NR 449 WEEK 4 DISCUSSION SAMPLING

NR 449 WEEK 4 DISCUSSION SAMPLING NR 449 Unit 4: Sampling 16 16 unread replies. 74 74 replies. The most common sampling method is the convenience sample; therefore, many of the studies that you find for evidence use this sampling method. What are the implications of using a convenience sample on the way that you interpret & use the findings? Search entries or author Filter replies by unread Unread Collapse replies Exp& replies Subscribe Subscribed • Collapse SubdiscussionKaren Hobbs Karen Hobbs Dec 19, 2018 Dec 19, 2018 at 10:02am Manage Discussion Entry Welcome to the discussion on sampling methods! You may begin posting on Sunday, January 27th, 2019 for credit. The course outcomes for this week include: 1. Examine the sources of knowledge that contribute to professional nursing practice. 2. Apply research principles to the interpretation of the content of published research studies. 3. Identify ethical issues common to research involving human subjects. Choosing an incorrect sampling strategy could have devastating effects on a research study. This discussion should help you to recognize various sampling strategies encompassing r&om & non-probability methods & the effect they could have on research study results or the application of those results. Please utilize the Threaded Discussion graded rubric as a guideline for posting to the discussions. These are the criteria you will be graded on which includes the use of citations & references according to current APA. As always, please be sure to ask any questions you have in the Q&A forum. Karen Hobbs 480.262.6748 o Collapse SubdiscussionEnajite Rowl& Mba Enajite Rowl& Mba Jan 28, 2019 Jan 28 at 5:41am Manage Discussion Entry Hello Prof. Hobbs & Class, Sampling is defined by Merriam-Webster’s dictionary as “the act, process, or technique of selecting a representative part of a population for the purpose of determining parameters or characteristics of the whole population”(n.d.) (Emerson, 2015). What is convenience sampling? In chapter 7 in our textbook it says, “Convenience sampling is a non-probability method that includes subjects who are available conveniently to the researcher” (Houser, 2018). In other words researchers will find the participants that fit their sampling needs & then ask those same participants to find friends or others like themselves to add to the sample & make the numbers good/big enough for the researcher. Some of the strengths of using a convenience sampling are that is easy to find subjects since it is conducted with same type of subjects & they is less expensive to conduct. On the other h&, using convenience sampling can introduce bias into a sample & the sample is not representative of the entire population making it weak sampling. Resources Emerson, R. W. (2015). Convenience Sampling, R&om Sampling, & Snowball Sampling: How Does Sampling Affect the Validity of Research? Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 109(2), 164–168. Retrieved from m/?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=&site=eds-live&scope=site (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Links to an external site. Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence(4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. ▪ Collapse SubdiscussionKaren Hobbs Karen Hobbs Jan 28, 2019 Jan 28 at 4:10pm Manage Discussion Entry Enajite, Thank you for initiating this week's discussion! Bias is definitely one limitation to a convenience sample, as you mentioned. Can you give me an example of how using a convenience sample in a healthcare setting could be detrimental? Karen Hobbs, MSN, RN 480.262.6748 MST ▪ Collapse SubdiscussionEnajite Rowl& Mba Enajite Rowl& Mba Jan 29, 2019 Jan 29 at 2:33am Manage Discussion Entry Hello Prof. Hobbs, An example would be; Nurses screen & evaluate inpatients & outpatients for family violence (FV) during the hospital admission process. A literature review was conducted for 2009 to 2016 in EBSCOhost, PubMed, & Cochrane library databases using the search terms of domestic violence screening; barriers & domestic violence; domestic violence, healthcare, & nurses' attitudes; & domestic violence & nurses' knowledge. The purpose was to evaluate nurse perceptions & attitudes about current FV patient screening processes. The study was conducted in the ED & inpatient & outpatient settings in a rural healthcare system with three hospitals. Nurses performing FV screening during admission completed a 36-item validated survey; nurses previously completing the hospital's online FV education module also evaluated the module. In this study, most of the 128 participating nurses (60.9%) had not identified any patients as positive for FV in the last year (average, 1.8); of those identifying FV-positive patients, the annual average was 2.9. Nurses perceived screening questions allowed FV-positive patients to be identified. Qualitative analysis identified the need for patient privacy during the