2A
Table of Contents
Introduction.......................................................................................................................1
Calibration.........................................................................................................................2
Calibrating a mass balance............................................................................................................2
Calibrating a pH probe..................................................................................................................3
Calibrating a volumetric pipette....................................................................................................4
Making a standard solution: Na2CO3..................................................................................5
What is a standard solution?..............................................................................................5
Method............................................................................................................................................................6
Standardisation of HCl.......................................................................................................7
Calculating concentration of sodium hydroxide..................................................................9
Colorimetry......................................................................................................................11
Beer-Lambert law.............................................................................................................12
Calibrating a colorimeter..................................................................................................12
Finding the concentration of an unknown sample of copper sulphate..............................12
Absorption of solutions with different concentrations: results..........................................13
Absorption of solution with unknown concentration: results............................................13
Evaluation: techniques.....................................................................................................14
Evaluation: improvements...............................................................................................14
Bibliography:....................................................................................................................15
Introduction
In this report, I'll prepare standardised solutions for titration and
colorimetry, as well as investigate the concentration of unknown solutions
1
, utilising procedures and techniques to precisely determine their
concentration. Risk assessments, calculations, tables, and graphs will be
produced for these experiments. I'll assess the precision of titration and
colorimetry procedures, as well as how we might develop our approaches
to achieve even more precise results in any of the same or similar
experiments we might conduct in the future.
Calibration
The accuracy and quality of measurements taken with a piece of
equipment is referred to as calibration. It is the process of setting up an
instrument to get a result for a sample which falls within a reasonable
range. When using specialised technologies or measuring specific
characteristics such as temperature and humidity, there is a possibility for
results and accuracy to drift over time. For reliable, accurate, and
repeatable measurements, equipment must be calibrated on a regular
basis. The purpose of calibration is to ensure the accuracy of test
equipment to reduce measurement uncertainty. Calibration reduces
measurement errors and uncertainties to an acceptable level by
quantifying and controlling them. Any instrument that will be used in a
scientific investigation must be properly calibrated to decrease or
eliminate bias in the data.
Calibrating a mass balance
Equipment
- Mass balance – the equipment that needs to be calibrated.
- Weights – used to calibrate.
Method
1. Press and hold the “ON” button on the mass balance until “C.A.L” is
displayed on the screen.
2. Press the “ON” button once. The display should briefly flash “-c-“
3. Onto the mass balance, place the correct calibration weight to
complete the calibration.
4. The display will flash and “DONE” will be displayed on the screen
when the correct calibration weight is placed.
5. Remove the calibration weight from the mass balance.
6. The calibration is complete once steps 1-5 are done; the mass
balance is ready for use.
2
Table of Contents
Introduction.......................................................................................................................1
Calibration.........................................................................................................................2
Calibrating a mass balance............................................................................................................2
Calibrating a pH probe..................................................................................................................3
Calibrating a volumetric pipette....................................................................................................4
Making a standard solution: Na2CO3..................................................................................5
What is a standard solution?..............................................................................................5
Method............................................................................................................................................................6
Standardisation of HCl.......................................................................................................7
Calculating concentration of sodium hydroxide..................................................................9
Colorimetry......................................................................................................................11
Beer-Lambert law.............................................................................................................12
Calibrating a colorimeter..................................................................................................12
Finding the concentration of an unknown sample of copper sulphate..............................12
Absorption of solutions with different concentrations: results..........................................13
Absorption of solution with unknown concentration: results............................................13
Evaluation: techniques.....................................................................................................14
Evaluation: improvements...............................................................................................14
Bibliography:....................................................................................................................15
Introduction
In this report, I'll prepare standardised solutions for titration and
colorimetry, as well as investigate the concentration of unknown solutions
1
, utilising procedures and techniques to precisely determine their
concentration. Risk assessments, calculations, tables, and graphs will be
produced for these experiments. I'll assess the precision of titration and
colorimetry procedures, as well as how we might develop our approaches
to achieve even more precise results in any of the same or similar
experiments we might conduct in the future.
Calibration
The accuracy and quality of measurements taken with a piece of
equipment is referred to as calibration. It is the process of setting up an
instrument to get a result for a sample which falls within a reasonable
range. When using specialised technologies or measuring specific
characteristics such as temperature and humidity, there is a possibility for
results and accuracy to drift over time. For reliable, accurate, and
repeatable measurements, equipment must be calibrated on a regular
basis. The purpose of calibration is to ensure the accuracy of test
equipment to reduce measurement uncertainty. Calibration reduces
measurement errors and uncertainties to an acceptable level by
quantifying and controlling them. Any instrument that will be used in a
scientific investigation must be properly calibrated to decrease or
eliminate bias in the data.
Calibrating a mass balance
Equipment
- Mass balance – the equipment that needs to be calibrated.
- Weights – used to calibrate.
Method
1. Press and hold the “ON” button on the mass balance until “C.A.L” is
displayed on the screen.
2. Press the “ON” button once. The display should briefly flash “-c-“
3. Onto the mass balance, place the correct calibration weight to
complete the calibration.
4. The display will flash and “DONE” will be displayed on the screen
when the correct calibration weight is placed.
5. Remove the calibration weight from the mass balance.
6. The calibration is complete once steps 1-5 are done; the mass
balance is ready for use.
2
