Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Basic Chemistry

Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Basic Chemistry 2.1 Short Answer Figure 2.1 Using Figure 2.1, identify the following: 1) Which letter represents a carbohydrate polymer? Answer: C 2) Letter D represents the structure of . Answer: triglyceride 3) Letter E represents a nucleic acid building block known as a . Answer: nucleotide 4) Which letter represents a globular protein in its quaternary structure? Answer: B Fill in the blank or provide a short answer: 5) Anything that has mass and takes up space is considered to be . Answer: matter 6) Nerve impulses involve the flow of an electrical current, a type of energy known as energy. Answer: electrical 7) Isotopes differ from other atoms of the same element only in the number of they possess. Answer: neutrons 8) Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of and . Answer: protons; electrons 9) The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom is called the . Answer: atomic mass number 10) Compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonding are collectively termed compounds. Answer: organic 11) Polar molecules, like water, result when electrons are shared . Answer: unequally 12) The four most common elements that compose over 96% of the mass of the human body are , , , and . Answer: oxygen; carbon; hydrogen; nitrogen 13) An acid is a molecule that releases (donates) . State the answer in two ways. Answer: protons; hydrogen ions 14) All have an amine (N ) group. Answer: amino acids 15) Glycogen and starch are examples of a specific category of carbohydrates called . Answer: polysaccharides 16) A solution with a pH of 11.7 is times more basic (alkaline) than a solution with a pH of 8.7. Answer: 1000 17) Unsaturated fats contain one or more bonds between carbon atoms. Answer: double 18) Enzymes are examples of proteins. State the answer in two ways. Answer: globular; functional 19) Monosaccharides join to become a polysaccharide through a chemical reaction called . Answer: dehydration synthesis 20) Nucleotides contain three components: , , and . Answer: nitrogen-containing base; pentose sugar; phosphate group 2.2 Multiple Choice 1) Which of the following contains sodium: A) H2O B) NaCl C) N2 D) CH4 E) H2SO4 Answer: B 2) An atom with 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 10 electrons is a(n): A) molecule B) anion C) cation D) isotope E) radioisotope Answer: C 3) The movement of ions across cell membranes is an example of: A) radiant energy B) chemical energy C) electrical energy D) mechanical energy E) potential energy Answer: C 4) Which of the following is classified as an inorganic compound: A) glucose B) triglyceride C) water D) protein E) steroid Answer: C Page Ref: 39 5) The most abundant element in the human body is: A) carbon B) oxygen C) hydrogen D) nitrogen E) calcium Answer: B Page Ref: 28 6) Which of the following leads to an increase in the rate of a chemical reaction: A) increased temperature B) large particle size C) lack of catalysts D) decreased temperature E) few particles Answer: A Page Ref: 40 7) Atomic mass is equivalent to the number of in an atom. A) protons B) neutrons C) electrons D) protons and electrons E) protons and neutrons Answer: E 8) The major function of potassium is to: A) serve as a salt in bones and teeth B) play a role in nerve impulse transmissions and muscle contractions C) make functional thyroid hormones D) influence the pH of body fluids E) exist as the most abundant extracellular cation Answer: B Page Ref: 28 9) Which of the following is the role of magnesium: A) it is present in bone, and is an important cofactor for enzyme activity in a number of metabolic reactions B) it is needed to make functional thyroid hormones C) it is a component of the functional hemoglobin molecule that transports oxygen within red blood cells, as well as a component of some enzymes D) it is the major extracellular cation in its ionic form, and is important for water balance, conduction of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction E) it is a major extracellular anion in its ionic form Answer: A Page Ref: 28 10) An atom with an atomic number of 14 will have electrons in its valence shell. A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 10 E) 14 Answer: B Page Ref: 33-34 11) An atom with 6 protons, 7 neutrons, and 6 electrons shares four pairs of electrons with four other atoms. This atom is now considered to be: A) a cation B) an anion C) a neutral atom D) stable E) an ion Answer: D Page Ref: 33-34 12) An atom has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its atomic mass is: A) 2 B) 6 C) 8 D) 14 E) 20 Answer: D 13) The atomic number of an atom reveals the number of: A) electrons in the atomic nucleus B) protons in the atomic nucleus C) protons plus neutrons D) protons plus electrons E) neutrons plus electrons Answer: B 14) Isotopes have different numbers of ; thus they also have different . A) protons; atomic numbers B) neutrons; atomic masses C) electrons; atomic numbers D) protons; atomic masses E) neutrons; atomic numbers Answer: B 15) An atom that has lost two electrons is called a(n): A) isotope B) anion C) radioisotope D) cation E) proton Answer: D 16) The subatomic particles that are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms are the: A) protons B) neutrons C) electrons D) isotopes E) ions Answer: C Page Ref: 33