Philosophy Test Bank

1. Not investigating whether or not one's beliefs about the physical universe make sense in connection with their beliefs about their gods fails which criterion of good thinking/philosophy/science? a. consistency b. coherency c. adequacy d. applicability e. communicability b. coherency 2. Literary writing, like that of Hemingway or Steinbeck, a. mythic explana- in that it attempts to explain some aspect of human experience is an example of a. mythic explanation b. material explanation c. linguistic/rhetorical explanation d. formal explana- tion e. none of the above 3. Mathematics, in so far as it attempts to provide an explanation for our experiences, is an example of a. mythic explanation b. material explanation c. linguistic/rhetorical explanation d. formal explana- tion e. none of the above 4. Modern physics, in that it attempts to provide an explanation for our experiences, is an example of a. mythic explanation b. material explanation c. linguistic/rhetorical explanation d. formal explana- tion e. none of the above 5. Our experience of nature is related to physics in the same way that religion is related to a. metaphysics b. philosophy c. science d. theology e. culture 6. Persons associated with the 'Psychological Revolu- tion' that separated 'sciences of the mind' from phi- losophy are tion d. formal explana- tion b. material expla- nation d. theology b. Jung, Freud and Adler a. Origin, Adler and Copernicus b. Jung, Freud and Adler c. Tertullian, de Saussure and Freud d. Galileo, Au- gustine and Bloomfield e. de Saussure, Copernicus and Chomsky 7. A scientist has developed a scientific theory which does not allow for the inclusion of new information or data; the theory is such that it cannot account for this new information or data. Which criterion of good thinking/philosophy has been violated? a. consistency b. coherency c. adequacy d. applicability e. communicability 8. Which of the following is true? a. Plato and Aristotle both were rationalist b. Plato was a rationalist and Aristotle was an empiricist c. Plato was an empiricist and Aristotle was a ratio- nalist d. Plato and Aristotle both were empiricists e. none of the above 9. For which type of explanation are consistency and coherency NOT essential criteria? a. mythic b. material c. linguistic/rhetorical d. formal e. efficient 10. Socrates believed that wisdom is a. dogmatic certainty b. knowledge about how to be successful in public life c. teaching others what you know d. being aware of one's own ignorance e. all of the above 11. Which of the following statements violates the law of non-contradiction? a. It is either cloudy or raining. b. This circle is square. c. My new car is black and white. d. If I love wisdom, c. adequacy b. Plato was a ra- tionalist and Aris- totle was an em- piricist a. mythic d. being aware of one's own igno- rance b. This circle is square. then I cannot love Lucy. e. Either a statement is true, or it is false. 12. Persons associated with the 'Scientific Revolution' that separated 'exact sciences' from philosophy are a. Galileo, Copernicus and Freud b. Augustine, Adler and Bloomfield c. Galileo, Copernicus and Newton d. Jung, Tertullian and de Saussure e. Freud, Origin and Copernicus 13. Persons associated with the 'Theological Revolution' that separated 'god talk' from philosophy are a. Tertullian, Galileo, and Origin b. Galileo, Freud, and de Saussure c. Origin, Augustine and Adler d. Copernicus, Augus- tine and Chomsky e. Augustine, Tertullian and Origin 14. Persons associated with the Linguistic Revolution that separated 'sciences of language' from philoso- phy are a. Newton, Origin and Adler b. de Saussure, Chomsky and Bloomfield c. Copernicus, Newton and Tertullian d. Freud, Coper- nicus and Augustine e. Jung, de Saussure and Origin 15. Philosophy is distinguished from the other sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology, sociology, and anthropology because philosophy a. is a meta-science b. is mother to the other sciences c. is the critical evaluator of the sciences d. all of the above e. none of the above 16. Which type of explanation is best associated with Plato? a. mythic b. material c. Galileo, Coper- nicus and Newton e. Augustine, Ter- tullian and Origin b. de Saus- sure, Chomsky and Bloomfield d. all of the above d. formal c. linguistic/rhetorical d. formal e. none of the above 17. Prior to the rise of Western Philosophy, our intellec- tual culture was dominated by a. scientific thought and writing b. no thinking at all c. Christian thought and writing d. mythic thinking and writing e. none of the above 18. The Greek word ±¾ax¹¿ioÂs)( means a. worthwhile b. truthful c. ugly d. meaningful e. forbidden 19. The Greek word ÆpÅhÃus¹Âis() means a. supernatural world b. subnatural world c. true belief d. natural world e. understanding 20. The Greek word »¿lo³¿gÂos() means a. word b. truth c. understanding d. god e. wisdom 21. The Greek word ¿½onÄto¿sÂ) (means a. wisdom b. truth c. justice d. happiness e. being 22. The Greek word Ãs¿oÆp¹h±ia() means a. truth b. love c. understanding d. happiness e. wisdom 23. The one-world interpretation of Plato's theory of forms understands the forms to be a. the meanings found in discourse b. subsistent re- alities existing independent of discourse c. archetypes found in another "plane" of reality d. a) d. mythic thinking and writing a. worthwhile d. natural world a. word e. being e. wisdom a. the meanings found in discourse and b) e. b) and c) 24. The philosophical study of values is a. epistemology b. aesthetics c. metaphysics d. ethics e. axiology 25. The pre-Socratic philosophers were primarily con- cerned with a. language b. ethical values c. the cosmos d. politics e. the gods 26. The Sophists shifted the focus of philosophy/science away from the cosmos to the human person because a. the pre-Socratics did not find a unified Urstoff b. they recognized the importance of language in the constitution of the world/reality c. they understood that meaning and understanding were rooted in "who we are" d. all of the above e. none of the above 27. The theological revolution split what was previously considered to be the domain of philosophy by sepa- rating philosophy from speech about a. language and its structure b. the human mind or intellect c. nature and the natural world d. the gods e. all of the above 28. The two-world interpretation of Plato's theory of forms understands the forms to be a. the meanings found in discourse b. subsistent re- alities existing independent of discourse c. archetypes found in another "plane" of reality d. a) and b) e. b) and c) e. axiology c. the cosmos d. all of the above d. the gods e. b) and c) 29. The word philosophy comes from a. the Latin roots meaning 'mother of sciences' b. the Latin roots meaning 'inventor of ideas' c. the Latin roots meaning 'seeker of love' d. the Greek roots meaning 'finder of truth' e. the Greek roots meaning 'lover of wisdom' 30. A cognitive relativist would argue that a. there are no universally true knowledge claims b. there are no universally true moral claims c. there are no universally true aesthetic claims d. all of the above e. none of the above 31. Accounts of the origin of the universe found in the Bible, Hindu scriptures, and other religious text (like the writings of Hesiod) are examples of a. mythic