Industrial England c1700-c1900
Edward Jenner & Vaccinations
What was smallpox?
A deadly disease which mutilated humans, causing blisters, blindness and weakening the immune system and was spread
from person to person.
Many physicians would inoculate patients (mostly the rich) with a mild version of it. Inoculation was when a small pox
sufferer had their blister cut open and the pus was given to a healthy person by cutting their arm and infecting it with
pus.
What did Jenner discover?
Discovered that milkmaids who would get cowpox wouldn’t get smallpox. This led to Jenner taking some cowpox from a
cow named ‘Blossom’ and infected it into a boy called James Phipps. After the inoculation, he infected Phipps with small
pox, after he recovered, this made catching smallpox unlikely. Consequently, leading to Jenner creating the vaccine for
smallpox.
Why wasn’t the smallpox vaccine immediately successful in Britain?
He was competing with other doctors and many doctors who were jealous would hire artists to make illustrations which
would scare people from getting the vaccine, because they didn’t want to see Jenner become successful.
How did it become successful in Europe?
Napoleon made it compulsory for his army to have after seeing the importance of it and this led to the vaccines being
sent to many other countries.
What was the legacy of Jenner?
He didn’t want the money to become wealthy, instead he wanted to help medicine improve and help the poor by making
the vaccine free of charge and stayed in the countryside as a GP
1848 Public Health Act vs 1875 Public Health Act What was Jenner’s impact?
1848 1875 By 1800, 100,000 people had been
Edwin Chadwick Was made compulsory vaccinated
Chadwick believed that waste Water was clean 1852 the vaccine was compulsory
contributed to bad health, Sewerage systems Death rate dropped dramatically
which was a problem that improved 1979 World Health Organisation
needed to be solved because Provided new and clean announced that smallpox was
they needed factory workers to toilets wiped out across the world
be healthy Improved houses to
People didn’t support him, had prevent overcrowding
a Lassiez-faire attitude (leaving Improved public spaces
other people to deal with the Food was inspected However, doctors made mistakes by
problem) before being sold infecting people with smallpox first instead
He was unsuccessful, because People didn’t have a of cowpox first.
although the government tried laissez faire attitude
Christian groups were against it saying it
to keep the streets clean most anymore
people ignored this as it wasn’t was unnatural
compulsory
,John Snow & Cholera
Who was John Snow?
A surgeon who had treated Queen Victoria during childbirth
What happened
Florence in Nightingale
1854? 1854-56 Mary Seacole
Wealthy middle class Working class
Cholera outbreak in Soho
White British Mixed heritage- Jamaican and Scottish
Parents didn’t
What did he believe was the cause? want her to become a nurse Funded herself and went to Crimea to set up
Led a team of nurses in turkey during her own hospital called the ‘British Hospital’
Miasma Crimean war She prepared medicine and looked after
Demanded clean bedding and better quality soldiers
What evidence did he have to support his theory?
of food Soldiers were grateful to her and liked her so
Was nicknamed the ‘Lady with the lamp’
He examined the water pump and found a crack in the water pump, which they would
meant give
that her money
waste to keep
was seeping her from
into
Because of her the death rates decreased being poor
the water supply, which is why so many people became ill from cholera and died. A shocking fact was that a
woman drank from fromthis40% to 2%
water pump because she liked the taste! Shye wrote a book about her life
Sat with dying soldiers and wrote letters for She was awarded a medal by Turkey for her
How did he provethemhis theory? What was his method? bravery and a medal by Jamaica in 1990
Wrote the book ‘Notes for Nurses’ She wanted to be a nurse in the Crimean war
He proved it by removing the water pump,
Set up ‘Nightingale School preventing
for Nurses’ locals
whichfrom using itbut
and herejected
was created by
a spot
the map to showfor her
government
the deaths that linked
trained tonurses
the water pump, which showed a pattern between racewater and disease. This stopped
people from getting cholera.
She introduced wards to separate patients
to prevent the spread of infections
What did he publish?
On the Mode of Communication of Cholera 1849
However, Snow was unable to explain why cholera was waterborne!
, Louis Pasteur
Germ Theory= germs in the air cause of decay NOT disease
(While spontaneous generation- microbes were the result of decaying matter)
Did an open flask experiment to prove that germs were in the air, as the germs bred, increasing
the number of germs. However, in a closed flask there were less germs because it was sealed.
Pasteurisation
Milk was heated to prove that germs could be killed with heat.
Nonetheless, his theory was vague as you couldn’t identify which bacteria was causing which
disease.
Dr Bastian
Famous and high-status physician who believed in spontaneous generation and criticised Pasteur
and had great influence, sop others wouldn’t believe in Pasteur either.
Development of germ theory by Robert Koch
Koch was a German scientist who began to study microbes
He could identify the specific bacteria which caused disease and proved germs caused
disease and decay
1876 he found the bacteria that caused anthrax, which was the first time anyone was
able to identify a specific germ that caused a specific disease
Koch also discovered the bacteria which caused tuberculosis 1882 and cholera 1883
Kochs method could be carried out by other scientists: place agar jelly in petri dish and
leave out, stain bacteria to see it under microscope and take photos of findings
Edward Jenner & Vaccinations
What was smallpox?