screening process & for additional FV education & training for nurses. Because this research was conducted in a rural healthcare system, the results may not be generalizable to other settings. The research involved a self-selected convenience sample of nurses. In Conclusion Nurse administrators should evaluate best practices for privacy for FV screening & assess & provide FV-related education & training for nurses. Reference Durham-Pressley, C. (2018). Nurse perceptions of the family violence screening process & education program in a rural healthcare system. Nursing, 48(1), 56. https://doi ▪ Karen Hobbs Karen Hobbs Jan 29, 2019 Jan 29 at 3:54pm Manage Discussion Entry Bravo, Enajite! This is a great example of how a convenience sample can be limiting & not generalizable. I suspect that one of the implications for future research would be to repeat the study in a more representative setting. Professor Hobbs ▪ Aida Fall Aida Fall Feb 3, 2019 Feb 3 at 12:55pm Manage Discussion Entry Hello Enajite, I thought that your post had great insight. I do agree that convenience sampling is very biased, but sometimes given the nature of the study & the amount of capital available, it is the level of research that can be done at the time. So, I do underst& why criticisms can follow because the demographics under observation are not fully represented. Although they are subject to scrutiny, convenience sampling can be used as a stepping stone in an initial study & then progress the researcher to using a more detailed sampling methodology like a Systematic Sampling Method. According to Haegele & Hodge, “Researchers prefer r&om samples or systematic samples because of the high likelihood of representing the population accurately. However, it is not always possible to obtain a r&om or systematic sample of participants. In cases like this, researchers may recruit a convenience sample. Convenience sampling is selecting a group of individuals based on them being available for the study (Fraenkel et al., 2012)” (Haegele & Hodge, 2015). References Haegele, J. A., & Hodge, S. R. (2015). Quantitative Methodology: A Guide for Emerging Physical Education & Adapted Physical Education Researchers. Physical Educator, 72(5), 59. Retrieved from ?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=&site=eds-live&scope=siteLinks to an external site. Mills, G. Z., Davis, A. Q., & Bluhm, J. L. (2012, February 29). 2010 Census Cost & Progress Assessment Report. Retrieved from an external site. o Collapse SubdiscussionKelly Sjovall Kelly Sjovall Jan 30, 2019 Jan 30 at 10:03pm Manage Discussion Entry In nursing, there are is a vast amount of different resources that contribute to research. In this weeks’ lesson we learned about the following various styles of research populations including: r&om selection, independent selection, nonprobability sampling, convenience sampling, purposive sampling, sample size & power (Chamberlain College of Nursing, 2018). Prior to reading each of these definitions & explanations, I was unaware of just how diverse a group could be. For example, in independent selection, I learned that if the variables are not chosen correctly, the data could & results from the research could be invalid. It is also important to factor in ethics & how that plays into certain research. In an article titled, Ethical issues in family violence research in healthcare settings, written by Paavilainen, Lepistö & Flinck, there were major ethical dilemmas involved. The authors used their own personal experience to formulate guided discussions & opinions. The more I researched, the more I realized ethics truly does play a huge role in many nursing research projects. It is very hard to factor a patient’s feeling & interpretation of treatment without having some form of opinion or ethics involved. References: Chamberlain College of Nursing (2018, May 22). Week 4: Lesson – Considerations for Human Subject Samples. Retrieved from lesson?module_item_id= Paavilainen, E., Lepistö, S., & Flinck, A. (2014). Ethical issues in family violence research in healthcare settings. Nursing Ethics, 21(1), 43-52. doi:10.1177/ ▪ Ifure Inyangotu Ifure Inyangotu Feb 3, 2019 Feb 3 at 11:05am Manage Discussion Entry Kelly, I enjoy reading your post & I agree with you that a group could be very diverse, that if variables are not chosen correctly, the results could be invalid. & ethics truly play a huge role in nursing research projects because it deals with moral principles. Great post! References Paavilainen, E., Lepistö, S., & Flinck, A. (2014). Ethical issues in family violence research in healthcare settings. Nursing Ethics, 21(1), 43-52. doi:10.1177/ ▪ Ashleynicole Ndubizu Ashleynicole Ndubizu Feb 3, 2019 Feb 3 at 1:20pm Manage Discussion Entry Hi Kelly, Great post! I agree with your thoughts on how ethics plays a major role in nursing research projects. Ethics is a moral principle that governs a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. There are many ethical