urban planning + development (lecture & notes)

1. where do cities come from hunter gather cultures -the invention of agriculture =sedentary, need for fixed address 2. from settlements -surplus production = ability to store to cities -trade w/ communities of surplus production -specialization created after non farming specialization occurred bc of surplus -distribution of property & by-ways -opportunities for way of life, occupation, wealth accumu- lation =storage possible= threat of theft= need for domestic scurity = rise of administration & politics = cities owe alot to surplus production of goods & now ransfer goods into the service economy, trade & special- ization = rise of state= rise of religion to administer human activity = distribution of property 3. competition -trade routes among -river crossings settlements -deltas -migration 4. utopianism -bellamy's book "looking backwards" inspired by marx "nowhere" -lecorbusier- the radiant city (high density) (swissfrench architectplan- ner) (contrast to garden city) (many highrises w/ lots of open space between them. build up not out. -frank lloyd wright: --broadacre city (low density quality of suburbs)(individu- als live on 1 acre lots. real expression of democracy) -daniel burnum -- -white city chicago" elegant & inspiring. idea that cities had to be beautiful -public health --concepts of public health seep into emer- gence of planning= planning cities must provide healthful environment -management science --- 5. town & country planning 6. antecedents of urban develop- ment 7. stimuli for plan- ning 8. -idea that oganizations can be managed by application of science like thinking. time & Efficiency. -science of politics- -creation of polisci & influence on planning, dependent on public sector or cooperative nonprofit sector for its origins ebenezer howard (englishman) -neighborhood theory (stable community, school center, separation of pedes- trian & vehicles)(generous green space)(proximity to work)(moderate density) -garden city (Grand avenue of public facilities, garden center, neigh- borhood blocks)(surrounded by garden center cities, con- nected by trnasport, surrounded by greenbelts, rural ar- eas, agro areas, open space)(school=center of neighbor- hood universe. humanize the urban experience. separa- tion of vehicle & ped.)(Radburn NJ) -industrial new towns (cadbury, new hope) -civic initiatives -creation of t&c planning association= precursor to emer- gence of planning as a profession -chicago plan = city beautiful movement born (daniel bradburn)= civic leaders came together to prepare plan -NY zoning code (bassett) 1916 -endorsed & approved by the city & became model for zoning nationally in 193_? (6?) -regional plan association NY, influence planning in pre- war period -population growth/migration, mostly european around 20s -increased mobility w/ invention of refinement & marketing of automobiles, places like NY substantial circulation -gov't activism, was minimalist to activist. notion of activist gov't came out of great depression (29-41) the great depres- sion 9. local planning (5 topics) 10. players in local planning =to recover= expand role of gov't -extreme economic contraction; enormous losses in wealth -housing market collapse & mortgage policies created -job stimulus pgms (infrastructure, parks, art, food, & farming, low cost housing) (in the absense of robust private sector we relied on gov't. importance of gov't as intervener in affairs of people lives to help) -greenbelt cities (finding a way to house the poor in a comfortable & healthful communty) (inspiration from garden cities) (many opposed to this bc opposed to gov't activism) -multistate regional planning -urban renewal (public housing) (most important invention of this period = public housing) (tenants relieved from abjunct conditions in private market (arranged in community, public facilities) (TVA, head roosevelt, took south region by harnessing water power & energy sources, sustainability improved economic conditions) -improvement in infrastructure & money needed to make economy circulate -laws & regulations: (adjust to laws governing planning) -political approval (political power approve/disapprove plan) -design (what the city looks like) -socio-economic analysis (how design affects society & economy) -environmental analysis (test design) -rulemakers (people who establish rles & Regulations governing plan 11. post-war subur- banization & outcome)(fed, congress, judiciary, state & legislature, regional agency) -fredrick von hayak (austrian economist, alarmed @ growth of planning = danger on society) (individual liberty is diminished in a planning environ- ment) -other govt agencies (IRS, water resources, fish & Game, costal commission) -private real estate industry (industry lobbies hard for regulations. deregulation. plan- ning regulation increase costs & discourage investment) -post war suburbanization US blossomed after