ........................................................................................................... 67
Section 12.9: Setup git-pull for automatically perform a rebase instead of a merge ......................................... 68
Section 12.10: Pushing after a rebase ........................................................................................................................ 68
Chapter 13: Configuration ...................................................................................................................................... 69
Section 13.1: Setting which editor to use .................................................................................................................... 69
Section 13.2: Auto correct typos ................................................................................................................................. 69
Section 13.3: List and edit the current configuration ................................................................................................ 70
Section 13.4: Username and email address .............................................................................................................. 70
Section 13.5: Multiple usernames and email address .............................................................................................. 70
Section 13.6: Multiple git configurations .................................................................................................................... 71
Section 13.7: Configuring line endings ....................................................................................................................... 72
Section 13.8: configuration for one command only ................................................................................................. 72
Section 13.9: Setup a proxy ......................................................................................................................................... 72
Chapter 14: Branching .............................................................................................................................................. 74
Section 14.1: Creating and checking out new branches ........................................................................................... 74
Section 14.2: Listing branches .................................................................................................................................... 75
Section 14.3: Delete a remote branch ........................................................................................................................ 75
Section 14.4: Quick switch to the previous branch ................................................................................................... 76
Git
Notes for Professionals
®
Notes for Professionals
100+ pages
of professional hints and tricks
Disclaimer
GoalKicker.com This is an unocial free book created for educational purposes and is
not aliated with ocial Git® group(s) or company(s).
Free Programming Books All trademarks and registered trademarks are
the property of their respective owners
,Contents
About ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Getting started with Git ...................................................................................................................... 2
Section 1.1: Create your first repository, then add and commit files ........................................................................ 2
Section 1.2: Clone a repository ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Section 1.3: Sharing code .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Section 1.4: Setting your user name and email .......................................................................................................... 5
Section 1.5: Setting up the upstream remote .............................................................................................................. 6
Section 1.6: Learning about a command .................................................................................................................... 6
Section 1.7: Set up SSH for Git ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Section 1.8: Git Installation ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Chapter 2: Browsing the history ......................................................................................................................... 10
Section 2.1: "Regular" Git Log ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Section 2.2: Prettier log ............................................................................................................................................... 11
Section 2.3: Colorize Logs ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Section 2.4: Oneline log .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Section 2.5: Log search ............................................................................................................................................... 12
Section 2.6: List all contributions grouped by author name ................................................................................... 12
Section 2.7: Searching commit string in git log ........................................................................................................ 13
Section 2.8: Log for a range of lines within a file ..................................................................................................... 14
Section 2.9: Filter logs ................................................................................................................................................. 14
Section 2.10: Log with changes inline ........................................................................................................................ 14
Section 2.11: Log showing commited files ................................................................................................................. 15
Section 2.12: Show the contents of a single commit ................................................................................................ 15
Section 2.13: Git Log Between Two Branches ........................................................................................................... 16
Section 2.14: One line showing commiter name and time since commit .............................................................. 16
Chapter 3: Working with Remotes ..................................................................................................................... 17
Section 3.1: Deleting a Remote Branch ..................................................................................................................... 17
Section 3.2: Changing Git Remote URL ..................................................................................................................... 17
Section 3.3: List Existing Remotes .............................................................................................................................. 17
Section 3.4: Removing Local Copies of Deleted Remote Branches ....................................................................... 17
Section 3.5: Updating from Upstream Repository .................................................................................................. 18
Section 3.6: ls-remote ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Section 3.7: Adding a New Remote Repository ....................................................................................................... 18
Section 3.8: Set Upstream on a New Branch ........................................................................................................... 18
Section 3.9: Getting Started ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Section 3.10: Renaming a Remote ............................................................................................................................. 19
Section 3.11: Show information about a Specific Remote ........................................................................................ 20
Section 3.12: Set the URL for a Specific Remote ...................................................................................................... 20
Section 3.13: Get the URL for a Specific Remote ...................................................................................................... 20