issues that can arise from research. I also did some research after reading your post, & I came across an article that discusses the major ethical issues in conducting research, & the conflict between the research ethics & the nature of nursing. The major ethical issues in conducting research are informed consent, beneficence (do not harm), respect for anonymity & confidentiality, & respect for privacy. However, the article states that the nature of nursing which focuses on caring, preventing harm, & protecting dignity & the advocates role of nurses which calls for defending the rights of subjects, are sometimes incongruent with the ethics in research (Georgia Fouka & Marianna Mantzorou, 2011). In conclusion, ethical issues, conflicting values, & ambiguity in decision making, are recurrently emerging from literature review on nursing research. Due to the lack of clarity in ethical st&ards, nurses must develop an awareness of these issues, & an effective framework to deal with problems involving human rights. Best, Ashley References Georgia Fouka, & Marianna Mantzorou. (2011). What are the major ethical issues in conducting research? is there a conflict between the research ethics & the nature of nursing? Health Science Journal, 5(1), 3. Retrieved from o Collapse SubdiscussionChona Balingit Chona Balingit Jan 31, 2019 Jan 31 at 1:53am Manage Discussion Entry Hello class, According to Houser, convenience sampling is when the researchers choose their subjects based on accessibility (2018). Indeed, this would be an advantage if the research study has limited resources. But the downside is if the researcher just selects the subjects of their study for convenience that can easily lead to a bias finding. The researcher can easily influence the subject’s response to the study. However, convenience sampling can be useful if it is a pilot study since it only requires a smaller scale of participants to test the methods & procedures before going to a larger population to study (Houser, 2018). I found this research article that is a pilot study about evaluating a new virtual nursing care program’s competency. This is an experimental new technological nursing intervention called TransplantTAVIE (Treatment, Virtual Nursing Assistance, & Education) a web-based tailored nursing intervention that aide kidney transplant recipients to manage their immunosuppressive drug treatment (Cote, 2018). “The objective of this study was to evaluate the Transplant-TAVIE intervention’s acceptability, feasibility, & preliminary efficacy. The study was initiated at CHUM transplantation unit in Canada wherein potential patients were h&ed promotional flyer about the ongoing study to see who was willing to participate. The researcher used convenience sampling by selecting 70 kidney transplant patients. In reviewing how they selected the participants (by accessibility & r&omly in a central location) tells me that this study can easily be manipulated; thus, may lead to an unfair outcome. The findings of this study may not be generalized as this did not represent the majority population of the kidney transplant recipients. Since this is just a pilot study, therefore further studies may be needed about this topic. References: Cote, J., Fortin, M., Auger, P., Rouleau, G., Dubois, S., Boudreau, N., Vaillant, I., & Gelinas-Lemay, E. (2018). Web-based tailored intervention to support optimal medication adherence among kidney transplant recipients: Pilot parallel-group r&omized controlled trial. JMIR Formative Research. Retrieved from doi: 10.2196/formative.9707 Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence (4th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. ▪ Karen Hobbs Karen Hobbs Feb 2, 2019 Feb 2 at 12:34pm Manage Discussion Entry Chona, You brought up a good point about the pilot study. Pilot studies are sometimes conducted to identify potential issues that may arise prior to implementing a study of a full, larger scale. Sometimes, as I mentioned in the WebEx this week, they are also done to test a new tool that the researcher may have developed for reliability & validity. Here is a link to a resource that explains the importance of pilot studiesLinks to an external site.. Professor Hobbs • Collapse SubdiscussionRachel Johnson Rachel Johnson Jan 28, 2019 Jan 28 at 1:08pm Manage Discussion Entry Hello class, As discussed in this week's lesson, the convenience sampling method involves choosing subjects for studies based on who is available to participate. The convenience sample does not look at the subjects before the study is conducted to choose the best participants, but more-so chooses the people that are accessible, & then distributing them into different groups (Chamberlain College of Nursing, 2019). It makes sense that this type of sample is the most common & most used, because as the name suggests, it is convenient & easy. This type of sampling can lead to biases & skewed results because the researcher is directly picking participants. It