2022
Testing for sugar,
starch, and protein
UNIT 8 ASSIGNMENT C REPORT
PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
,Table of Contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................2
WATER...............................................................................................................................................2
CARBOHYDRATES...............................................................................................................................3
Condensation and hydrolysis.........................................................................................................3
PROTEINS...........................................................................................................................................5
LIPIDS.................................................................................................................................................6
Hypothesis.............................................................................................................................................9
Apparatus..............................................................................................................................................9
Safety...................................................................................................................................................13
Method................................................................................................................................................13
Benedict’s test.................................................................................................................................13
Iodine test........................................................................................................................................14
Biuret’s test......................................................................................................................................14
Emulsion test...................................................................................................................................14
Unknown X......................................................................................................................................14
Benedict’s test.............................................................................................................................14
Iodine test....................................................................................................................................14
Biuret’s test..................................................................................................................................14
Unknown Y.......................................................................................................................................14
Results.................................................................................................................................................15
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................18
Bibliography.........................................................................................................................................18
1|Page
, Introduction
WATER
A molecule of water is made of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms
bonded together by a covalent bond. However, the sharing of the electrons is
uneven between oxygen and hydrogens atoms making oxygen slightly negative
and the hydrogens slightly positive. This also result in asymmetrical shape. This
uneven sharing is called dipole, and this causes the water to be a polar molecule.
Because of this uneven sharing it cause the molecule to form hydrogens bonds;
the positively charged end are attracts to the negative ends.
Because of this unique shape, water has many properties:
Solvent: Because water is a polar molecule many ions and covalently polar
substances will dissolve in it; allowing chemical reaction to occur in the cell
(because they are more chemically reactive when they can move freely).
Furthermore, metabolites can be transported easily.
Thermal: Water has a high specific heat capacity because of the hydrogen
bonds, and this allows water to be a suitable habitat and it has an optimal
temperature that it is maintained within cells and bodies. Water also has a high
latent heat of vaporisation that is has a big role on the body as a coolant.
Density & freezing: Density is mass divided by volume, and the water density’s is
1 kg/m3. Freezing is the process when a water turns into ice. When the heat is
lost from an object there is when freezing occur. This causes the molecule to
slow down and form tighter bonds.
2|Page
Testing for sugar,
starch, and protein
UNIT 8 ASSIGNMENT C REPORT
PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
,Table of Contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................2
WATER...............................................................................................................................................2
CARBOHYDRATES...............................................................................................................................3
Condensation and hydrolysis.........................................................................................................3
PROTEINS...........................................................................................................................................5
LIPIDS.................................................................................................................................................6
Hypothesis.............................................................................................................................................9
Apparatus..............................................................................................................................................9
Safety...................................................................................................................................................13
Method................................................................................................................................................13
Benedict’s test.................................................................................................................................13
Iodine test........................................................................................................................................14
Biuret’s test......................................................................................................................................14
Emulsion test...................................................................................................................................14
Unknown X......................................................................................................................................14
Benedict’s test.............................................................................................................................14
Iodine test....................................................................................................................................14
Biuret’s test..................................................................................................................................14
Unknown Y.......................................................................................................................................14
Results.................................................................................................................................................15
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................18
Bibliography.........................................................................................................................................18
1|Page
, Introduction
WATER
A molecule of water is made of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms
bonded together by a covalent bond. However, the sharing of the electrons is
uneven between oxygen and hydrogens atoms making oxygen slightly negative
and the hydrogens slightly positive. This also result in asymmetrical shape. This
uneven sharing is called dipole, and this causes the water to be a polar molecule.
Because of this uneven sharing it cause the molecule to form hydrogens bonds;
the positively charged end are attracts to the negative ends.
Because of this unique shape, water has many properties:
Solvent: Because water is a polar molecule many ions and covalently polar
substances will dissolve in it; allowing chemical reaction to occur in the cell
(because they are more chemically reactive when they can move freely).
Furthermore, metabolites can be transported easily.
Thermal: Water has a high specific heat capacity because of the hydrogen
bonds, and this allows water to be a suitable habitat and it has an optimal
temperature that it is maintained within cells and bodies. Water also has a high
latent heat of vaporisation that is has a big role on the body as a coolant.
Density & freezing: Density is mass divided by volume, and the water density’s is
1 kg/m3. Freezing is the process when a water turns into ice. When the heat is
lost from an object there is when freezing occur. This causes the molecule to
slow down and form tighter bonds.
2|Page