Section 3.14: Changing a Remote Repository .......................................................................................................... 20
Chapter 4: Staging .................................................................................................................................................... 21
Section 4.1: Staging All Changes to Files ................................................................................................................... 21
Section 4.2: Unstage a file that contains changes ................................................................................................... 21
Section 4.3: Add changes by hunk ............................................................................................................................ 21
Section 4.4: Interactive add ........................................................................................................................................ 22
Section 4.5: Show Staged Changes ........................................................................................................................... 22
Section 4.6: Staging A Single File ............................................................................................................................... 23
, Section 4.7: Stage deleted files .................................................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 5: Ignoring Files and Folders .............................................................................................................. 24
Section 5.1: Ignoring files and directories with a .gitignore file ............................................................................... 24
Section 5.2: Checking if a file is ignored ................................................................................................................... 26
Section 5.3: Exceptions in a .gitignore file ................................................................................................................. 27
Section 5.4: A global .gitignore file ............................................................................................................................ 27
Section 5.5: Ignore files that have already been committed to a Git repository ................................................. 27
Section 5.6: Ignore files locally without committing ignore rules ........................................................................... 28
Section 5.7: Ignoring subsequent changes to a file (without removing it) ............................................................ 29
Section 5.8: Ignoring a file in any directory .............................................................................................................. 29
Section 5.9: Prefilled .gitignore Templates ............................................................................................................... 29
Section 5.10: Ignoring files in subfolders (Multiple gitignore files) ......................................................................... 30
Section 5.11: Create an Empty Folder ........................................................................................................................ 31
Section 5.12: Finding files ignored by .gitignore ....................................................................................................... 31
Section 5.13: Ignoring only part of a file [stub] ........................................................................................................ 32
Section 5.14: Ignoring changes in tracked files. [stub] ............................................................................................ 33
Section 5.15: Clear already committed files, but included in .gitignore ................................................................. 34
Chapter 6: Git Di ....................................................................................................................................................... 35
Section 6.1: Show dierences in working branch ..................................................................................................... 35
Section 6.2: Show changes between two commits .................................................................................................. 35
Section 6.3: Show dierences for staged files .......................................................................................................... 35
Section 6.4: Comparing branches ............................................................................................................................. 36
Section 6.5: Show both staged and unstaged changes .......................................................................................... 36
Section 6.6: Show dierences for a specific file or directory .................................................................................. 36
Section 6.7: Viewing a word-di for long lines ......................................................................................................... 37
Section 6.8: Show dierences between current version and last version ............................................................. 37
Section 6.9: Produce a patch-compatible di .......................................................................................................... 37
Section 6.10: dierence between two commit or branch ........................................................................................ 38
Section 6.11: Using meld to see all modifications in the working directory ........................................................... 38
Section 6.12: Di UTF-16 encoded text and binary plist files .................................................................................. 38
Chapter 7: Undoing .................................................................................................................................................... 40
Section 7.1: Return to a previous commit ................................................................................................................. 40
Section 7.2: Undoing changes .................................................................................................................................... 40
Section 7.3: Using reflog ............................................................................................................................................. 41
Section 7.4: Undoing merges ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Section 7.5: Revert some existing commits .............................................................................................................. 43
Section 7.6: Undo / Redo a series of commits ......................................................................................................... 43
Chapter 8: Merging .................................................................................................................................................... 45
Section 8.1: Automatic Merging .................................................................................................................................. 45
Section 8.2: Finding all branches with no merged changes ................................................................................... 45
Section 8.3: Aborting a merge ................................................................................................................................... 45
Section 8.4: Merge with a commit ............................................................................................................................. 45
Section 8.5: Keep changes from only one side of a merge .................................................................................... 45
Section 8.6: Merge one branch into another ............................................................................................................ 46
Chapter 9: Submodules ........................................................................................................................................... 47
Section 9.1: Cloning a Git repository having submodules ....................................................................................... 47
Section 9.2: Updating a Submodule .......................................................................................................................... 47