is not a r&om sample that includes people of all backgrounds & characteristics, but usually people who have something in common. The textbook also describes another type of sampling that falls within the category of convenience sampling: snowball sampling, or referral sampling. In this type of sample, "each subject is asked to recruit other subjects" (Houser, 2018). As the textbook describes, this method recruits more people with the same characteristics, thus increasing the bias even more. The author explains one way to reduce bias in convenience samples. She states, " the best way to reduce bias in a convenience sample is to assign subjects to groups r&omly once they have been recruited" (Houser, 2018). She further explains that this r&om assignment decreases bias by r&omly spreading out the extraneous variables over the groups. Extraneous variables are variables that are not the focus of the study, but they have the potential to alter the outcome (Chamberlain College of Nursing, 2019). In one of the articles I selected, "Using Opioids With Surgical Patients: Nurses' Attitudes & Experiences," the convenience sampling method was used. For the study, 123 Jordanian surgical nurses were selected to participate (Shoqirat et al, 2019). As mentioned above, the participants in a convenience sample usually have something in common. In this case, all of the participants were surgical nurses. It is clear that the convenience method was used, because all of the nurses work in the same geographical area, in the same specialty, & most likely at the same hospital. Acquiring this many participants would have been really easy & convenient when using this method because not a lot of thought had to go into choosing subjects. Since the research focuses specifically on surgical nurses' experiences, there is a low-risk for bias. The textbook also explains that convenience sampling is used when r&om sampling is not realistic (Houser, 2018). In this study, it wouldn't make sense to recruit participants who weren't surgical nurses, so the r&om sample would not be the best method. If subjects who were not surgical nurses were chosen for the study, the results would be skewed because the specific research question was focused at surgical nurses' experiences, so only surgical nurses need to be included. References: Chamberlain College of Nursing (2019). Week 4: Lesson - Considerations for Human Subject Samples. Retrieved from lesson?module_item_id= Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence (4th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. Shoqirat, N., Mahasneh, D., Al-Khawaldeh, O., & Singh, C. (2019). Using opioids with surgical patients: Nursesʼ attitudes & experiences. Journal of Trauma Nursing, 26(1), 26-32. doi:10.1097/JTN. o Karen Hobbs Karen Hobbs Jan 28, 2019 Jan 28 at • o Rachel, You gave great insight on the pro's & con's of convenience sampling. I like how you mentioned that a common issue with this approach is often the development of biases. It is important in nursing & within research field to stick to the facts & evidence to maintain our credibility! Convenience sampling is a great way to conduct studies when there is limited time &/or resources. Good post! Karen Hobbs, MSN, RN 480.262.6748 MST • Collapse Subdiscussion Ifure Inyangotu Ifure Inyangotu Jan 29, 2019 Jan 29 at 11:45am Manage Discussion Entry Hello Class, Convenience sampling is the most common type of sampling. It is a nonprobability method of selecting a sample that includes subjects who are accessible to the researcher. Convenience, as the name implies, have obvious advantages over other sampling methods, primarily to logistics & cost. However, it has its own disadvantages as the selection could be biased since the researcher singleh&edly picked the subjects. The best way to reduce the bias is to assign subjects to groups r&omly once they have been recruited. (Houser 2018). According to the text, convenience sampling is often used in pilot studies when the specifics of a research study have yet to be completely determined. A small study conducted with a convenience sample can help guide the specifics of a larger study. In this situation, convenience sampling is acceptable & expected, because the intent is to inform the research design, not to generalize the result. (Houser 2018). In the article on “Primary Care Physicians’ Perspectives on the Prescription Opioid Epidemic,” convenience sampling was used as all the subject used for educating patients were medically oriented personnel. However, even in pilot studies when convenience sampling is necessary, the researcher do as much as possible to limit the bias that is inherent in the sampling method. (Houser 2018). According to the week’s lesson, convenience sampling is used for both quantitative & qualitative studies. References Chamberlain College of Nursing (2019). Week 4: Lesson - Considerations for Human Subject Samples. Retrieved from lesson?module_item_id= Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using & creating evidence (4th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. Alene KennedyLinks to an external site., Colleen L.Links to an external site.Barry (2016) Primary care physicians’ perspectives on the prescription opioid epidemic https://www-sciencedirect- 168 Karen Hobbs Jan 29, 2019 Jan 29 at 4:03pm Manage Discussion Entry Ifure, You do bring up a good point in your post about pilot studies. Sometimes, if a researcher is limited (whether it be funding, accessibility, etc), a convenience sample could be a starting point. Let's say I want to study reducing wait times in emergency departments. However, my employer is only giving me a $5000 grant to do so. That is not going to get me very far. So I might do a convenience sample as it is more cost effective & less time consuming. I am only evaluating my ED because that's where I work & its convenient. I gathered some information that having a triage nurse in the ED reduces wait times at my hospital but can't say for sure it it works everywhere. My employer might look at the results & say OK more research is needed. Now here is $50,000. Do a study involving all five hospitals in our system over the next 6 months, but use a sample that can offer less bias. Karen Hobbs, MSN, RN 480.262.6748 MST (1 like) • Ifure Inyangotu Ifure Inyangotu Jan 30, 2019 Jan 30 at 8:44am Manage Discussion Entry Hello Prof. Hobbs, Thank you very much for the insight & the great example. I have taken note of it. Oluwafunsho Agbi Jan 29, 2019 Jan 29 at 7:32pm Manage Discussion Entry Hello Professor, & the Class, Convenience sample is a sampling technique in which you collect samples of data from people who are easily accessible to you. The easy accessibility of a convenient sample makes it very easy to get a job done. A researcher finds the sampling very convenient just like the name sounds, convenience sampling. Furthermore, it is not time consuming, you literally have every resources you need on time & ready to get the job done. A convenience sample, also called a non-profitable or opportunity sample is a sample drawn without any underlying probabilitybased selection method. Also a convenient sample is often used in pilot studies when the specifics of a research study have yet to be completely determined. However, even in pilot studies when convenience sampling is necessary, the researchers should do as much as possible to limit the bias that is inherent in this sampling method(Houser, 2018). It helps to gain an initial primary data about a topic. Furthermore, some groups are often over-represented & some groups are underrepresented. The key disadvantages of convenience sampling is that the sample lacks clear generalization(Jager , 2017). Since one's selection itself is biased, inaccuracies are bound to creep in. It is very difficult to generalize the conclusions drawn from this research & say that this is what applies to all the people. Therefore, when one is using a convenience sampling, it is very important for one to note the advantages & disadvantages of convenience sampling so that errors will be reduced & no one will get hurt. References Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence(4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Jager, J., Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2017). Ii. More Than Just Convenient: The Scientific Merits of Homogeneous Convenience Samples. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 82(2), 13–30. https://doi • Karen Hobbs Karen Hobbs Jan 31, 2019 Jan 31 at 10:55am Manage Discussion Entry Oluwafunsho, A lack of generalizability related to a convenience sample is certainly a disadvantage to that type of sample strategy. As a researcher, you would think there is an inherent bias to want to extrapolate your results & apply the knowledge to larger populations, which should not be the case. Here is an example: Think about those surveys conducted "Who do you think the next president will be?" Years ago, one such survey revealed that something like 65% will vote for John McCain. However, Obama won by a l&slide. Consider the people who may have participated in the survey. Are they elderly, retired, & at home? Are those three variables representative of the entire population in the United States? Karen Hobbs, MSN, RN 480.262.6748 MST Kristel Teotico Jan 29, 2019 Jan 29 at 9:10pm Manage Discussion Entry Convenience sampling involves selecting research participants who suit the criterias that researchers establish. This method often lead to bias since the selected participants were h&picked & do not represent the entire population. To minimize bias, researchers could assign the participants in r&om groups once they have been selected (Houser, 2018.) As many people know, sickle cell is a complex disease which usually affects African descent. People affected by the illness often experience excruciating pain & fatigue. The treatment plan usually consists of administering oxygen, IV