A deadly disease which mutilated humans, causing blisters, blindness and weakening the immune system and was spread
from person to person.
Many physicians would inoculate patients (mostly the rich) with a mild version of it. Inoculation was when a small pox
sufferer had their blister cut open and the pus was given to a healthy person by cutting their arm and infecting it with
pus.
What did Jenner discover?
Discovered that milkmaids who would get cowpox wouldn’t get smallpox. This led to Jenner taking some cowpox from a
cow named ‘Blossom’ and infected it into a boy called James Phipps. After the inoculation, he infected Phipps with small
pox, after he recovered, this made catching smallpox unlikely. Consequently, leading to Jenner creating the vaccine for
smallpox.
Why wasn’t the smallpox vaccine immediately successful in Britain?
He was competing with other doctors and many doctors who were jealous would hire artists to make illustrations which
would scare people from getting the vaccine, because they didn’t want to see Jenner become successful.
How did it become successful in Europe?
Napoleon made it compulsory for his army to have after seeing the importance of it and this led to the vaccines being
sent to many other countries.
What was the legacy of Jenner?
He didn’t want the money to become wealthy, instead he wanted to help medicine improve and help the poor by making
the vaccine free of charge and stayed in the countryside as a GP
1848 Public Health Act vs 1875 Public Health Act What was Jenner’s impact?
1848 1875 By 1800, 100,000 people had been
Edwin Chadwick Was made compulsory vaccinated
Chadwick believed that waste Water was clean 1852 the vaccine was compulsory
contributed to bad health, Sewerage systems Death rate dropped dramatically
which was a problem that improved 1979 World Health Organisation
needed to be solved because Provided new and clean announced that smallpox was
they needed factory workers to toilets wiped out across the world
be healthy Improved houses to
People didn’t support him, had prevent overcrowding
a Lassiez-faire attitude (leaving Improved public spaces
other people to deal with the Food was inspected However, doctors made mistakes by
problem) before being sold infecting people with smallpox first instead
He was unsuccessful, because People didn’t have a of cowpox first.
although the government tried laissez faire attitude
Christian groups were against it saying it
to keep the streets clean most anymore
people ignored this as it wasn’t was unnatural
compulsory
,John Snow & Cholera
Who was John Snow?
A surgeon who had treated Queen Victoria during childbirth
What happened
Florence in Nightingale
1854? 1854-56 Mary Seacole
Wealthy middle class Working class
Cholera outbreak in Soho
White British Mixed heritage- Jamaican and Scottish
Parents didn’t
What did he believe was the cause? want her to become a nurse Funded herself and went to Crimea to set up
Led a team of nurses in turkey during her own hospital called the ‘British Hospital’
Miasma Crimean war She prepared medicine and looked after
Demanded clean bedding and better quality soldiers
What evidence did he have to support his theory?
of food Soldiers were grateful to her and liked her so
Was nicknamed the ‘Lady with the lamp’
He examined the water pump and found a crack in the water pump, which they would
meant give
that her money
waste to keep
was seeping her from
into
Because of her the death rates decreased being poor
the water supply, which is why so many people became ill from cholera and died. A shocking fact was that a
woman drank from fromthis40% to 2%
water pump because she liked the taste! Shye wrote a book about her life
Sat with dying soldiers and wrote letters for She was awarded a medal by Turkey for her
How did he provethemhis theory? What was his method? bravery and a medal by Jamaica in 1990
Wrote the book ‘Notes for Nurses’ She wanted to be a nurse in the Crimean war
He proved it by removing the water pump,
Set up ‘Nightingale School preventing
for Nurses’ locals
whichfrom using itbut
and herejected
was created by
a spot
the map to showfor her
government
the deaths that linked
trained tonurses
the water pump, which showed a pattern between racewater and disease. This stopped
people from getting cholera.
She introduced wards to separate patients
to prevent the spread of infections
What did he publish?
On the Mode of Communication of Cholera 1849
However, Snow was unable to explain why cholera was waterborne!
, Louis Pasteur
Germ Theory= germs in the air cause of decay NOT disease
(While spontaneous generation- microbes were the result of decaying matter)
Did an open flask experiment to prove that germs were in the air, as the germs bred, increasing
the number of germs. However, in a closed flask there were less germs because it was sealed.
Pasteurisation
Milk was heated to prove that germs could be killed with heat.
Nonetheless, his theory was vague as you couldn’t identify which bacteria was causing which
disease.
Dr Bastian
Famous and high-status physician who believed in spontaneous generation and criticised Pasteur
and had great influence, sop others wouldn’t believe in Pasteur either.
Development of germ theory by Robert Koch
Koch was a German scientist who began to study microbes
He could identify the specific bacteria which caused disease and proved germs caused
disease and decay
1876 he found the bacteria that caused anthrax, which was the first time anyone was
able to identify a specific germ that caused a specific disease
Koch also discovered the bacteria which caused tuberculosis 1882 and cholera 1883
Kochs method could be carried out by other scientists: place agar jelly in petri dish and
leave out, stain bacteria to see it under microscope and take photos of findings