Section 9.3: Adding a submodule .............................................................................................................................. 47
Section 9.4: Setting a submodule to follow a branch .............................................................................................. 48
Section 9.5: Moving a submodule .............................................................................................................................. 48
, Section 9.6: Removing a submodule ......................................................................................................................... 49
Chapter 10: Committing ........................................................................................................................................... 50
Section 10.1: Stage and commit changes .................................................................................................................. 50
Section 10.2: Good commit messages ...................................................................................................................... 51
Section 10.3: Amending a commit ............................................................................................................................. 52
Section 10.4: Committing without opening an editor ............................................................................................... 53
Section 10.5: Committing changes directly ............................................................................................................... 53
Section 10.6: Selecting which lines should be staged for committing .................................................................... 53
Section 10.7: Creating an empty commit .................................................................................................................. 54
Section 10.8: Committing on behalf of someone else ............................................................................................. 54
Section 10.9: GPG signing commits ............................................................................................................................ 55
Section 10.10: Commiting changes in specific files ................................................................................................... 55
Section 10.11: Committing at a specific date ............................................................................................................. 55
Section 10.12: Amending the time of a commit ........................................................................................................ 56
Section 10.13: Amending the author of a commit ..................................................................................................... 56
Chapter 11: Aliases ...................................................................................................................................................... 57
Section 11.1: Simple aliases .......................................................................................................................................... 57
Section 11.2: List / search existing aliases ................................................................................................................. 57
Section 11.3: Advanced Aliases ................................................................................................................................... 57
Section 11.4: Temporarily ignore tracked files .......................................................................................................... 58
Section 11.5: Show pretty log with branch graph ..................................................................................................... 58
Section 11.6: See which files are being ignored by your .gitignore configuration ................................................. 59
Section 11.7: Updating code while keeping a linear history ..................................................................................... 60
Section 11.8: Unstage staged files .............................................................................................................................. 60
Chapter 12: Rebasing ................................................................................................................................................ 61
Section 12.1: Local Branch Rebasing ......................................................................................................................... 61
Section 12.2: Rebase: ours and theirs, local and remote ......................................................................................... 61
Section 12.3: Interactive Rebase ................................................................................................................................ 63
Section 12.4: Rebase down to the initial commit ...................................................................................................... 64
Section 12.5: Configuring autostash .......................................................................................................................... 64
Section 12.6: Testing all commits during rebase ...................................................................................................... 65
Section 12.7: Rebasing before a code review ........................................................................................................... 65
Section 12.8: Aborting an Interactive Rebase ........................................................................................................... 67
Section 12.9: Setup git-pull for automatically perform a rebase instead of a merge ......................................... 68
Section 12.10: Pushing after a rebase ........................................................................................................................ 68
Chapter 13: Configuration ...................................................................................................................................... 69
Section 13.1: Setting which editor to use .................................................................................................................... 69
Section 13.2: Auto correct typos ................................................................................................................................. 69
Section 13.3: List and edit the current configuration ................................................................................................ 70
Section 13.4: Username and email address .............................................................................................................. 70
Section 13.5: Multiple usernames and email address .............................................................................................. 70
Section 13.6: Multiple git configurations .................................................................................................................... 71
Section 13.7: Configuring line endings ....................................................................................................................... 72
Section 13.8: configuration for one command only ................................................................................................. 72
Section 13.9: Setup a proxy ......................................................................................................................................... 72
Chapter 14: Branching .............................................................................................................................................. 74
Section 14.1: Creating and checking out new branches ........................................................................................... 74
Section 14.2: Listing branches .................................................................................................................................... 75
Section 14.3: Delete a remote branch ........................................................................................................................ 75
Section 14.4: Quick switch to the previous branch ................................................................................................... 76
