Cognitive Psychology |Lecture 10
MACHINE LEARNING
Computers vs. Humans
- Relationship between computing and psychology
Computers: do exactly what they are told, but hardly anything else
Can computers be made to learn from their environment? – no more programming!
Can we get computers to adapt to new situations? Improve with experience?
‘Thinking machines’
- Knowledge acquisition
o Increasing a database of knowledge
o Piaget’s ‘what’ stage: computers have perfect memories, they don’t forget
(loose information), exact (no confabulation, filling in, elaborating)
- Skill enhancement
o Problem solving, dealing with new or unknown situations by relying on
knowledge and strategies
o Piaget’s ‘how to’ stage
- Expert systems
o Creating a machine which has: a perfect memory ‘database’, deduction and
inference of the human with AI, the best of both worlds
How will we know when a machine is intelligent?
Alan Turing 23 June 1912-7 June 1954
- Alan Turing’s logic engines were the precursor of modern computers we use today.
His essays outlined how a computer would work
- In 1954, homosexuality was illegal. Turing was given a choice between imprisonment
or to undergo hormonal treatment. He committed suicide
- The Turing Test 1950
o How can we determine intelligence in machines? If a language knows
sufficient language to pass as human, it can be deemed intelligent
- The Loebner Prize
o Established in 1997 by Hugh Loebner
o A prize for the first machine to pass the Turing test
o No computer has yet passed the test
o Chatterbots or chatbots: Eliza 1966: used database and set of fixed phrases,
based on Rogerian therapy methods – repeats client’s last phases as a
question, requires little understanding
MACHINE LEARNING
Computers vs. Humans
- Relationship between computing and psychology
Computers: do exactly what they are told, but hardly anything else
Can computers be made to learn from their environment? – no more programming!
Can we get computers to adapt to new situations? Improve with experience?
‘Thinking machines’
- Knowledge acquisition
o Increasing a database of knowledge
o Piaget’s ‘what’ stage: computers have perfect memories, they don’t forget
(loose information), exact (no confabulation, filling in, elaborating)
- Skill enhancement
o Problem solving, dealing with new or unknown situations by relying on
knowledge and strategies
o Piaget’s ‘how to’ stage
- Expert systems
o Creating a machine which has: a perfect memory ‘database’, deduction and
inference of the human with AI, the best of both worlds
How will we know when a machine is intelligent?
Alan Turing 23 June 1912-7 June 1954
- Alan Turing’s logic engines were the precursor of modern computers we use today.
His essays outlined how a computer would work
- In 1954, homosexuality was illegal. Turing was given a choice between imprisonment
or to undergo hormonal treatment. He committed suicide
- The Turing Test 1950
o How can we determine intelligence in machines? If a language knows
sufficient language to pass as human, it can be deemed intelligent
- The Loebner Prize
o Established in 1997 by Hugh Loebner
o A prize for the first machine to pass the Turing test
o No computer has yet passed the test
o Chatterbots or chatbots: Eliza 1966: used database and set of fixed phrases,
based on Rogerian therapy methods – repeats client’s last phases as a
question, requires little understanding
