Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Single molecules (monomers) Examples:
Soluble o Glucose
Single ring or straight chain o Fructose
Roles: o Galactose
o Energy release o Ribose
o Transported in blood o Deoxyribose
o Monomers for other carbohydrates
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides covalently bonded Examples:
Soluble o Maltose (glucose +
Two joined rings glucose)
Roles: o Sucrose (glucose +
o Energy release fructose)
o Energy storage o Lactose (glucose +
o Transport in plants galactose)
Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides covalently bonded Examples:
Insoluble o Starch (alpha glucose)
Long chains (may be branched or straight) o Glycogen (alpha
Roles: glucose)
o Energy storage o Cellulose (beta
o Structural components glucose)
Glycosidic Bonds
Formed from a condensation reaction between the hydroxyl groups on carbons 1 and 4,
called a 1-4 bond
Two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms separate to form a water molecule, leaving a
glycosidic bond on the remaining oxygen atom
Monosaccharides
Single molecules (monomers) Examples:
Soluble o Glucose
Single ring or straight chain o Fructose
Roles: o Galactose
o Energy release o Ribose
o Transported in blood o Deoxyribose
o Monomers for other carbohydrates
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides covalently bonded Examples:
Soluble o Maltose (glucose +
Two joined rings glucose)
Roles: o Sucrose (glucose +
o Energy release fructose)
o Energy storage o Lactose (glucose +
o Transport in plants galactose)
Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides covalently bonded Examples:
Insoluble o Starch (alpha glucose)
Long chains (may be branched or straight) o Glycogen (alpha
Roles: glucose)
o Energy storage o Cellulose (beta
o Structural components glucose)
Glycosidic Bonds
Formed from a condensation reaction between the hydroxyl groups on carbons 1 and 4,
called a 1-4 bond
Two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms separate to form a water molecule, leaving a
glycosidic bond on the remaining oxygen atom