WWII bc suburbanization -suburb= way to handle demand for housing & Growing discontent for inner city problems "white flight" -bc flight to suburbs, center of cities = impoverished -levittown suburban developments, (40s&50s) 12. urban renewal -public housing programs expanded to include this (tear down slums & build new attractive places to make central cities able to compete for investment) -peacemeal, not comprehensive -gov't an ally (helped financially, interstate hwy system designed to focus on mainc entral cities & rout to suburbs, creation of standard brands w/ prevasive distribution system mar- keting system) -blight (regulations for development & Design for buildings) -fear of sameness (suburbs took up prestine land. low density= inefficient) -criticism (middle class criteria on working class districts) -made suburbs stronger & central cities more desperate 13. fight against sprawl -environmental impacts regulating planning -growth controls 14. master planned communities -growth management became cliche in planning, public intervention was path to public good -smart growth (developing in small pockets of land that'd been over- looked in the urban core, investment in transit) -highways'/transit -new urbanism (higher densities & open space transit. greater use of walking, biking, reduced reliance on cars. new aesthetic design) '60s=dawn of environmental movement '70s= NEPA & oil crises "stagflation" (frowth of environmental regulation, EIR process, imptt for anti-development mvmt) (anti-hwy lobby "we can't build our way out", build- ing=more movement) (growing invstment in public transit;imptt antidotes to hwy lobby '80s=falling gas prices=rapid growth (reagan prez=interest rates drop=gas price fell=rapid growth & pervasive prosperity) (more growth mgmt) '90smore growth (more growth mgmt) 2000= dotcom bubble=more growth=crash '08 -large are, comprehensively planned, all facilities func- tioning w/in community 15. new urbanism -argues typical urban model is alienating & auto depen- dent -back to '20 -higher density= more compaction -grid sheets, small blocks, front porches, open space -architecture to promote social interaction, community cohesion -an alternative to sprawl, more healthy for environment ex: seaside florida 16. formalism high density center/focal point, thinning out @ edges 17. infrastructure most powerful influence cities have over planning & in- vestment is infrastructure -infrastructure development provokes a private invest- ment response -in high density, open center becomes imptt for develop- ment of community 18. local infrastruc- ture finance -general obligation bonds (most common), tax free, trad- ed @ lower price, an obligation of municipality through its general revenues, generally safe -special assessment district created to gain $ to repay bonds -Mello Roos obligations (put into tax) -tax increment financing (city improves street system around a particular area & encourages development. development improves proper- ty tax, price increment can be used for financing) *most powerful tool for a planner is infrastructure devel- opment 19. virginia company -means for enormous profits for sale of land. -encouraged migration by enticing w/ promise of land grants -closer to the center= efficient profit 20. forces acting on property values -key to land play is land is worth more later than now. in- crease in value is increase of demand. increase demand is to increase populaion. -population immigration (important to private sector's success in early part of history) (increase demand=upward pressure on price) -fee simple (mean you own it, as opposed to tennancy) -tenancy (can rent out, will continue to own) -public ownership of land (some of the most important points of development in the nation were the result of selling off/giving land to individuals -riverside, IL (19th century project, streetcar suburb, shaped by con- tours, sell off lots via fee simple= land play, contends profit 21. pre WWII -CBD's (central business distributors= tight vibrant profit making area) -public infrastructure (most powerful device planners have for shaping develop- ment) -real estate boom of 1920 (created activity in centers & edges. much made & all collapsed) -great depression (25% unemployment. land play is not always positive.) -power of public sector to shape private response is con- siderable. you can enhance the value of the land 22. development powers -land acquisition, at the beginning you must have a site. search. -financing; buy or partner w/owner of land (debt or equity) -market assessment -preliminary plot map (how you move people & goods through it) -approvals & entitlements -final plans/design -contact subcontractors -begin construction -market homes (model homes) -sale -debt reduction to 0 23. skyscraper -curtain wall construction -elevator technology -plumbing stack -rise in optimism (empire state building) 24. suburbanization -shopping malls -big box stores 25. planning powers -property rights v. public good -police powers (powers necessary to maintain safety, health morals) (opened door for planning to intrude individual freedoms) -eminent domain (gov't may not appropriate private property as it could under the king. must have just compensation) -the state of enabling legislation (planning flows from the state, all powers of municipalities flor from the state) -environmental lgeislation (planning presumes free enterprise has victims, decision to allow police powers to define locations) 26. land use controls -deed restrictions (early way in which land use was controlled) (individual sale to another individ, in which new owner takes on new restrictions) -subdivision regulations (large plot of land, subdivide & meet requirements. clear property lines. lands allocated for public, edu & rec uses. -zoning (regulates use of land & size of development on land) (cumulative= hierarchy of use) (exclusive=only one type) -development agreements -urban renewal/community development (state provides grant in order to improve the quality of urban requirement) -general plan (express a new goal) (new blue print) -planned unit development (another version of development agreements) -infrastructure design (build a road= more accessibility, more likely hood of 27. prepwar trans- formations development) (public infrastructure= web in which private infrastructure are hung bc that infrastructure conveys value) (free market) problems of managing growth development = new zoning codes -war related material expansion & comfort housing 28. post-war boom -saving (capital formation) = high demand after war -demand for housing enormous after soldiers return= for- mation of household = housing industry boom 29. growth @ edges -conversion of rural to urban use is how land grows = permission from jurisdictions = zoning codes sharpened & Tax rates managed -expansion of planning agency -70 cities in search of a center -behind the zoning codes 30. expanding role of courts 31. escalating tax rates -place wher eplanning was defined, constrained or ex- panded -to handle growth of bureaucracy & Capital projects -prop 13, remove edge of inclining tax rates -property tax = principle source of financing for local gov't 32. tax revolt tax revolt bc escalating tax rates 33. environmental awakening 34. transportation CEQA (california environmental protection act) con- cerned w/ EIR -EPA regulated species protection & development plans -WRB -NEPA -citizen participation -property rights backlash -global warming -state/regional/local planning -fully bloomed in post war period -10% US GDP -essential to social, economic activity, human well being; essential to human interactions -globalization, transportation is global -urban form;transportationsystem is skeletal structure on which land use is hung, form giving -environment; + and - consequences -productivity= economic wellbeing dependent on trans- portation fluidity -gov't role in provision, finance of infrastructure; nearly all public transport is subsidized by gov't -regulations for economic efficiency, safety, environmen- tal externalities -local, national, international dimensions; efficiency is vi- tal to productivity; move people & goods @ a reasonable speed 35. derived demand -outcome of what people, forms do & where they do it, given transportation resources, supply, prices -sensitive to price & Resources -helps determine residencies & purpose 36. population -how much growth/where, characteristics -population characteristics are all factors that determine the nature & shape of the transport system 37. employment -how much growth where, job characteristics v. population char 38. changing urban form & travel 39. problems of transport -dominance of privately owned vehicles "auto depen- dence" -higher per capita income= more car ownership/ use & house consumption -population/employment growt = more cars, more miles traveled -declining use of transit/ non motorized vehicles -congestion -private vehicles -truucks, freight transport, globalization- more congstion, more movement -fiscal constraints; development overextends= revenues decline= no development fees 40. public transit -problematic, expensive, heavy subsidies -remains concentrated in cores of largest metro areas NY=35%, la chi dc, boston philly=30% 41. land use mea- -measure of activity by location sure -single use -double use (commercial below/residential above) -triple use(geometric shape) 42. generalized land omits multiple use & Records the predominant one use 43. classical land core: commercial use transitional area:industry/warehouse/openspace residential community;agricultural 44. planning's con- -derived from agriculture tribution -ubiquitous descriptors of urban content -land use controls central to planning 45. 