explanation b. material explanation c. linguistic/rhetorical explanation d. formal explana- tion e. none of the above 32. Applicability is the criterion for good philosophy that states a. the various parts of a theory should "hang togeth- er" or work in unison b. the various parts of a theory should not be logically contradictory c. a theory should refer to conscious human experi- ence d. a theory should be able to incorporate new data or experiences e. that the theory should be articulated in such a way that others can understand it and critique it 33. Aristotle recognized that if 'something' existed then a. it could exist independent of a principle which de- fined it b. it could not exist independent of a principle which defined it c. it must be made up of atoms and sub-atomic parti- e. the Greek roots meaning 'lover of wisdom' a. there are no universally true knowledge claims a. mythic explana- tion c. a theory should refer to con- scious human ex- perience b. it could not exist independent of a principle which de- fined it cles d. all of the above e. none of the above 34. Aristotle's (prima facie) belief that 'reality is prior to language' does NOT mean a. things exist without any definition b. things can exist because the Christian God made them c. things are dependent upon human language d. all of the above e. none of the above 35. Coherency is the criterion for good philosophy that states a. the various parts of a theory should "hang togeth- er" or work in unison b. the various parts should not be logically contradic- tory c. a theory should refer to conscious human experi- ence d. a theory should be able to incorporate new data or experiences e. that the theory should be articulated in such a way that others can understand it and critique it 36. Who claimed "All things are composed of water"? a. Homer b. Thales c. Protagoras d. Socrates e. Plato 37. Which branch of philosophy would include the follow- ing type of discussion: If 'All humans are mortal' and 'Socrates is a human' then if follows that 'Socrates is mortal.' This must be true because if ''x' is 'y'' and ''z' is 'x'' then necessarily ''z' is 'y''. a. metaphysics b. epistemology c. philosophical theology d. ethics e. logic 38. Which branch of philosophy would include the fol- lowing type of discussion: The conditions of knowing d. all of the above a. the various parts of a theory should "hang to- gether" or work in unison b. Thales e. logic d. epistemology entail a relationship between the subject (the knower) and the object (the known) in such a manner that there exists a 'distance' or separateness between the subject and object. a. metaphysics b. ethics c. social and political philosophy d. epistemology e. philosophical anthropology 39. Which branch of philosophy would include the fol- lowing type of discussion: The fundamental building block of all reality is matter/energy, which can neither be created nor destroyed. All individual things arise from matter/energy, are composed of it, and 'return' to it upon their demise. a. epistemology b. ethics c. aesthetics d. cosmology e. ontology 40. Which branch of philosophy would include the fol- lowing type of discussion: The fundamental question has always been the question of existence: what does it mean 'to exist' or 'to be'? Equally important, what does it mean to say something 'does not exist'? a. aesthetics b. ethics c. ontology d. logic e. philosophical anthropology 41. Which branch of philosophy would include the fol- lowing type of discussion: One ought act only in accordance with that rule which one can will to be uni- versalized - to never treat persons as merely means to an end, but as an end in themselves. a. epistemology b. ontology c. logic d. metaphysics e. ethics 42. Communicability is the criterion for good philosophy that states a. the various parts of a theory should "hang togeth- er" or work in unison d. cosmology c. ontology e. ethics e. that the theory should be articu- lated in such a way that others can un- b. the various parts of a theory should not be logically contradictory c. a theory should refer to conscious human experi- ence d. a theory should be able to incorporate new data or experiences e. that the theory should be articulated in such a way that others can understand it and critique it 43. Consistency is the criterion for good philosophy that states a. the various parts of a theory should "hang togeth- er" or work in unison b. the various parts should not be logically contradic- tory c. a theory should refer to conscious human experi- ence d. a theory should be able to incorporate new data or experiences e. that the theory should be articulated in such a way that others can understand it and critique it 44. Who claimed "The human person is the measure of all things, of all things great and small, in that they are and in that they are not"? a. Homer b. Thales c. Protagoras d. Socrates e. Aristotle 45. The method of empiricism argues that a..knowledge arises from reason alone b. knowledge arises from sense data and reason c. knowledge arises from sense data d. knowledge is given by the gods e. knowledge is impossible 46. Evocative language attempts to a. provide an account of our experiences b. provide the causes for our experiences c. induce a paradigm shift (cause us to see our world derstand it and cri- tique it a. the various parts of a theory should "hang to- gether" or work in unison c. Protagoras c. knowledge aris- es from sense data c. induce a para- digm shift (cause us to see our world differently) differently) d. a) and b) above e. a) and c) above 47. Explanatory language attempts to a. provide an account of our experiences b. provide the causes for our experiences c. induce a paradigm shift (cause us to see our world differently) d. a) and b) above e. a) and c) above 48. Heidegger argues that "the world mirrors language" because a. 'things' are always a function of meaning and dis- course b. he was committed to an empirical doctrine of sense perception c. 'things/reality' do not exist independent of lan- guage (principle of definiteness) whatsoever d. a) and b) e. a) and c) 49. Heidegger's view of language is that a. it is not essential to the existence of a thing b. most things exist without a principle that gives them definition c. human languages such as French or Korean are the only types of language d. before any language (principle of definition) there must have been a person(s) who constructed it e. none of the above 50. Which type of explanation of reality is best associat- ed with Homer? a. mythic b. material c. linguistic/rhetorical d. formal e. none of the above 51. The rational inquiry into 1st principles or founda- tional principles (questions of the ultimate ground of reality) is b. provide the causes for our ex- periences e. a) and c) e. none of the above a. mythic d. Metaphysics a. Ethics b. Logic c. Aesthetics d. Metaphysics e. Epistemology 52. The study of the form of valid arguments or good reasoning (such as All P's are Q's. All Q's are S's. Therefore, All P's are S's.) is under which branch of philosophy? a. Metaphysics b. Epistemology c. Ethics d. Philosophical Theology e. Logic 53. Following the text found in the Christian Scriptures known as the Gospel of John (specifically the pro- logue of the Gospel), one could say a. 'god' has a language b. 'god' is prior to language c. 