Sameer Ali
Understand the Impact of disorders on the musculoskeletal system and their associated corrective
treatments- Unit 8 (learning aim A)
Major Subdivisions
The two major subdivisions that are in the musculoskeletal system are the axial skeleton and the
appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of 80 different types of bones. The appendicular
skeleton consists of 126 bones. The axial skeleton makes up the longitudinal axis of the skeleton which is
another word for saying the lengthways of the axis of the skeleton which consists of your head down to
your feet. It contains the cranium which is the top part of the skull combined with the mandible as well
as the maxilla which is the upper and lower jaw bones the vertebral column which is the backbone
which consists of different types of vertebrates which is the cervical, thorax, lumbar and between them
the inter vertebrate discs in addition to this the rib cage and sternum too which is the breastbone. The
appendicular skeleton is way down to your feet. It contains the cranium which is the top part of the skull
combined with the mandible as well as the maxilla which is the upper and lower jaw bones the vertebral
column which is the backbone which consists of different types of vertebrates which is the cervical,
thorax, lumbar and between them the inter vertebrate discs in addition to this the rib cage and sternum
too which is the breastbone. The appendicular skeleton is the bones that create the appendages which
are the limbs and so the limb girdles which join your limbs to the axial skeleton. (1)
Types of bones with examples
The types of bones in the musculoskeletal system are the long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular
bones, and sesamoid bones. The long bones make up the limbs and have cylinders of stiff bones which
are combined with a soft spongy marrow inside. They are wider at each end but are less wide in the
middle which makes them more solid at the joint where the bone will end up articulating with another
meaning one will move in or out. The short bones are shaped like cubes which have the same length,
width and thickness which are only in the carpels of the wrist and the tarsals of the ankles, and they give
stability, support, and a limited amount of movement. The flat bones are thin and often curved some
examples of where we have flat bones in our body are the cranium (skull bones) the scapulae (shoulder)
the sternum and the ribs. Irregular bones have different types of forms, for example, the box-shaped
vertebrate which is from the backbone. Vertebrates are strong and have marrow inside of them they
also protect the spinal cord. Facial bones are irregular bones too which have air-filled cavities inside of
them which makes them light and so are hipbones. Sesamoid bones are small bones in the tendons
which are in regions with excessive amounts of pressure. An example of a sesamoid bone is in your
kneecap (patella). (1)
The structure of the bone
The normal structure that is at the end of the bone is named epiphysis. The one in the middle of the
bone is named diaphysis which gives the most length overall to the bone. The compact bones create
about 80 percent of the bones mass. This is a hard outside layer. Then the rest of the bone is a tough
cancellous bone which is much lighter in weight and consists of bone marrow. Bone is a type of
connective tissue for example blood or cartilage osteoblasts create a bone inside of an embryo in which
the majority is created from cartlidge before it gets turned into a bone this process is called ossified. The
,epiphyses are the end of the bones. So, the hematopoietic stem cells inside the bone marrow produce
blood which surrounds the saft of the bone, the white double-layered membrane as well as the outside
layer of the bone which is surrounded by connective tissue. Bone marrow is formed by blood tissue or
red marrow which is inside of the bones as well as yellow marrow which then gets found as a storage
space for adults found in the femur, humerus, flat bones and irregular bones. The epiphysis at the end of
the bone is covered with lots of cartlidge. (2*) The two different types of bone marrow are made up of
yellow and red bone marrow. The bone marrow is where your blood cells get produced. The yellow
bone marrow helps in storing fats inside of cells which are called adipocytes. The red bone marrow is in
which the location of red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells are made. The red blood cells will
transport oxygen to the lungs and to the remaining organs that are left behind inside the body. The
white blood cells are what will fight off any infections and will make the immune system much stronger.
(2**)
Labelled diagram of the anatomy of the skeleton
(2)
Labelled diagram of the anatomy of the bone
, (3)
The function of the role of the skeletons support, leverage and movement, protection of body organs,
production of blood cells and the storage of minerals
The function of the skeleton is to allow movement, produce blood cells, protect and support organs as
well as help store minerals. Our skeleton allows us to move by supporting our body’s weight which then
allows us to stand up and move around wherever we want. Our skeleton allows us to produce blood
cells because all the bones that make up our skeleton have bone marrow inside of it so then the bone
marrow inside of our bones makes red and white blood cells. Our skeleton allows us to protect and
support organs by having a skull which shields our brain, having ribs which give protection to our heart
and lungs and having a backbone which protects our spine. Our skeleton allows us to help store minerals
by our skeleton is made up of bones and so the bones then hold our body’s supply of minerals, for
example, calcium and vitamin D. (4)
Major skeletal muscle groups and their role in body movement and a labelled diagram of the skeletal
muscle groups
The top five major skeletal muscle groups for the body are the erector spinae, latissimus dorsi, trapezius,
rhomboids and deltoid.
Skeletal muscle group name Role in the body
Erector spinae Extends (straightens a bend) the vertebrate
column.