2 issues of land -distribution of use (wher what how much) use -legal controls including subdivision regulations, zoning, environment 46. zoning (land use cumulative: commercial area= can be anything but no control) industry, residential=only residential, residential=sacred cow exclusive: one and only 1 type -began 1916 NY w/ NY zoning code, not until 1936 got constitutional confirmation 47. environmental -worked by rachel carson w/ rise of environmental move- protection (land ment use contorls) -vtal importance of environmental concerns =new layer of planning 48. subdivision reg- ulation (land use contorls) 49. citizen watch dog (land use contorls) 50. general plan (land use con- torls) 51. fiscal implica- tions (land use contorls) -NEPA soon followed after CEQA (for all zoning prepare EIR measure impacts) (increase cost of development, increase uncertainty) subdivide parcel= requirements, size, height etc -plans & variance from zoning being reviewd by citizen groups = participatory now -marketing meant to serve buyers not devoters required in CA (w/landuse section) -need to have electric lines, sewage, police -loss of land revenue = other finance *land use is an imptt contribution by planning through our culture *land use controls is complicating, not alwasys effective, but sometimes determining device for the appearance of activities of cities 52. euclidian zoning -segregation of uses improves quality of urban environ- ment; mixed use = valuable -zoning map is a vehicle to formulate an intelligent all-at-once decision to which the market would conform -zoning codes inspire a market. markets respond & con- form w/ zoning code -once zoning in place, local gov'ts rarely change rules -nonconforming uses go away -municipal gov't power sufficient to accomplish -many zoning codes created t ofreeze affluent communi- ties 53. urban design project -city beautiful movement gave rise to popularity of plan- ning & purpose. beauty=happiness -unity & coherence -min. conflict between ped & vehicles -protection from rain noise, wind -easy orientation for users -compatibility of land uses -availability of places to rest, observe & meet -creation of sense of security & pleasantness (malls popular bc. sense of safety) 54. urban design -planning & Architecture -circulation -functionality -safety -comprehension 55. urban design process -analysis (basic info; what you're focusing on) (visual survey; what's there, what's imptt) (hard&soft areas; penetrable areas) (functional analysis: relationship among various indus- tries) -synthesis (development of alt. concepts/ schematic designs) -evaluation (objectives met? feasible?) -implementation (approval, finance, construction) *appearance of cities= critical factor in their success *appearance is a way of marketing new developments *looking @ design=looking @ roots of planning 56. edge city -concept emerged ~20YA to explain situations like univer- sal city -market driven evolution of urban form -highly developed use of context in suburban area -auto oriented agglomeration economies; function of transportation systems/ highly accessible areas 57. neotraditional design -reaction to conventional suburbs conventional= massive scale, separation of land uses, auto oriented -neotraditional= -people oriented not car oriented -more mixed landuse -pedestrian orientation 58. neighborhood -perception -boundaries= concept of daily activities 59. orientation/ com- do u know where you are? prehension 60. pedestrian/vehi- separation? multimodal? cle 61. compatibility ...does it fit in? 62. places to meet/ social function of space, important part of design observe 63. pleasant- malls are popular bc safe. ness/sense of security *design is a tool for planning to improve quality of life -private sector = speculative development, attractiveness is imptt for selling space -investment in design pays off. 64. supply side -developers (risk someone's capital in the venture to produce profit for investors/ to meet needs of community) (site selection; to develop need to find a site. purchase or buy option) (prelim plans: what u want to do with the site/ product line) (entitlements: legal right to proceed w/ development. per- mission given by locality) (financing debt or equity. play with OPM) (construction) (keep/sell) -brokers/ agents (negotiate l) (represent buyers & sellers/tenant/landlord) (manage & maintain properties, 1st in line above owners) -landlords (property owners) (profit=function of ability to raise rents) (maintain property, take care of tenants & owners, asset management. increase profit= increase rent) (rent/lease properties, buy/sell/exchange properties) 65. demand side -buyer/renter (population growth) (household formation) (jobs= most housing developments follow jobs) (incomes= product type) (lifestyle) 66. proposal partici- pants -developer (someone willing to take risks) (good relations w/ financing source) (knowledge for demands on market) -contractor/subcontractor (ones who actually build it. work for developer. sub-con- tract specialties) -architect/urban