'god' has no connection to language d. 'god' is language e. none of the above 54. The argument for a concept of atoms or gods that does not allow room for variants or new experiences or information fails which criterion of good think- ing/philosophy/science? a. consistency b. coherency c. adequacy d. applicability e. communicability 55. The belief that "x is blue" and "x is not blue" at the same time and in the same respect fails which criterion of good thinking/philosophy/science? a. consistency b. coherency c. adequacy d. applicability e. communicability 56. The discussion of a "parallel universe" which is be- yond/disconnected from the world of our conscious experience fails which criterion of good thinking/phi- e. Logic d. 'god' is lan- guage c. adequacy a. consistency d. applicability losophy/science? a. consistency b. coherency c. adequacy d. applicability e. communicability 57. Which type of explanation is best associated with Protagoras (a Sophist)? a. mythic b. material c. linguistic/rhetorical d. formal e. none of the above 58. Rationalism is a theory that states a. all knowledge is absolute and given by God b. all knowledge arises from sense experience c. all knowledge arises from reason alone d. all knowl- edge is relative and error prone e. all knowledge arises from reason and sense expe- rience 59. Which of the following types of explanation is shown to be false by scientific explanation? a. mythic explanations b. material explanations d. linguistic/rhetorical explanations d. formal expla- nations e. none of the above 60. Socrates held to the doctrine of Ethical Intellectual- ism that entailed a. if you do the good you will know that it is good b. knowledge and action are not related to each other c. good actions are dependent on the situation (rela- tive) d. only the intellectuals and philosophers were ethical e. if you know the good you will do it 61. Which type of explanation is best associated with Socrates? a. mythic b. material c. linguistic/rhetorical d. formal e. none of the above c. linguistic/rhetor- ical c. all knowledge arises from rea- son alone e. none of the above e. if you know the good you will do it d. formal 62. Socrates' reacted to the Sophists by a. accepting the fundamental role of language b. ac- cepting the established gods c. rejecting the apparent relativism of values d. a) and c) e. b) and c) 63. Aristotle stated that philosophical inquiry begins with a. power b. wonder c. conflict d. wealth e. revelation 64. Which division of philosophy explores the differ- ences between knowledge and opinion? a. aesthetics b. epistemology c. logic d. ethics e. metaphysics 65. 'The law of non-contradiction' states: a. some statements might be both true and false at the same time b. some statements are necessarily true and false at the same time c. any statement could be interpreted as being true and false at the same time d. no statement can be true and false at the same time e. no statement can be true or false at the same time 66. Which perspective argues that 'rationality' is what a particular social group with power values? a. foundationalist b. rationalist c. empiricist d. constructivist e. irrationalist 67. Bertrand Russell argues that philosophy is valuable because it allows one to a. provide clearly defined answers to most questions b. debate and defeat opponents with good debating d. a) and c) b. wonder b. epistemology d. no statement can be true and false at the same time d. constructivist e. none of the above skills c. attune oneself with the eternal truths found in God d. all of the above e. none of the above 68. A constructivist would argue: a. all claims about rationality are culturally biased b. belief in foundational self-evident truths of rational- ity can be justified c. all understandings of rationality are of equal value (relativism) d. all of the above e. none of the above 69. The 'fact-value' distinction that radically separated 'facts' (the 'sciences') from 'values' (the emotive or sentiment aspects of human experience) emerged a. in Ancient times (6th century B.C. - 300 AD) with the rise of philosophy b. in Medieval times (300 AD - 1500) with the rise of theology c. in Modern times () with the rise of the sciences of measurement d. in the Contemporary period () with the rise of industrialization e. in the Contemporary period (1950 - present) with the rise of the technological revolution 70. According to the Socratic tradition, Protagoras is as- sociated with a. universalism b. contextualism c. absolutism d. positivism e. relativism 71. The Intellectual Revolution in the 1st - 3rd centuries AD focused on a. the meaning of Urstoff b. the history of human consciousness c. the structure of language d. the nature of the cos- a. all claims about rationality are cul- turally biased c. in Modern times () with the rise of the sci- ences of measure- ment e. relativism e. the Judeo-Christian god mos e. the Judeo-Christian god 72. A good philosophical theory does NOT need to e. make sense to a. have its parts "hang together" or work in unison b. everybody avoid logical contradictions c. refer to conscious human experience d. be able to incorporate new data or experiences e. make sense to everybody 73. Etymologies can be helpful in providing a definition of a word in spite of the fact that a. no one knows what the etymologies of words b. no one knows what the word etymology means c. the first meaning of a word is the most useful definition d. the meanings of words change over time e. none of the above 74. Which type of explanation is best associated with Thales? a. mythic b. material c. linguistic/rhetorical d. formal e. none of the above 75. The 'exact' science revolution split what was previ- ously considered to be the domain of philosophy by separating philosophy from speech about a. language and its structure b. the human mind and intellect c. the nature and the natural world d. the gods e. all of the above 76. Which branch of philosophy is considered to be the preparation for the rest of philosophy/science? a. Metaphysics b. Epistemology c. Cosmology d. Logic e. Ethics 77. The critical aspect of philosophical method entails a. a negative attitude towards religious beliefs d. the meanings of words change over time b. material c. the nature and the natural world d. Logic e. an investigation into the presuppo- b. a positive attitude towards all science c. that the starting place for philosophy is conscious human experience d. that all human knowledge is false e. an investigation into the presuppositions of our thinking 78. The early Pre-Socratic philosophers were searching for the Urstoff and came up with a. formal explanations such as 'the transcendent Good' b. one principle on which they all agreed c. God as the basis of all reality d. material explana- tions such as 'water' and 'fire' e. no answers at all 79. The father of Western Philosophy is a. Socrates b. Plato c. Thales d. all of the above e. Homer 80. Which branch of philosophy would include the fol- lowing type of discussion: The fundamental or first principles which lay at the bases of all reality can readily be seen as involving both permanence and change; one might reasonably argue that all things change, and at the same time reasonably argue that all reality remains the same. a. social and political b. ethics c. logic d. epistemology