fluids, blood transfusions, opioids, & hydroxyurea (“American Society of Hematology,” 2018). An article I found was about a research done in Sub-Saharan Africa which included African participants with ages ranging from 1-10 years old who were affected by the sickle cell disease. The results suggest that the use of hydroxyurea was effective for children with SCD who live in Sub-Saharan Africa, as it lowered the incidence of pain, infections, transfusions, & death (Tshilolo, Tomlinson, Williams, Santos, Olupot, Lane, , 2019). This research is an example of convenience sampling because the participants were h&picked by the researchers. The research may have produced biased result since the selected participants were African Americans, & African Americans have a high risk of acquiring SCD. In addition, no other children of any race were part of the research & it was conducted in an area where there are existing comorbid factors which can affect the results of the study. I would also have to argue about the results because it was not mentioned if other treatment methods such as oxygenation, IV fluids, & administration of opioids were given along with the hydroxyurea. In addition, the research did not specify how long have the children had SCD. An important factor to consider is maybe the financial aspect of treating SCD, since the participants live in an area where access to hospitals & medical help are not as convenient as it is in the US. Therefore, they will not always have the financial means to undergo treatment or obtain medications such as hydroxyurea. If left untreated, SCD can lead to complications such as splenic sequestration, infection, anemia, acute chest syndrome, & stroke (“American Society of Hematology, 2018). References: American Society of Hematology. (2018, January 08). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence(4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Tshilolo, L., Tomlinson, G., Williams, T. N., Santos, B., Olupot-Olupot, P., Lane, A., . . . REACH, I. N. (2019, January 10). Hydroxyurea for Children with Sickle Cell Anemia in SubSaharan Africa. Retrieved January 29, 2019, from • Collapse Subdiscussion Rachel Johnson Rachel Johnson Feb 2, 2019 Feb 2 at 10:35am Manage Discussion Entry Hi Kristel, Thank you for giving a specific example of convenience sampling! It's easier to underst& the concept behind convenience sampling when a specific example is given. Since you brought up sickle cell disease, it only makes sense to sample people who are affected by the disease. If people who did not have sickle cell disease were included in the research, the results would not be completely accurate & representative of the actual sick cell population. If the research is looking at the use of hydroxyurea for the management of pain resulting from sickle cell disease, of course the target population should be people with sickle cell disease. If someone who did not have the disease was included in the study, the results would show that the medication was much more effective than it might actually be. If someone does not have pain & they are given a medication to treat pain, they will have a positive experience, & thus a positive result. I also think it's interesting that you mentioned how other races were not included in the study. This might be an important source of bias. The medication may be effective in African American children, but no other race or ethnicity was included. Great post! The way you explained it is really helpful. o Karen Hobbs Karen Hobbs Feb 2, 2019 Feb 2 at 3:30pm Manage Discussion Entry Kristen & Rachel, Regarding the discussion on race, you brought up a good point. I just want to point out that the study was done in sub-Saharan Africa. So for those researchers, their findings are generalizable to their population. Once of the concepts I discussed in this week's WebEx was ecological validity. So while the findings were valid in that country, they do not possess as much ecological validity for American researchers since our population also consists of Middle Eastern, Hispanic- & South-American, & Asian who may also carry the sickle cell trait. Thank you for bringing that up! Professor Hobbs Jesus Alegria Jan 30, 2019 Jan 30 at 6:51am Manage Discussion Entry Professor, When I think of sampling, I think of r&omly choosing something out of a group to decide which will be better. However according to our book Convenience Sampling however uses data that has been collected from a readily available source but that is non-probable. One example of convenience sampling is at my job where we did a survey for our patients asking if they would prefer a ninety day supply of medication. Many of the participants said they would prefer having to only come to the pharmacy for their maintenance medications every three months. However the only thing that affected our survey is that some insurance companies will only cover a thirty day supply. An other insurance companies could charge