NYSTCE Multi Subject 7-12 Part 1 Questions and Answers (Graded A)

Reading Comprehension - Answer- the ability to read text, process it, and understand its meaning Literacy - Answer- the ability to read and write Skills needed for Literacy - Answer- Phonemic Awareness Phonics Vocab Comprehension Fluency Phonemic Awareness - Answer- The ability to hear, identify,and manipulate the individual sounds, phonemes, in oral language. phoneme - Answer- in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit Grapheme - Answer- A written representation of a sound using one or more letters. Phonics - Answer- the sounds that letters make and the letters that are used to represent sounds vocabulary - Answer- the body of words used in a particular language. Fluency - Answer- smoothness of speech Semantic - Answer- emphasizes the meaning of words Syntactic - Answer- Emphasizes the order of the words. Literal Comprehension - Answer- Refers to the skills a reader uses to deal with the actual words in a text. Involves skills such as: ID the Topic Sentence Main idea important facts supporting details context clues to determine meaning sequencing events Critical Comprehension - Answer- Prior knowledge and an understanding that written material especially nonfiction is written from the authors view point Analysis of meaning Evaluation Validation Questioning Reasoning Skills Metacognition - Answer- Thinking about thinking. Awareness (Metacognition) - Answer- ID prior knowledge Defining learning goals Inventorying resources ID task requirements/evaluating standards Recognizing motivation/ anxiety levels Planning (Metacognition) - Answer- Doing time estimates Prioritizing Scheduling Study Time Check Lists Choosing Strategies Self-Monitoring (Metacognition) - Answer- What strategies/techniques work best Questioning throughout the process Consider feedback Summarization - Answer- Reviews the main point(s) of the reading selection and identifies important details. For nonfiction, a good summary will briefly describe the main points and give examples. For fiction, identify the main characters and key events. Question Generation - Answer- a good reader will constantly ask questions while reading about Comprehension Vocab Personal Connections Predictions Context Clues - Answer- words of phrases that help the reader figure out the meaning of an unknown word Synonyms - Answer- Word with the same meaning placed near unknown word Antonym - Answer- word with the opposite meaning as the unknown word is placed close by. Explanations - Answer- An obvious example is given Illustrative - Answer- explains a general statement through the use of specific examples Narrative - Answer- tells a story. like a news report. Usually chronologically. Answers: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and how Descriptive - Answer- Appeals to the 5* senses to describe a person, place, thing Process - Answer- How to do somehthing Facts - Answer- statements that can be verified through research. Evidence can be provided to prove factual statements. Opinion - Answer- personal views. Though facts can be used as support Inductive Reasoning - Answer- Using particulars to draw a general conclusion Unless all data is examined conclusions are based on probabilities Also used to make inferences about the universe Deductive Reasoning - Answer- involves general facts or premises to come to a specific conclusion. Style - Answer- manner in which a writer uses language. Affected by Dictation Word Choices Types and Extent of use of figurative language Patter of rhythm/sound Use of punctuation Tone - Answer- Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character Point of View - Answer- angle from which a story is told Similie - Answer- Comparison of 2 unlike things using "like" or "as" Metaphor - Answer- a direct comparison of two different things. WITHOUT the use of "like" or "as" Personification - Answer- is giving human characteristics to a non-human thing/idea. Synecdoche - Answer- is the use of a part of something to signify the whole Metonymy - Answer- use of one term that is closely associate with another to mean the other "Crown" Alliteration - Answer- repetition of the first sounds or stressed syllables in words in close proximity Assonance - Answer- Rep of identical or similar vowel sounds, particularly in stressed syllables in words in close proximity Parallelism - Answer- subjects objects, verbs, modifiers, phrases and clauses. Can be structured in sentences to balance one with another through a similar grammatical pattern Parallel Words - Answer- Killer behaved coldly, cruelly, and inexplicably Parallel Phrases - Answer- Praised by comrades, honored by commanders, the soldier came home a hero Parallel Clauses - Answer- "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the hills." Euphemism - Answer- "Cover-up" word that avoids the explicit meaning of an offensive or unpleasant term by substituting a a vaguer image Hyperbole - Answer- Example/phrase that exaggerates for effect "I thought I would Die" Bathos - Answer- Attempt to evoke pity sorrow, or nobility that goes overboard and becomes ridiculous. AntiClimax Oxymoron - Answer- 2 Terms that are used together for contradictory effect. "New Classic" Irony - Answer- Refers to a difference between what is/what ought to be or between what is said and what is meant Malapropis - Answer- Confusing one word with another similar sounding word Ad Hominem - Answer- Against the person. Attacks the character/behavior of a person Fiction - Answer- Presented in prose form, that is not true. Novels, TV, Theater NonFiction - Answer- lit worked based on fact. The material is true Poetry - Answer- Designed to appeal to the physical/emotional senses Short Story - Answer- Prose fiction that has the same elements as a novel, such as plot and point of view. Short story as a narrative that can be read in one sitting and limited to a single effect Round - Answer- have complex personalities just like real people. Common in longer works Flat - Answer- Display only a few personality traits, based on stereotypes. "Lazy Bums" Dynamic Characters - Answer- those that change/grow during the course of the narrative Static - Answer- Remain the same Adjective - Answer- A word that modifies or describes a noun/pronoun A green apple Adverb - Answer- A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS) - Answer- for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Used to link words, phrases, and clauses Correlative - Answer- Paired terms used to link clauses. Either/Nor, Neither/Nor, If/then Subordinating - Answer- Relate to subordinate/Dependent clauses to independent ones although because if since before after Gerund - Answer- Verb used as a noun. Most end in "ing" Infinitive - Answer- this verbal form comprised of the word to followed by the root form of a verb. Maybe used as a noun, Adj, Adverb or Absolute Noun - Answer- a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Can be used as a subject, object, complement appositive or modifier Object - Answer- This is a word or phrase that receives the action of a verb Direct Object - Answer- States to whom/what an action was committed. Answers "to what" Indirect Object - Answer- states for whom/what an action was committed Preposition - Answer- word that links a noun or pronoun to other parts of a sentence by for out to above through Prepositional Phrase - Answer- Combination of a preposition and a noun or pronoun Pronoun - Answer- A word that takes the place of a noun sentence - Answer- A group of words that expresses a complete thought Verb - Answer- a word or phrase in a sentence that expresses action Syntax - Answer- refers to the rules related to how to properly structure sentences and phrases. NOT the same as grammer simple sentence - Answer- A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause Compound Sentece - Answer- Two or more independent clauses joined by a comma and conjunction or semicolon No subordinate clause complex sentence - Answer- A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause Reading Rate - Answer- refers to teh speed at which a student reads (WPM) Prosody - Answer- the study of sound and rhythm in poetry Accuarcy (literacy) - Answer- the ability to read words correctly Automaticity - Answer- The ability to read a word correctly and instantly. Working Memory - Answer- Short-term memory that is used to temporaritly store, process, and manipulate information while engaging in a complex cognitive task. It is essential for reading comprehension, as it helps readers relate parts of a text to the whole. Task Switching - Answer- a rapid shifting of attention from one task to another and back again Mental Flexibility - Answer- Cognitive flexibility has been described as the mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts, and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously Homonyms - Answer- Two words that sound alike and are spelled alike but have different meanings.