e. metaphysics 81. Which branch of philosophy would include the fol- lowing type of discussion: The question of the im- mortality of the human mind or soul is necessarily connected to one's understanding of the relationship of the soul to the human body - is this relationship necessary? a. philosophical theology b. aesthetics c. logic d. philosophical anthropology e. cosmology sitions of our think- ing d. material expla- nations such as 'water' and 'fire' c. Thales e. metaphysics d. philosophical theology 82. Which branch of philosophy would include the follow- ing type of discussion: To properly understand the meaning of deity, one must first distinguish been the essence or nature of deity and the existence of de- ity. Without separating these two features questions about the divine become hopelessly muddled. a. philosophical theology b. cosmology c. epistemology d. philosophical anthropology e. ontology 83. Foundationalists often respond to the anti-founda- tionalists by arguing that . a. the anti-foundationalists' claim that "there are ab- solute objective standards of rationality" is false b. the anti-foundationalists' position amounts to rel- ativism c. anti-foundationalists support a position of ethno- centric imperialism d. the anti-foundationalists cannot produce the self-evident sources of rationality they claim exist e. none of the above 84. Which is the correct order? a. Plato taught Socrates, who taught Aristotle b. Socrates taught Plato, who taught Aristotle c. Socrates taught Aristotle, who taught Plato d. Aris- totle taught Plato, who taught Socrates e. none of the above 85. Someone believes that there is a being who knows the future as determined fact (the future is deter- mined) AND believes that human beings are free to shape their undetermined future (the future is not determined). Which criterion of good thinking/philos- ophy has been violated? a. consistency b. coherency c. adequacy d. applicability e. communicability a. philosophical theology b. the anti-founda- tionalists' position amounts to rela- tivism b. Socrates taught Plato, who taught Aristotle ... 86. The belief that there exists one and only one 'god' (traditional monotheism) is a. logically necessary b. archical thinking c. anarchical thinking d. logically impossible e. chaos theory 87. The belief that 17 + 3 = 20 (as understood by a math- ematician, not just someone who has memorized ad- dition) is a. a priori and arrived at through deduction b. a posteriori and arrived at through deduction c. a priori and arrived at through induction d. a posteriori and arrived at through induction e. none of the above 88. If there are beings which had no bodies (such as angels, gods, etc.), and they have knowledge states, what kind of knowledge would they have? a. a priori b. a posteriori c. a priori and a posteriori d. neither a priori nor a posteriori e. none of the above 89. The following is an example of ? Either it is raining or the weather is beautiful. In fact, the weather is not beautiful. Therefore, it must be raining. a. Reduction b. Abduction c. Introduction d. Induction e. Deduction 90. The method, according to Peirce which fixes belief through personal associations, learned beliefs and personal environment is a. the method of tenacity b. the method of authority c. the a priori method d. the scientific method e. the fallacious method 91. The arche paradigm involves a. a belief that truth is one and unified b. archical thinking a. a priori and ar- rived at through deduction a. a priori e. Deduction a. the method of tenacity d. all of the above b. that truth descends and our job is to discover it c. that truth is objective and exterior to our activities d. all of the above e. none of the above 92. The following is an example of . Everyone experiences a world of things (trees, hous- es, horses, etc.). I propose the hypothesis that 'there exists a god which must be the cause of this world of things'. a. Reduction b. Abduction c. Retroduction d. Induction e. Deduction 93. Peirce states that the fixation of belief by the 'en- visioning' of an intuition or an insight which is not dependent on sense experience is a. the method of tenacity b. the method of authority c. the a priori method d. the scientific method e. the fallacious method 94. According to Peirce what does doubt cause us to experience? a. loneliness b. irritation c. hopelessness d. happiness e. none of the above 95. Truth is dependent on method because a. all truth is contextual and method provides the context b. any truth derives its meaningfulness from within its methodological context c. a truth is always related to the axioms and rules that have generated it d. all of the above e. none of the above 96. The phenomenological aspect of philosophical method entails a. a negative attitude towards religious beliefs b. Abduction c. the a priori method b. irritation d. all of the above c. that the start- ing place for phi- losophy is con- b. a positive attitude towards all science c. that the starting place for philosophy is conscious human experience d. that all human knowledge is false e. an investigation into the presuppositions of our thinking 97. The terminus a quo of a method is a. the starting point b. the rules, procedures c. the ending point d. all of the above e. none of the above 98. If one were to fix a belief, according to Peirce, by ongoing communication and inclusion of all aspects of human experience, they would be using which of the following methods? a. tenacity b. authority c. a priori d. scientific e. none of the above 99. Which of the following is not an example of 'proposi- tional truth'? a. 'The grass is green in spring' within the method of everyday perception and color determination b. '2+2=4' within the method of mathematics c. 'Kansas City is in Missouri' within the method of contemporary mapmaking and direction given d. 'God created the world in six days, resting on the seventh' within the method of the Judeo-Christian scriptures e. 'All human persons have souls' within the method of contemporary biology 100. If the word 'prove' or 'proof' means that one has mere- ly shown the 'reasonableness' or 'probableness' of a particular belief (as opposed to it being a necessary truth), then one is most likely operating in an a. a priori/deductive method b. a posteriori/deductive method c. a priori/inductive method d. a posteriori/inductive scious human ex- perience a. the starting point d. scientific e. 'All human per- sons have souls' within the method of contemporary biology d. a posteriori/in- ductive method method e. none of the above 101. For Peirce, the scientific method is the ideal method because a. that is what we use in physics b. it cannot be used in theology c. it uses both logic and observation d. it places logic in a role second to observation e. the scientific method is not the 'best' method ac- cording to Peirce 102. Which of the following is an example of an a priori statement? a. If 'x' and 'y' are identical in all respects, then they are the same thing (x=y). b. Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen c. Either 'it is the case that it is raining' or 'it is not the case that it is raining'; (p v ~p) d. a) and c) e. b) and c) 103. The following is an example of . Each time a black cat crosses my path, something bad happens to me. Therefore, as a general rule the crossing of my path by black cats causes something bad to happen. a. Reduction b. Abduction c. Retroduction d. Induction e. Deduction 104. An a posteriori statement is one which a. the meaning of the predicate is found in the mean- ing of the subject b. the meaning of the predicate is not found in the meaning of the subject c. the meaning is independent of sense data collec- tion d. the meaning is dependent upon sense data collec- c. it uses both logic and observation d. a) and c) d. Induction d. the meaning is dependent upon sense data collec- tion tion e. none of the above 105. A propositional truth is a. always an axiom b. sometimes an axiom c. never an axiom d. has nothing to do with methods and axioms e. none of the above 106. Heidegger argues that "the world mirrors language" because a. 'things' are always a function of meaning and dis- course b. he was committed to an empirical doctrine of sense perception c. 'things/reality' do not exist independent of lan- guage (principle of definiteness) whatsoever d. a) and b) e. a) and c) 107. The philosophical study of knowledge is a. epistemology b. ethics c. metaphysics d. aesthetics e. axiology 108. Which branch of philosophy would include the fol- lowing type of discussion: One ought act only in accordance with that rule which one can will to be uni- versalized - to never treat persons as merely means to an end, but as an end in themselves. a. epistemology b. ontology c. logic d. metaphysics e. ethics 109. The linguistic revolution split what was previously considered to be the domain of philosophy by sep- arating philosophy from speech about a. language and its structure b. the human mind and intellect c. never an axiom e. a) and c) a. epistemology e. ethics a. language and its structure c. nature and the natural world d. the gods e. all of the above 110. Which of the following people thought that loving wisdom involved gaining knowledge about the phys- ical universe by carefully investigating the nature of physical things? a. Pre-Socratic philosophers b. Socrates c. Sophists d. Wiscians e. Mythic writers 111. Metaphysics deals with which of the following ques- tions? a. What is beauty? b. What is truly real? c. What is truth? d. What is morally good? e. What is really true? 112. Anti-foundationalists often criticize foundationalism because . a. foundationalists have failed to agree about what ex- actly constitute transcultural foundational principles b. foundationalists support cognitive relativism c. foundationalism is free from contradiction d. all of the above e. none of the above 113. Foundationalists often respond to the anti-founda- tionalists by arguing that . a. the anti-foundationalists' claim that "there are ab- solute objective standards of rationality" is false b. the anti-foundationalists' position amounts to rel- ativism c. anti-foundationalists support a position of ethno- centric imperialism d. the anti-foundationalists cannot produce the self-evident sources of rationality they claim exist e. none of the above 114. The science of chemistry attempts to describe and explain the fundamental character of a particular di- a. Pre-Socratic philosophers b. What is truly real? a. foundationalists have failed to agree about what exactly constitute transcultural foun- dational principles b. the anti-founda- tionalists' position amounts to rela- tivism a. Cosmology mension of the natural world (chemical properties, re- lations, interactions, etc.). Chemistry is part of which branch of philosophy? a. Cosmology b. Philosophical Anthropology c. Ethics d. Metaphysics e. Social and Political Philosophy 115. One of Aristotle's definition of the human person was 'the human being is..... a. a bio-chemical complex b. an emotional being c. a physical entity d. a gift from God e. a rational animal 116. Which branch of philosophy explores the meaning or nature of the beautiful and the sublime? a. ethics b. aesthetics c. philosophical anthropology d. metaphysics e. logic 117. For which type of explanation are consistency and coherency NOT essential criteria? a. mythic b. material c. linguistic/rhetorical d. formal e. efficient 118. One way to get out of the dilemma of ethnocentric im- perialism versus a kind of "anything goes" relativism is to . a. expand our conversation with others who may hold differing views b. insist that we are right and all others wrong c. bring in a third party to mediate d. admit that any view is as right as any other e. all of the above 119. Mathematics, in so far as it attempts to provide an explanation for our experiences, is an example of a. mythic explanation b. material explanation c. linguistic/rhetorical explanation d. formal explana- e. a rational animal b. aesthetics a. mythic a. expand our con- versation with oth- ers who may hold differing views d. formal explana- tion tion e. none of the above 120. The Greek word ÆpÅhÃus¹Âis() means a. supernatural world b. subnatural world c. true belief d. natural world e. understanding 121. The study of the nature of belief and its relationship to knowledge and opinion as well as the evidence for belief is under which branch of philosophy? a. Ethics b. Metaphysics c. Epistemology d. Philosophical Anthropology e. Aesthetics 122. Which branch of philosophy would include the follow- ing type of discussion: A work of art is an instantia- tion of the transcendent reality of beauty, capturing in a bodily form the harmony of eternal truth and goodness. a. metaphysics b. aesthetics c. logic d. epistemology e. philosophical anthropology 123. Socrates believed that wisdom is a. dogmatic certainty b. knowledge about how to be successful in public life c. teaching others what you know d. being aware of one's own ignorance e. all of the above 124. The Intellectual Revolution in the 16th and 17th cen- turies focused on a. the structure of the human mind b. the logical analysis of formal reasoning c. the measurable cosmos d. the concept of God e. the role of language d. natural world c. Epistemology b. aesthetics d. being aware of one's own igno- rance c. the measurable cosmos 125. e. ethics Which branch of philosophy investigates the founda- tion of and ability to universalize moral claims? a. logic b. aesthetics c. cosmology d. metaphysics e. ethics 126. The mathematical truth 2+2=4 would be what kind of truth? a. axiomatic and a priori b. derived and a priori c. axiomatic and a posteriori d. derived and a poste- riori e. none of the above 127. Within the methodology of Judeo-Christianity, the ax- iomatic claim 'God exists' is....... a. a meaningless expression or a disclosive speech act (not within the given method) b. a non-belief speech act (lacks either sentential form or appropriate response) c. a non-propositional belief speech act (lacks truth-value) d. a knowledge propositional belief speech act (sec- ond knowledge, justified and true) e. an opinion propositional belief speech act (lacks either justification, truth or both) 128. Someone who would propose that knowledge is not possible at all is a a. common-sense skeptic b. methodical skeptic c. absolute skeptic d. relative skeptic e. theoretical skeptic 129. The pragmatic theory of truth accepts the notion that a. we have direct access to things-in-themselves (re- ality independent of conscious subjects) b. each belief is true or false independent of other beliefs held