Latissimus dorsi Adducts (brings it towards the center of the
body) extends (straightens a bend) and does a
medial rotation (movement of the limbs or
skeletal group towards the center of the body) of
the arm as well as retracting (moving away) and
depressing (pulling them down towards your
Understand the Impact of disorders on the musculoskeletal system and their associated corrective
treatments- Unit 8 (learning aim A)
Major Subdivisions
The two major subdivisions that are in the musculoskeletal system are the axial skeleton and the
appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of 80 different types of bones. The appendicular
skeleton consists of 126 bones. The axial skeleton makes up the longitudinal axis of the skeleton which is
another word for saying the lengthways of the axis of the skeleton which consists of your head down to
your feet. It contains the cranium which is the top part of the skull combined with the mandible as well
as the maxilla which is the upper and lower jaw bones the vertebral column which is the backbone
which consists of different types of vertebrates which is the cervical, thorax, lumbar and between them
the inter vertebrate discs in addition to this the rib cage and sternum too which is the breastbone. The
appendicular skeleton is way down to your feet. It contains the cranium which is the top part of the skull
combined with the mandible as well as the maxilla which is the upper and lower jaw bones the vertebral
column which is the backbone which consists of different types of vertebrates which is the cervical,
thorax, lumbar and between them the inter vertebrate discs in addition to this the rib cage and sternum
too which is the breastbone. The appendicular skeleton is the bones that create the appendages which
are the limbs and so the limb girdles which join your limbs to the axial skeleton. (1)
Types of bones with examples
The types of bones in the musculoskeletal system are the long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular
bones, and sesamoid bones. The long bones make up the limbs and have cylinders of stiff bones which
are combined with a soft spongy marrow inside. They are wider at each end but are less wide in the
middle which makes them more solid at the joint where the bone will end up articulating with another
meaning one will move in or out. The short bones are shaped like cubes which have the same length,
width and thickness which are only in the carpels of the wrist and the tarsals of the ankles, and they give
stability, support, and a limited amount of movement. The flat bones are thin and often curved some
examples of where we have flat bones in our body are the cranium (skull bones) the scapulae (shoulder)
the sternum and the ribs. Irregular bones have different types of forms, for example, the box-shaped
vertebrate which is from the backbone. Vertebrates are strong and have marrow inside of them they
also protect the spinal cord. Facial bones are irregular bones too which have air-filled cavities inside of
them which makes them light and so are hipbones. Sesamoid bones are small bones in the tendons
which are in regions with excessive amounts of pressure. An example of a sesamoid bone is in your
kneecap (patella). (1)
The structure of the bone
The normal structure that is at the end of the bone is named epiphysis. The one in the middle of the
bone is named diaphysis which gives the most length overall to the bone. The compact bones create
about 80 percent of the bones mass. This is a hard outside layer. Then the rest of the bone is a tough
cancellous bone which is much lighter in weight and consists of bone marrow. Bone is a type of
connective tissue for example blood or cartilage osteoblasts create a bone inside of an embryo in which
the majority is created from cartlidge before it gets turned into a bone this process is called ossified. The
,epiphyses are the end of the bones. So, the hematopoietic stem cells inside the bone marrow produce
blood which surrounds the saft of the bone, the white double-layered membrane as well as the outside
layer of the bone which is surrounded by connective tissue. Bone marrow is formed by blood tissue or
red marrow which is inside of the bones as well as yellow marrow which then gets found as a storage
space for adults found in the femur, humerus, flat bones and irregular bones. The epiphysis at the end of
the bone is covered with lots of cartlidge. (2*) The two different types of bone marrow are made up of
yellow and red bone marrow. The bone marrow is where your blood cells get produced. The yellow
bone marrow helps in storing fats inside of cells which are called adipocytes. The red bone marrow is in
which the location of red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells are made. The red blood cells will
transport oxygen to the lungs and to the remaining organs that are left behind inside the body. The
white blood cells are what will fight off any infections and will make the immune system much stronger.
(2**)
Labelled diagram of the anatomy of the skeleton
(2)
Labelled diagram of the anatomy of the bone
, (3)
The function of the role of the skeletons support, leverage and movement, protection of body organs,
production of blood cells and the storage of minerals
The function of the skeleton is to allow movement, produce blood cells, protect and support organs as
well as help store minerals. Our skeleton allows us to move by supporting our body’s weight which then
allows us to stand up and move around wherever we want. Our skeleton allows us to produce blood
cells because all the bones that make up our skeleton have bone marrow inside of it so then the bone
marrow inside of our bones makes red and white blood cells. Our skeleton allows us to protect and
support organs by having a skull which shields our brain, having ribs which give protection to our heart
and lungs and having a backbone which protects our spine. Our skeleton allows us to help store minerals
by our skeleton is made up of bones and so the bones then hold our body’s supply of minerals, for
example, calcium and vitamin D. (4)
Major skeletal muscle groups and their role in body movement and a labelled diagram of the skeletal
muscle groups
The top five major skeletal muscle groups for the body are the erector spinae, latissimus dorsi, trapezius,
rhomboids and deltoid.
Skeletal muscle group name Role in the body
Erector spinae Extends (straightens a bend) the vertebrate
column.
Latissimus dorsi Adducts (brings it towards the center of the
body) extends (straightens a bend) and does a
medial rotation (movement of the limbs or
skeletal group towards the center of the body) of
the arm as well as retracting (moving away) and
depressing (pulling them down towards your