a higher copay for a ninety day supply. I think the implications of a convenience sampling is to get a higher amount of data that is easily accessible which is done in many healthcare facilities. Our use of convenience sampling at my pharmacy was to decrease the higher workload we had which worked for many but not for everyone. An we also saw a higher amount of new patients coming to our facility after Hurricane Harvey as our was not affected by the storm as badly. References: Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence(4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. • Collapse Subdiscussion Felicia Campbell Felicia Campbell Feb 1, 2019 Feb 1 at 12:03am Manage Discussion Entry Jesus, Great post! It is very clear that in your proffessional experience you have been able to work with studies. How intriguing. There were many factors that you presented such as the Hurricane Harvey, insurance companies, & length of days to fill perscription. These factors can each cause sampling bias defined as, "Differences between the sample & the population that are due to manipulation by the researcher"(Houser, 2018). Sample biases can impact the results by inequitites, overrepresentation, or underrepresentation of a group. All of these factors can create limitations to the study overall. Although the convenience study is a great way to gather information the researcher must be prepared for outliers in the data & make sure to pay attention to the exclusion & inclusion criteria. By being attentive to the criteria the sample size ans subjects will be more reflective of the population you are looking to define. References Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence(4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. o Jesus Alegria Jesus Alegria Feb 2, 2019 Feb 2 at 8:20pm Manage Discussion Entry Felicia, Thank you for your response. You are correct that the factors I presented did contribute to a bias with sampling. An yes our sampling was limited, as we tried not to talk about the surveys to someone who did not have a good experience. But those who praised us we did tell them every single time. Ashleynicole Ndubizu Jan 30, 2019 Jan 30 at 9:46am Manage Discussion Entry Convenience sampling which is also known as availability sampling is a specific type of nonprobability sampling method that relies on data collection from population members who are conveniently available to participate in the study. In other words, a convenience sampling is made up of participants who are easy to recruit. In all forms of research, it is ideal to test an entire population, but in most cases the population is just too large that it is impossible to include in every research. This is the reason most researchers rely on sampling techniques, such as convenience sampling because it is fast, inexpensive, & the subjects are readily available. Although convenience sampling is widely used & preferred, there are many weaknesses associated with it. This week’s lesson states that “the weaknesses of convenience sampling is that the characteristics (EVs) of the population are less likely to be distributed evenly among the samples” (Houser, 2018). Bias may occur that will negatively influence the outcomes (DV) of the research. To minimize the biases associated with convenience sampling the researcher may recruit & select the subjects, & then make r&om assignments to groups. For this week’s lesson, I found an article that discuses convenience sampling & the other types of sampling methods associated with it. The article briefly discussed snowball sampling which is a type of sampling commonly used in addition to convenience sampling. The text states that snowball sampling is when researchers ask the subjects they have recruited to tell their friends & acquaintances about the study (Emerson, 2015). This method helps researchers obtain the number of participants they need. Best, Ashley References Emerson, R. W. (2015). Convenience sampling, r&om sampling, & snowball sampling: How does sampling affect the validity of research? Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 109(2), 164-168. doi:10.1177/X5 Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. • Karen Hobbs Karen Hobbs Jan 31, 2019 Jan 31 at 10:57am Manage Discussion Entry Ashley, Now think about that bias in terms of a nursing study. Let's say I want to study nursing students' perception of a flipped classroom. I approach Chamberlain with this idea but they will not give me a list of all the nursing students from all of the campuses. They would, however, allow me to sit in on a flipped classroom environment for a couple of days. I position myself outside of the classroom to survey any students who are interested in participating. Can you see the bias there? How could that skew my results? Karen Hobbs, MSN, RN 480.262.6748 MST • Chebria Haynes Chebria Haynes Feb 2, 2019 Feb 2 at 3:45pm Manage Discussion Entry Hi Ashleynicole, A snowball sampling is also a type of