to be true c. truth is impossible to obtain, there for we should not worry about it b. derived and a priori c. a non-propo- sitional belief speech act (lacks truth-value) c. absolute skeptic e. none of the above d. all truths are a posteriori e. none of the above 130. Within the methodology of 'every day direction giv- ing', 'Missouri is north of Iowa' is.... a. a meaningless expression or a disclosive speech act (not within the given method) b. a non-belief speech act (lacks either sentential form or appropriate response) c. a non-propositional belief speech act (lacks truth-value) d. a knowledge propositional belief speech act (sec- ond knowledge, justified and true) e. an opinion propositional belief speech act (lacks either justification, truth or both) 131. If it is more reasonable to believe 'p' than it is to withhold from 'p', then 'p' is a. certain b. obvious c. evident d. beyond reasonable doubt e. probable 132. All speech acts a. are utterances b. have meaning c. are part of a language d. all of the above e. none of the above 133. If someone holds that it is true that "There is a wall which I perceive and it exists independent of my per- ception of it"; they would be believing in what kind of truth? a. axiomatic and a priori b. derived and a priori c. axiomatic and a posteriori d. derived and a poste- riori e. none of the above 134. A belief which is 'probable for a given subject would be one which? a. Bp > B~p b. Bp > B~p c. a non-propo- sitional belief speech act (lacks truth-value) d. beyond reason- able doubt d. all of the above d. derived and a posteriori probable c. Bp > Wp d. Bp > Wp e. Bp > Wq 135. Which of the following philosophers is traditionally associated with absolute skepticism? a. Socrates b. Plato c. Thales d. Heraclitus e. Pyrrho 136. Someone who suspends judgment about some things at one time or another is a a. common-sense skeptic b. methodical skeptic c. absolute skeptic d. relative skeptic e. theoretical skeptic 137. Someone who doubts a proposed hypothesis to ex- plain some phenomena in order to pursue further investigation and testing of that hypothesis is a a. common-sense skeptic b. methodical skeptic c. absolute skeptic d. relative skeptic e. theoretical skeptic 138. Within the methodology of mathematics, '2+2=17' is...... a. a meaningless expression or a disclosive speech act (not within the given method) b. a non-belief speech act (lacks either sentential form or appropriate response) c. a non-propositional belief speech act (lacks truth-value) d. a knowledge propositional belief speech act (sec- ond knowledge, justified and true) e. an opinion propositional belief speech act (lacks either justification, truth or both) 139. A position which argues that one should not accept any statement or belief unless one has good justifi- cation to support its truth is called . a. a priorism b. a posteriorism a. Socrates d. relative skeptic b. methodical skeptic e. an opinion propositional be- lief speech act (lacks either jus- tification, truth or both) d. verificationism c. pragmatism d. verificationism e. evidentialism 140. If a belief (say 'p') is NOT Beyond Reasonable Doubt for a conscious subject then a. denying 'p' is at least as reasonable as believing 'p' b. believing 'p' is more reasonable than denying 'p' c. withholding from 'p' is at least as reasonable as believing 'p' d. believing '~p' is more reasonable than denying 'p' e. withholding from '~p' is more reasonable that be- lieving 'p' 141. A belief which is not obvious for a given subject, could NOT be which of the following? a. probable b. beyond reasonable doubt c. evident d. in the clear to believe e. certain 142. Which of the following symbolic expressions signi- fies 'believing in speech act p'? a. Bp b. B~p c. ~Bp d. ~Bp * ~B~p e. Bp * B~p 143. The logical truth A=A (principle of identity) is what kind of truth? a. axiomatic and a priori b. derived and a priori c. axiomatic and a posteriori d. derived and a poste- riori e. none of the above 144. A self-presenting state claim (for the conscious sub- ject making the claim) has which of the following as its maximum epistemic justification level? a. obvious b. certain c. probable d. beyond reasonable doubt e. evident c. withholding from 'p' is at least as reasonable as be- lieving 'p' e. certain a. Bp a. axiomatic and a priori b. certain 145. 145. If a belief is certain for a conscious subject then the belief is a. not obvious b. not evident c. not beyond reasonable doubt d. not probable e. not counterbalanced 146. Which of the following symbolic expressions signi- fies 'denying in speech act p'? (B = believing; p = a particular speech act; ~ = not; * = and). a. Bp b. ~Bp c. B~p d. ~Bp * ~B~p e. Bp * B~p 147. Deutere episteme or second knowledge is a. derivative within a methodology b. always true within a methodology c. always justified within a methodology d. all of the above e. none of the above 148. Within the methodology of the physical sciences, the assumed claim that 'matter/energy exists' is........ a. a meaningless expression or a disclosive speech act (not within the given method) b. a non-belief speech act (lacks either sentential form or appropriate response) c. a non-propositional belief speech act (lacks truth-value) d. a knowledge propositional belief speech act (sec- ond knowledge, justified and true) e. an opinion propositional belief speech act (lacks either justification, truth or both) 149. If a proposition is beyond reasonable doubt for a subject, then which of the following other epistemic states would be fulfilled/achieved? a. certain b. evident c. obvious d. probable e. none of the above e. not counterbal- anced c. B~p d. all of the above c. a non-propo- sitional belief speech act (lacks truth-value) d. probable 150. If believing in 'p' is more reasonable than withholding from any proposition, then 'p' is for that conscious subject. a. certain b. obvious c. evident d. beyond reasonable doubt e. probable 151. We have truth when the meaning of a speech act matches the reality of the object-in-itself to which the speech act refers. This method for truth-finding is called the a. correspondence theory of truth b. teleological the- ory of truth c. coherence theory of truth d. intuitional theory of truth e. pragmatic theory of truth 152. If a proposition is just obvious for a subject, which of the following epistemic states would NOT be ful- filled/achieved? a. in the clear to believe b. probable c. beyond reasonable doubt d. evident e. certain 153. We have truth when a group of speech acts success- fully work together (regardless of reference to objects or reality). This method of truth-finding is called the a. correspondence theory of truth b. teleological the- ory of truth c. coherence theory of truth d. intuitional theory of truth e. pragmatic theory of truth 154. Prote episteme or first knowledge is a. foundational but not certain b. not foundational and not certain c. not foundational but certain d. foundational and certain e. none of the above b. obvious a. correspon- dence theory of truth e. certain c. coherence theo- ry of truth d. foundational and certain 155. If one were to believe that a belief claim is true be- cause its meaning matches the reality (independent of the conscious subject), they would be arguing truth based on a. correspondence theory of truth b. eschatological