NUR 215 EXAM 1 Questions and Answers with Relevant Terms

NUR 215 - EXAM 1 Questions and Answers with Relevant Terms. NUR 215 - EXAM 1 Questions and Answers with Relevant Terms Why nursing is considered a profession? Education, knowledge, selfless concern for others, follows a code of ethics, practice autonomy, accountability, and responsibility, professional organizations What is a nurse? Highly trained, well educated, caring, and competent. 6 basic skills Critical thinking skills Communication skills Organizational skills Leadership skills Advocacy technical skills 4 basic principals of nursing Advocacy Responsibility Accountability Confidentiality 6 ethical principles of nursing Autonomy, beneficence, fidelity, justice, non-maleficence, veracity Autonomy The right of the patient to make decisions about their medical care w/out their healthcare provider trying to influence their decisions Beneficence Address the idea that a nurse's actions should only promote good Fidelity The nurse must be faithful to the promises they made as professionals to provide quality care Justice The nurse needs to be impartial and fair to each patient Non-Maleficence Nurse must be non-harming or inflicting the least amount of harm possible to reach a beneficial outcome Veracity Must be honest and tell the truth History of nursing Transformed to a women dominated profession in the 19th and 20th century, had to become licensed in order to work in the profession in 1903 in the US Angel of mercy Religion based and shows nurses as self-sacrificing, moral and noble Battle Ax Showed nurses as cruel torturers, includes the bossy nurse Ratchet Naughty nurse Shows nurses as sexy and risque women, seen as potential dates for physicians Military nurse Shows nurses on battlefield in uniform; striaghtedges Handmaiden nurse Nurses as just mere assistants that need to help the physician at all costs Florence Nightingale Transformed nursing from battle ax image to nursing as a respected profession, founder of modern nursing and the first nursing school ADPIE Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation Assessment gather the information and review patient PMHx, present medical Hx, and family Hx. Diagnosis Identify problems Planning Develop smart goals, desired outcomes and action plans SMART goals Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant/reasonable Timely Implementation Actions that the nurse is going to perform in order to try and reach the goal Evaluate Were the smart goals and outcomes achieved 5 tiers of Maslow's Hierarchy of needs Physiological needs safety needs love and belonging self-esteem self actualization Health promotion The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health What is health? Health varies among individuals, typically meaning not having any illness Self-concept One’s overall view of oneself Healthy self-concept Mostly psotive perception of self evaluation 5 personal evaluations within self-concept Physical appearance sexual performance intellectual abilities success in the workplace friendship and approval from others Primary prevention Address the needs of healthy clients in order to promote health and prevent disease ex) immunizations, child car seat edu, nutrition and fitness, health education, wearing sunscreen, STD education Secondary prevention Focuses on identifying the illness, providing treatment, and conducting activities that help prevent a deteriorating health status (early detection) ex) communicable disease screening and case finding, screenings (pap smear, mammogram etc.) TB screening Tertiary prevention Aims to prevent long term consequences of chronic illness/disability and to support the highest functioning level possible (treatment) ex) begins after an illness/injury, prevention of pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury Healthy people 2020 List of national objectives to promote health and prevent diseases among the national population (released q1- yrs. & involves collaborative efforts from local government, voluntary organizations and professional organizations, businesses and individuals Healthy people 2020 goals improve health priorities and awareness and understanding of the progress involving health, disease and disability apply measurable health goals at the local, state and national level apply the best practices to strengthen policies and improve health practice identify the need for research, evaluation and data collection of health disparities At risk populations for healthy people 2020 Poor elderly ethnic minorities economic disadvantages Infection Invasion and multiplication in the body of a pathogen Types of pathogens Bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, parasites HAI's Hospital acquired infections, 1 in 25 pts. 648,000 pts in acute care develop HIA's, 75,000 with HIA's die (ex; central-line associated, C diff. pneumonia, surgery site infections, MRSA, UTI) Transmission chain of infection Infectious agent, reservoirs, portals of exit, modes of transmission, portals of entry, susceptible host Stages of infection incubation- interval from pathogen entrance to presentation of first finding (asymptomatic, contagious) prodromal- interval from onset of general findings to more distinct findings (pathogen multiplies) illness- when findings specific to the infection occur decline- immune defenses successful in reducing # of pathogens (infection declines) convalescence- acute findings disappear, total recovery days to months Classification of infection Primary- local to specific area (ear infection) secondary- one or more infections following primary infection, spreading though the body (PNA caused by bacteria after having an URI) Local infection Occurs in a single region s/s- edema, pain, erythema, warmth in area Systemic infection Spreads via blood/lymph to multiple systems of the body s/s fever, chills, malaise, fatigue, increase RR and HR Lab results indicative of infection Leukocytosis (WBC > 10,000) left shift (increase in specific WBCs - neutrophils) elevated ESR (> 20mm/hr) - indicates inflammation culture present for specific microorganism Interventions to break the chain of infection Hand hygiene, education of immunizations, good oral hygiene, pulmonary hygiene, clean equipment between use Standard precautions used for all patients regardless of diagnosis, applies to all body fluids, includes hand hygiene, PPE, sharps, cough etiquette Contact precautions Transmission- private room or with same PPE- gloves, gown (visitors too) (dispose of infectious dressing material) pathogens- RSV, wound infections, scabies transport- cover draining wounds Droplet precautions >5 microns (suspected in air for shorter period of time) transmission- private room or same PPE- surgical mask, face shield (within 3-6 ft) pathogen- influenza, meningitis, pertussis transport- mask Airborne precautions <5 microns transmission- private room (negative airflow) PPE- fitted N95 respirator, full face protection If splashing or spraying possible pathogen- TB, measles, varicella transport- mask Protective precautions immunocompromised patients transmission- private room, positive pressure - 12 or more exchanges / hr HEPA filtration for incoming air transport- mask when out of room PPE Worn to protect both patient and nurse Donning- gown, mask, hair net, eye protection, gloves Doffing- gloves, eye protection, hair net, gown, mask