Unit 14A applied science complete
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Najah Bendriss BTEC Applied Science Unit 14A
Functional group chemistry for designer molecules
P1: Explanation of the reactions of a range of carbonyl and non-carbonyl functional
group compounds.
Scheme 1: Aliphatic Compounds.
1
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Najah Bendriss BTEC Applied Science Unit 14A
Cyanohydrins – Hydroxy-amines: Reaction of benzyl aldehyde + sodium cyanide in the
presence of crown ethers in tetrahydrofuran under anhydrous conditions.
Cyanohydrins – hydroxy-acids: Reaction of potassium cyanide with an imide then
hydrolysed with a strong acid.
Aldehydes – cyanohydrins: Reacts with potassium cyanide or nitriles.
Ketones – cyanohydrins: Reacts with potassium cyanide or nitriles.
Ketones – alcohols: Reduction reaction with sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium
hydride.
Alcohols – ketones: Oxidation reaction with potassium dichromate and (concentrated)
sulphuric acid.
Alcohols – alkenes: Dehydration at temperature 180oC in (concentrated)sulphuric acid.
Alkenes – alcohols: Heat at high temperature (300oC) with phosphoric acid.
Alkenes – poly-alkenes: Reaction with presence of zeolite at low pressure of 60 ATM.
Alkenes – alkanes: Hydrogenation with nickel at temp 180oC.
Alkanes – alkenes: Cracking process at 500oC with 20 ATM.
Organisms – coal: Oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur.
Organisms – oil: This is an organic source.
Coal – alkanes: Oxidation using potassium permanganate.
Oil – alkanes: Fractional distillation at 350oC.
Alkanes – halogenoalkanes: Halogenation in UV radiation.
Halogenoalkanes – alkenes: Reaction with potassium hydroxide in alcohol during refluxing.
Alkenes – halogenoalkanes: Reactions with sodium, potassium bromide, and (concentrated)
sulphuric acid during refluxing.
Halogenoalkanes – Grignard reagents: Reactions with magnesium and diethyl ether when
refluxing.
2
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unit
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Najah Bendriss BTEC Applied Science Unit 14A
Functional group chemistry for designer molecules
P1: Explanation of the reactions of a range of carbonyl and non-carbonyl functional
group compounds.
Scheme 1: Aliphatic Compounds.
1
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Najah Bendriss BTEC Applied Science Unit 14A
Cyanohydrins – Hydroxy-amines: Reaction of benzyl aldehyde + sodium cyanide in the
presence of crown ethers in tetrahydrofuran under anhydrous conditions.
Cyanohydrins – hydroxy-acids: Reaction of potassium cyanide with an imide then
hydrolysed with a strong acid.
Aldehydes – cyanohydrins: Reacts with potassium cyanide or nitriles.
Ketones – cyanohydrins: Reacts with potassium cyanide or nitriles.
Ketones – alcohols: Reduction reaction with sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium
hydride.
Alcohols – ketones: Oxidation reaction with potassium dichromate and (concentrated)
sulphuric acid.
Alcohols – alkenes: Dehydration at temperature 180oC in (concentrated)sulphuric acid.
Alkenes – alcohols: Heat at high temperature (300oC) with phosphoric acid.
Alkenes – poly-alkenes: Reaction with presence of zeolite at low pressure of 60 ATM.
Alkenes – alkanes: Hydrogenation with nickel at temp 180oC.
Alkanes – alkenes: Cracking process at 500oC with 20 ATM.
Organisms – coal: Oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur.
Organisms – oil: This is an organic source.
Coal – alkanes: Oxidation using potassium permanganate.
Oil – alkanes: Fractional distillation at 350oC.
Alkanes – halogenoalkanes: Halogenation in UV radiation.
Halogenoalkanes – alkenes: Reaction with potassium hydroxide in alcohol during refluxing.
Alkenes – halogenoalkanes: Reactions with sodium, potassium bromide, and (concentrated)
sulphuric acid during refluxing.
Halogenoalkanes – Grignard reagents: Reactions with magnesium and diethyl ether when
refluxing.
2
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