theory of truth c. coherence theory of truth d. teleological theory of truth e. pragmatic theory of truth 156. A disposition a. lacks articulation in language b. is not a speech act c. has no meaning d. all of the above e. none of the above 157. Belief speech acts a. are sentential and elicit a particular response b. are never sentential and elicit a particular re- sponse c. are sometimes sentential and elicit a particular response d. are sentential and never elicit a particular re- sponse e. are sentential and sometimes elicit a particular response a. correspon- dence theory of truth d. all of the above a. are sentential and elicit a partic- ular response 158. A belief which is 'obvious for a given subject would be b. Bp > Wq one which? (B = believing; p, q,.. = a particular speech act; ~ = not; * = and; > = more reasonable than; > = at least as reasonable a. Bp > Wp b. Bp > Wq c. Bp > Wq d. Bp > B~p e. Bp > ~Bq 159. For someone having the experience of being ap- peared to 'horse-ly', the speech act "there is appear- ing before me a horse (not implying the existence of a horse), would be what kind of truth? a. axiomatic and a priori b. derived and a priori c. axiomatic and a posteriori c. axiomatic and a posteriori d. derived and a poste- riori e. none of the above 160. Someone who would argue that all belief claims are counterbalanced by their negations (that any belief is as reasonable as its denial, and conversely) would be a a. common-sense skeptic b. methodical skeptic c. absolute skeptic d. relative skeptic e. theoretical skeptic 161. Which of the following symbolic expressions signi- fies a logical impossibility? a. Bp b. ~Bp c. B~p d. ~Bp * ~B~p e. Bp * B~p 162. The pragmatic theory of truth states a. a proposition is true when its meaning matches the meaning/structure of the object to which it refers b. a proposition is true when its meaning works well with the various other beliefs and knowledge claims that one has c. a proposition is true when its meaning is revealed through the ultimate ground of all knowledge, God d. a proposition is true when its meaning coheres with the various other beliefs and knowledge claims that one has and corresponds to the phenomenal object to which it refers e. a proposition is true when it is self-evidently given to a conscious subject 163. Rationalist theories of knowledge generally claim . a. there are no innate ideas b. the mind is a blank slate waiting to be impressed with sensations c. all knowledge is arrived at by inductive processes a. common-sense skeptic e. Bp * B~p d. a proposition is true when its meaning coheres with the various other beliefs and knowledge claims that one has and corresponds to the phenomenal ob- ject to which it refers d. knowledge has its source in rea- son d. knowledge has its source in reason e. God give us knowledge through revelation 164. A belief which is 'beyond reasonable doubt for a giv- en subject would be one which? a. Bp > Wq b. Bp > Wp c. Bp > Wq d. Bp > Wp e. Bp > B~p 165. Who wrote "The Republic?" a. Gary Kessler b. Bertrand Russell c. Christopher Phillips d. Plato e. David Wong 166. The Latin term modus tollens means: a. middle place b. potential for modulation c. travel by little horses d. method of denial e. method of affirming 167. According to Peirce, belief is like a: a. habit b. home c. cave d. blanket e. womb 168. The Principle of Non-Contradiction is usually ex- pressed as: a. A=A (A equals A) b. p v ~p (p or not p) c. P -> Q (P implies Q) d. ~(A*~A) (not [A and not A]) e. none of the above b. Bp > Wp d. Plato d. method of de- nial A. habit (maybe) d. ~(A*~A) (not [A and not A]) 169. Aristotle "Virtue, then, being of two kinds, intellectual and moral, intellectual virtue in the main owes both its birth and its growth to teaching..." 170. Who wrote: "That moral virtue is a mean, then, and in what sense it is so, and that it is a mean between two vices, the one involving excess, the other deficiency, and that it is such because its character is to aim at what is intermediate in passion's and actions. " a. Kessler b. Wong c. Socrates d. Plato e. Aristotle 171. For Russell, authentic philosophical contemplation always: a. concerns the expansion of the ego b. involves the clarification of ones own ideas as important c. enlarges the domain of the non-self d. all of the above e. none of the above 172. A aesthetic relativist would argue that: a. there are no universally true knowledge claims b. there are no universally true moral claims c. there are no universally true beauty claims d. all of the above e. none of the above 173. The Latin word religare mean: a. to write b. to stick c. to know d. to connect e. to stand 174. Which is an example of an a posteriori statement: a. the barn was painted brown by the workers. e. Aristotle c. enlarges the domain of the non-self c. there are no uni- versally true beau- ty claims d. to connect b. all bachelors are unmarried person. c. 2+2=4 d. all of the above e. some of the above 175. An a priori statement is one which: a. the meaning of the predicate is found in the mean- ing of the subject. meaning of the predicate is not found in the meaning of the subject. c. the meaning is independent of sense data collec- tion. d. the meaning is dependent on sense data collection e. none of the above 176. The Greek term phainomenon means: a. suddenly b. understanding c. happenstance d. conquest e. appearance 177. The Greek term ´¿d»o¿lÂos() means: a. love b. trickery c. foundation d. truth of the above 178. The principle of identity is a universal axiom because: a. it is used in every methodology b. it cannot be proven or disproved c. it is a proven fact of logic d. a) and b) e. b) and c) 179. The Latin term differe means: a. to think about b. to place or put c. to take together a. the barn was painted brown by the workers. c. the meaning is independent of sense data collec- tion. e. appearance b. trickery d. a) and b) e. to set apart d. to cry out or shout e. to set apart 180. The Latin term modus ponens means: a. middle place b. potential for modulating c. travel by little horses d. method of denial e. method of affirming 181. Truths arising from two completely distinct methods are: a. always contradictory b. sometimes contradictory c. never contradictory d. possibly contradictory e. necessarily contradictory 182. Logic and mathematics can deliver knowledge claims which are: a. a priori and necessarily true b. a priori and only probably true c. a posteriori and necessarily true d. a posteriori and only probably true e. none of the above 183. If it is more reasonable to believe 'p' than it is to withhold from 'p', then 'p' is: a. certain b. obvious. c. evident d. beyond reasonable doubt e. probably 184. The Latin word ration means: a. worthwhile b. relationship c. ugly d. meaningful e. forbidden e. method of af- firming c. never contradic- tory a. a priori and nec- essarily true d. beyond reason- able doubt b. relationship 185. Axiomatic truths are: a. always universal b. always regional (local methodology) c. always accepted on 'faith' d. always proved rationally e. none of the above 186. The anarche paradigm involves: a. a belief that truth is one and unified b. that truth descends and our job is to discover it c. that truth is a function of the collaborative activities of us d. all of the above e. none of the above 