designer (design building in functional way, residential= target the maret) -engineer (civil/environmental) (environmental engineers conform to environmental poli- cies) -land planners -landscape architects (civil= issues w/ grading, need street design function) -EIR consultants -transportation consultants (calculation needs) (suburban subdivision= through traffic/local traffic sepa- ration) -attorneys/accountants (know your market) -market reserach (trends for this development, current market, potental buy- ers, affordability, designs for market attraction) *seek opportunity to maximize profits *markets go up &dwn, function of jobs &income. *household formations slow when income down &afford- ability changes depending on job situation *market drives real estate development. *market is a demographic factor &understanding that market gives ou an edge *real estate= cyclical *market= way to establish social value 67. purpose of eco- - Economic development doesn't always deliver, but nomic develop- promises job creation ment - improved fiscal health (Fiscal health= health of public sector) (economic activity= improve money flow &economy) - improved design 68. instruments for -promotion economic (agreeable political system, educated workers, fish- growth ng, beaches, assetts) -subsidiztion (forgiving taxes, other tax incentives) -financial arrangements -sites & buildings -incubator (small start up companies can prosper & have technical assistance) -revolving loan fund -relaxed land use control (waive certain zoning re. to attract specific industry) 69. lateral problems -inmigration for jobs -heavier burden on tax base -national initiative at local level 70. use of urban re- -slum clearance newal -redevelopment 71. land use is the heart of material planning 72. public interest in private housing 73. first wave public policy -rehabilitation -relocation -disruption -tax increment financing -misuse of imminent domain -housing is the largest component of landuse -housing preoccupies decisionmaking -housing=response of the market -explicit policy in US to promote single family housing -1/2 in CA single family owned -housing supply (policymakers concerned w/ having an inadequate sup- ply, has to be greater than demand to keep prices down) -housing cost -housing quality, most local housing authorities exercise careful review of a house -slums (public policy has focused on presence of slums in cities. slum= term of art describing ousing w/ considerable inad- equacies) (=removal of slums have been national policy) -neighborhood revitalization (public interest is presumed to be addressed by revitaliza- tion) (addressing the houses not enough, must look @ neigh- borhood) (street furniture, lights, schools, adult education, child- care) -great depression (housing market crashed) (problems= 20% labor force out of work) (high eviction rates= accelerated deterioration of housing stock=inadequacies in neigborhoods) TVA: roosevelt lead, alleviate poor conditions in 30s. brought electricity, produced water power energy, build roads, assist farms, water systems 74. developing sta- ble mortgage market 75. secondary im- pact of intrusion of public interest on private mar- ket 76. heritage of new deal housing policies 77. deregulation & S&L crisis -creating market (how to get people to buy= lower the threashold for them to get into the house = lower downpayment/ interest rate) (how to get companies to provide=lower their cost, subsi- dize the rent. attract what u have) *public policy reduce risk -insuring savings: FDIC, insured deposits (30s) (raise & limit cost of lendng) (FSLIC) -insuring mortgages (FHA, insure mortgages/banks) -creating the mortgage supply (FNMA fannie mae, FHLMC Freddie mac, GNMA ginnie mae) -standardization of * mortgage structures * building standards * housing product - single family v. multifamily * who was in/out of FHA market? * Homeowners: in * Renters: out * how did this affect housing supply? * Loved single family homes= suburbs * winners/losers? * Winner: homeowners of appreciating property, renter, banks, developers * Losers: people who have no income/capital to play in housing market. (FDR's effort to drag us out of the depression) * home-ownership rate (ways to make higher) * rental v. owner housing * stable market for several decades - bank & S&L regulation * S&L= institution designed for housing, bring in higher interest rate than banks 78. policy conse- quences 79. low & moderate priced housing * =S&L told to deregulate &play in the market * =overextended, bad debt, increased interest rates S&LFAIL * restriction on interest rates, investments, reserves -impact of 1970's inflation & interest rate volatility * market interst rates v. rates on long-term mortgages -solution 1980: deregulate the industry * reduce reseve requirements * eliminate restrictions on lending - S&L increasing their risk but spreading risk * Collapse of s&L market leads to massive