Absurdism: It is a philosophical theory that explores the notion that the universe is inherently
irrational and devoid of meaning. It posits that the pursuit of meaning often results in a clash
between individuals and the world around them. This conflict may manifest as a struggle
between rationality and the irrational nature of the universe, between intentions and outcomes, or
between subjective interpretations and objective value. Although the exact definition of
absurdism remains a subject of debate, it generally asserts that the entire world is fundamentally
absurd, as opposed to the view that only specific situations or phases of life are absurd.
Scholars and theorists delve into various components of the absurd, focusing on different aspects
in their research and definitions. At the practical level, the conflict inherent in absurdism is
characterized by an individual's quest to find meaning in a world that inherently lacks it. On the
theoretical side, the emphasis lies in the recognition that reason is incapable of fully
comprehending or penetrating reality. Traditionally, the conflict is framed as a clash between an
internal component, rooted in human nature, and an external component, derived from the nature
of the world. However, some theorists propose that both components may be internal,
encompassing the capacity to perceive the arbitrariness of ultimate purposes and the inability to
stop caring about such purposes. Certain accounts also introduce a metacognitive element,
suggesting that awareness of the conflict is necessary for the experience of absurdity.
Supporters of absurdism put forth arguments that highlight human insignificance in the vast
universe, the role of death, or the irrationality of positing an ultimate purpose. Critics of
absurdism often argue that life does possess meaning, pointing out perceived problems or
inconsistencies within the theory. They lament the relative lack of attention the philosophy
receives from professional philosophers, given its importance and potential psychological
impact, which can lead to existential crises in affected individuals. Various responses to address
absurdism and its impact have been proposed. The traditional absurdist literature outlines three
responses: suicide, religious belief in a higher purpose, and rebellion against the absurd. Among
these, rebellion is typically presented as the recommended response, as it acknowledges and
confronts the absurd rather than evading it. Later theorists have suggested additional responses,
such as adopting irony to adopt a less serious perspective on life or remaining ignorant of the
conflicting nature of existence. Some absurdist argue that the manner in which one responds is
ultimately inconsequential, positing that if nothing truly matters, then the human response to this
fact is also insignificant.
Naturalism: In the realm of philosophy, naturalism is the belief that the universe operates
solely according to natural laws and forces, without the involvement of supernatural entities.
Steven Lockwood, a philosopher, distinguishes naturalism into ontological and methodological
senses. Ontologically, naturalism is often equated with materialism, considering nature to be best
understood through material principles such as mass, energy, and other physical and chemical
properties recognized by the scientific community. This perspective rejects the existence of
spirits, deities, or ghosts and denies any inherent purpose in nature. It is commonly known as
irrational and devoid of meaning. It posits that the pursuit of meaning often results in a clash
between individuals and the world around them. This conflict may manifest as a struggle
between rationality and the irrational nature of the universe, between intentions and outcomes, or
between subjective interpretations and objective value. Although the exact definition of
absurdism remains a subject of debate, it generally asserts that the entire world is fundamentally
absurd, as opposed to the view that only specific situations or phases of life are absurd.
Scholars and theorists delve into various components of the absurd, focusing on different aspects
in their research and definitions. At the practical level, the conflict inherent in absurdism is
characterized by an individual's quest to find meaning in a world that inherently lacks it. On the
theoretical side, the emphasis lies in the recognition that reason is incapable of fully
comprehending or penetrating reality. Traditionally, the conflict is framed as a clash between an
internal component, rooted in human nature, and an external component, derived from the nature
of the world. However, some theorists propose that both components may be internal,
encompassing the capacity to perceive the arbitrariness of ultimate purposes and the inability to
stop caring about such purposes. Certain accounts also introduce a metacognitive element,
suggesting that awareness of the conflict is necessary for the experience of absurdity.
Supporters of absurdism put forth arguments that highlight human insignificance in the vast
universe, the role of death, or the irrationality of positing an ultimate purpose. Critics of
absurdism often argue that life does possess meaning, pointing out perceived problems or
inconsistencies within the theory. They lament the relative lack of attention the philosophy
receives from professional philosophers, given its importance and potential psychological
impact, which can lead to existential crises in affected individuals. Various responses to address
absurdism and its impact have been proposed. The traditional absurdist literature outlines three
responses: suicide, religious belief in a higher purpose, and rebellion against the absurd. Among
these, rebellion is typically presented as the recommended response, as it acknowledges and
confronts the absurd rather than evading it. Later theorists have suggested additional responses,
such as adopting irony to adopt a less serious perspective on life or remaining ignorant of the
conflicting nature of existence. Some absurdist argue that the manner in which one responds is
ultimately inconsequential, positing that if nothing truly matters, then the human response to this
fact is also insignificant.
Naturalism: In the realm of philosophy, naturalism is the belief that the universe operates
solely according to natural laws and forces, without the involvement of supernatural entities.
Steven Lockwood, a philosopher, distinguishes naturalism into ontological and methodological
senses. Ontologically, naturalism is often equated with materialism, considering nature to be best
understood through material principles such as mass, energy, and other physical and chemical
properties recognized by the scientific community. This perspective rejects the existence of
spirits, deities, or ghosts and denies any inherent purpose in nature. It is commonly known as