187. Who wrote: "No simplicity of mind, no obscurity of station, can escape the universal duty of questioning all that we believe": a. Lorraine Code b. Rene Descartes c. David Hume d. William Clifford e. William James 188. A belief which is beyond reasonable doubt for a given subject would be one which? a. Bp > Wq b. Bp >_ Wp c. Bp >_ Wq d. Bp > Wp e. Bp > B~p 189. The Latin term tenere means: a. to give away b. to understand an idea c. to move from place to place d. to have conquest over someone e. to hold, to grasp c. always accept- ed on 'faith' c. that truth is a function of the collaborative ac- tivities of us d. William Clifford NOT E e. to hold, to grasp 190. A belief which is not obvious for a given subject, could NOT be which of the following? a. probable b. beyond reasonable doubt c. evident d. in the clear to believe e. certain 191. Who wrote: "The willful adherence to a belief, and the arbitrary forcing of it upon others, must, therefore, both be given..." a. Plato b. Aristotle c. Charles Sanders Peirce d. Bertrand Russell e. Janice Moulton 192. The principle of identity is a universal axiom because: a. it is used in every methodology b. it cannot be proven or disproved c. it is proven fact of logic d. a) and b) e. b) and c) 193. Within the methodology of the physical sciences, the theoretically induced claim that 'geological evolution is a fact' is.... a. a meaningless expression or a disclosive speech act (not within the given method) b. a non-belief speech act (lacks either sentential form or appropriate response) c. a non-propositional belief speech act (lacks truth-value) d. a knowledge propositional belief speech act (sec- ond knowledge, justified and true) e. an opinion propositional belief speech act (lacks either justification, truth or both) 194. Popper argues that even scientific theories which are not currently verified are rational if: e. certain c. Charles Sanders Peirce e. b) and c) e. an opinion propositional be- lief speech act (lacks either jus- tification, truth or both) ABC a. most scientists agree that they are b. they are potentially fruitful c. it is clear that they will be empirically verified d. they are not wildly speculative e. if they are approved by the National Academy of Science 195. Who wrote: "The remainder of this essay aims to demonstrate that the historical study of paradigm change reveals very similar characteristics in the evolution of the sciences. Like the choice between competing political institutions, that between com- peting paradigms proves to be a choice between in- compatible modes of community life." a. Gary Kessler b. Karl Popper c. Thomas Kuhn d. Kwame Appiah e. Michel Foucault 196. The Latin expression ex nihilo nihil fit means: a. what comes around goes around b. change the method, change the truth c. nothing comes from nothing d. all of the above e. none of the above 197. Descartes attempts to: a. place knowledge on a secure footing b. find an existing indubitable c. develop a method for overcoming skepticism and relativism d. all of the above e. none of the above 198. The epistemological position known as evidentialism is best associated with: a. Aristotle b. John Locke c. William James c. Thomas Kuhn c. nothing comes from nothing c. d. William Clifford d. William Clifford e. Bertrand Russell 199. The Aristotelian type of cause which acts on some- thing "from the past" or which was an antecendent cause is called: a. formal cause b. final cause c. efficient cause d. material cause e. self cause 200. Standpoint theory is the idea that: a. b. each of us has a particular perspective from which to view the world c. relativism is inescapable d. all of the above e. none of the above c. efficient cause a. 201. The belief that material things are composed of atoms d. a posteriori and as held in contemporary physics is: a. a priori and arrived at through deductions b. a priori and arrived at through induction c. a posteriori and arrived at through deduction d. a posteriori and arrived at through induction e. none of the above 202. Plato's epistemology begins with the notion that: a. belief and knowledge are types of opinion b. belief and opinion are types of knowledge c. knowledge and opinion are types of belief d. belief and knowledge are identical e. knowledge and opinion are identical 203. According to Socrates, to find universal principles that explain our experiences, one must look for a. mythic explanations b. material explanations c. linguistic/rhetorical explanations arrived at through induction c. knowledge and opinion are types of belief d. formal explana- tions d. formal explanations e. none of the above 204. Adequacy is the criterion for good philosophy that states a. the various parts of a theory should "hang togeth- er" or work in unison b. the various parts of a theory should not be logically contradictory c. a theory should refer to conscious human experi- ence d. a theory should be able to incorporate new data or experiences e. that the theory should be articulated in such a way that others can understand it and critique it 205. Applicability is the criterion for good philosophy that states a. the various parts of a theory should "hang togeth- er" or work in unison b. the various parts of a theory should not be logically contradictory c. a theory should refer to conscious human experi- ence d. a theory should be able to incorporate new data or experiences e. that the theory should be articulated in such a way that others can understand it and critique it 206. Aristotle argues that "language mirrors the world/re- ality" because a. 'things' are always a function of meaning and dis- course b. he was committed to an empirical doctrine of sense perception c. 'reality/things' exist independent of an historical language (such as English, French, Greek, etc.) d. a) and c) e. b) and c) d. a theory should be able to incorpo- rate new data or experiences c. a theory should refer to con- scious human ex- perience e. b) and c) 207. Aristotle's belief that 'reality is prior to language' does NOT mean a. things exist without any definition b. things can exist because the Christian God made them c. things are dependent upon human language d. all of the above e. none of the above 208. Critical thinking involves examining a. the presuppositions of beliefs b. the consequences of beliefs c. beliefs d. a) and c) e. all of the above 209. Descriptive language attempts to a. provide an account of our experiences b. provide the causes for our experiences c. induce a paradigm shift (cause us to see our world differently) d. a) and b) above e. b) and c) above 210. When Socrates says 'the examined life is not worth living' he means that: a. one should get annual physical examinations b. only scientists understand the world c. one must go to church or temple regularly if one is to find meaning d. critical reflection of thought and action is necessary for meaning e. a good mind needs a sound body 211. According to Peirce, the immediate motive for our move from a state of doubt to a state of belief is a. direction from the gods b. our search for truth c. our desire to be good d. the irritation of doubt e. none of the above d. all of the above e. all of the above a. provide an ac- count of our expe- riences d. critical reflection of thought and ac- tion is necessary for meaning d. the irritation of doubt