gov't bailout &housing crash of 1980s * increase interest rate to reduce inflation * s&L need high risk investments for adequate returns * failure of high risk investments * S&L deposit insurance n ot enough to cover losses * gov't pay the rest -trickle down supply * State req. Every locality to get fair share of low/mid price housing (spread burden) -new construction set asides * Set aside for low/mid income people * Developers often negotiate w/ localitoes for more den- sity if set aside -homeless prgms * Designed exculsively for homeless people * Subsiized * SOR (single occupanncy room) high demand * Sharp economic decline ater homeowners decreasse, increase homeless among employed * Bc homeless programs so good, homeless migrate 80. housing market - 07 -Housing bubble * For the first 6 years housing prices increase 80/90% * =developers of new housing trying to catch wave of investment * =the higher the prices the fewer the # who can afford * Affordability is an index function. Match between hous- ing &income * How much you can put down on the house * How much you can afford monthly payment/residual -Mortgage practices * Mortgage= loan secured by property &paid convention- ally monthly. Includes interest &amenization * Loans on homes= mortgage -Mortgage market * Small changes in mortgage mkt affect demand for housing * Feds pressure banks to lend money for hoeownership = easier standards for lending * = downpayments shrank from 20% to some cases 0% * Housing values decrease -Mortgage practices loose= easy to get a loan -Secondary markets * Securitization of mortgages= bundle a bunch of mort- gaes &issue bonds on their value. -Origin of housing bubble * 1990 stock price bubble increase wealth 81. peter gordon * cities * maximum interactions & Consumption of space * form of cities evolve in response to challenge of balanc- ing forces (centrifugal & centripetal) * economic growth is essential & a popular policy objetive * cities= engines of growth * markets are responsible for coordination of countless plans. * complex supply chains are formed & maintained * economic growth happens bc capital markets coor- dinate the consumption soothing plans of savers & in- vestors. * growth depends on new ideas/ enhanced productivity * cities enable individs to interact. form new products & ideas * new network connections (combinations) in y our brain= new ideas, new network connections multiply possibilities * cities are places where supply chain efficiencies are possible. * new network= proximity, not just density * interaction/agglomeration= benefits many densities & distances= networking * shopping centers= lifestyle centers 82. consumer city * cities = place for market exchange * local fiscal imperatives * sales tax * cost & service demands * retailers compete for sales/custmers * cities compete for sales, customers * competition yields winners & losers 83. prop 13 incen- - land use tives * avoid uses that generate added costs * promote uses that generate revenues - tax revenue * avoid taxes on residents * impose taxes on non-residents * seek aid from higher levels of gov't 84. retail -markets * variation in demand across income levels/demograph- ics/gender/ethnicity/lifestyle * market capacity/density/demographic * market supply & scale economies - hierarchies * from lower to higher order goods * groceries, shoes, sofas cars - rapid change * consumer tastes & preference * new products * new venues/ experiences - fulfilling basic needs, retail= development & Redevelop- ment 85. sales tax canyon (fulton) 86. enumerating re- tail * retail= public revenue generator * capture the regional market * bigger=better (auto malls, power centers, megal malls) * impacts * traffic, circulation, parking * surrounding communities * suburban design * overbuilding/excess capacity * strip malls,public markets, shopping centers, shopping arcades, urban malls, subruban malls,, regional malls, super reigonal malls, retail streets, festival marketplaces, big box retail, power centers, constructed urbanity, enter- tainment centers, mixed use centers 87. shopping malls - problems * excess supply, made worse by great recession * changing consumer preferences * e-shopping * new models of consumption * creative destruction * disrupts tax revenue models, retail consumption mod- els - impacts of failed shopping malls * lost tax revenues * declining property values * less access to shop opportunities for local residents * safety, blight problems - what to do? * mall as main street (mixed use, pedestrian ornentation, urban) * mall as luxury living * mall as city hall (incorporate gov't activities/offices in vacant spaces) * mall as city park (tear down & provide public open spacE) * mall as performing arts venue (low rent space for artists, theaters) 88. municipali- ties/counties * mall as new mall (appeal to specialized market, ethnic malls) * Subsidies * Grants * Land/site preparation * Infrastructure development * Discounted sales of property * Tax relief * Property tax * Waive fees 89. subsidies * Negotiation/ sales * Dollars/jobs/trainees 90. economy of cities 91. landsite prepara- tion/sale 92. perspectives of social justice * exports exceed imports * competition * primary market area=> city => walmart * jobs * Taxes &fees = sales (domestic &imported/exported) &property * Income gap * Eminent domain * Clearance * Land clean-up &fill * Discounted price to bidder - Friedrich von hayak * rRoad to serfdom * Planning= tyranny * Libretarian movement - Jorn rawls * Theory of justice * Justice as fairness * Politlcal liberalism 93. social justice * Redistributive policies * Seek to reduce disparities across society * Compensation to disadvantaged population * Moral argument= social responsibility, justice= compen- sation for past wrongs * Political argument= extreme disparity= threat to democ- racy/ political stability * Economic argument= extreme disparity not good for business 94. politcal reform * Citizen's commissions * Civil service * De-politicize planning * The concept of the public interest 95. return of politics * Legislative power * Enabling legislature * Final (political) approval * Planner= purveyor of middle class values * Many publics= many interests * Participatory planning * Winners &losers 96. planning frag- mentation * End of urban renewal * Parcicipatory planning planning as negotiation * City beautify, city procedural * Trading creativity for power * Transfer of creativity to private sector 97. sources of power * Enabling legislation- regulatory power * Public interest groups * Capital improvements * CDBG * Stature of the commission 98. decision models -Utopianism * Goal-form oriented * Single "man" theory * Private production of public goods -Goal-oriented * Linear in nature * Solutions must fit aims * Goals derive from: citizen, literature, planners 99. characteristics of the plan 100. elements of the plan -Incrementalism * Series of small decisions * Practical in nature * Experimental (learning tree * Short term -Selective scanning * Goal set * Action proposed * Comparision between goal &action * Corrections * Restatement of goal/action * Power= goals &actions -information based -general in describing intentions -physical -integrative -permanent/revised -circulation -land use -public facilities -housing -conservation -open space -noise + safety = california requirements 101. content -circulation= movement of people & goods -existing & proposed la -schools, hospitals, post office = proportionate to popula- tion change -housing types/ densities -historic preservation -open space size, location & geometry -noise abatement -earthquake safety/flood control 102. plan preparation -research (population projection, land use studies, exoge- nous influence) -goals (civic leaders, citizens) -alternative designs -selection of preferred alternatives -approvals -implementation (capital budget, land use controls) -evaluation -revisions 103. compatibility * Circulation <=> land use * Housing <=> public facilities 104. citizen inpput goals/objectives -forms & schemes -changes in policy 105. sustainability -development that meets needs of present w/out com- promising ability of future generations to meet their own needs- bruntland commission 1987 -3 pillars of sustainability = environment, economy, soci- ety (world summit on social development 05) -acions that achieve societal, economic & envirnmental benefits 106. sustainability in cities 107. smart growth principles -facilitate economic growth & Achieve equity goals while protecting the natural environment -aspects include: conserve resources, conserve land & open space, reduce pollution, reduce energy consump- tion, housing & jobs for all sectors of society -adequate services -promote community -mix land uses -compac building design -range of housing opportunities & choices -walkable neighborhoods -attractive/distinctive community w/ sense of place -preserve open space, farmland,natural beauty & critical environment areas -strenghten & direct development -provide a vriety of transportation choices -development decisions predictable fair & cost effective -encourage community & Stake holder collaboration on development decisions -infill development -transit oriented development 108. regional plans -watershed (TVA) -transportation (road, rail, air) -resource regions (coal, iron, oil) -economic political regions (EEC, NA Pact) -metropolitan cities (transportation, air quality, open space recreation, econ- omy) (ex: chicago plan 1909, NY regional plan 1922, COGs & authorities 109. regional plan- ning problems -fiscal power -political competition -implementation -coordination *CA COGs (SANDAG, ABAG, SCAG) *Fed & state role (transportation funds, water quality, air quality, sewage treatment, solid waste management, imports, citizen in- puts) *CA GHG emissions (VMT ozone & particulate, land use suggestion