non-probability sampling technique similar to convenience sampling. The non-probability sampling focuses on sampling techniques that are based on the judgement of the researcher. I researched an article that stated, "drug administration errors represent majority of medication errors, but errors are underreported" (Sheu, S. 2009). A snowball sampling was conducted to recruit participants & a semi-structured questionnaire was used to record types of error, hospital & nurse backgrounds, patient consequences, error discovery mechanisms & reporting rates. Results shown that 85 nurses participated, reporting 328 administration errors where majority of the errors occurred on the medical-surgical units of teaching hospitals. Leading errors were wrong drugs & doses & out of the 259 actual errors, 83% had no adverse effects, 6% were mild consequences & 9% had serious consequences. Just by conducting this sample, it proves that better strategies should be implemented to reduce drug administration errors. Sheu, S. , Wei, I. , Chen, C. , Yu, S. & Tang, F. (2009), Using snowball sampling method with nurses to underst& medication administration errors. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18: 559-569. doi:10.1111/j..2007.02048.xLinks to an external site. • Kayla Gagnon Jan 30, 2019 Jan 30 at 9:55am Manage Discussion Entry Before coming to nursing school, while I was getting my bachelor’s degree, I was involved in my college’s premed health club. During that time my peers & I did a lot of research that involved convenience sampling. In the textbook, convenience sampling is defined as, “a nonprobability method of selecting a sample that includes subjects who are available conveniently to the researcher” (Houser, 2018, Pg. 169). As broke college kids & a newly developed club, our funding was limited so we used convenience sampling to our advantage. A majority of the time we used patients (that fit our sample criteria) that came into the clinics we volunteered at. Our patients had what we were studying in common, but they were very r&om. Just like the book states, this type of sampling is “accidental sampling” & it very cost effective (Houser, 2018). Although we benefited from the pros of this type of sampling & it made the development of the study easier, there were some obstacles with bias we had to overcome. For example, because several researchers were gathering patients for the study each person had their individual bias where or not to include them in the study. To overcome this, we asked the physician to pick the subjects solely on the criteria we established from the start. I guess anyone can argue as long as an individual is “picking” participates there is room for bias. Bring my discussion back to my experience researching for our group topics for this class, I have noticed that all my studies used convenience sampling. In my opinion, I feel like this type of sampling is so common in healthcare studies because researchers can go directly to a facility that treats a specific disease, does a specific procedure, or experiences a clinical problem & easily recruit patients or medical staff for their study. In the article, “Patients’ antibiotic knowledge: a trial assessing the impact of verbal education,” they use convenience sampling which included patients 18 years or older that presented an antibiotic prescription at three different pharmacies in a given area. Besides the age of the patients, the only other criteria to participate was that they must be able to complete a self-written survey (Northey, McGuren, & Stupans, 2015). I truly think that for medical research convenience sampling is most beneficial because it cut costs & researchers can develop specific study groups more efficiently. What do you all think? Resources: Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Northey, A., McGuren, T., & Stupans, I. (2015). Patients’ antibiotic knowledge: a trial assessing the impact of verbal education. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 23(2), 158–160. o Aida Fall Aida Fall Jan 30, 2019 Jan 30 at 6:35pm Manage Discussion Entry Hello Professor & class, Researchers use several sampling methods. It permits them to gather information about a population based on results from a subgroup of the population, without having to investigate everyone. According to Houser, “The sampling strategy is important because a significant sampling error could distort the findings & render them unreliable, invalid, &/or not able to be generalized by the entire population. The sampling strategy considers how subjects are recruited, selected, & when appropriate, assigned to groups” (Houser, 2018). The most commonly used sampling method is convenience method, a nonprobability sampling technique, defined by Ilker, suleiman, Rukayya, as , “ A type of non-probability or nonr&om sampling where members of the target population that meet certain practical criteria, such as easy accessibility, geographical proximity, availability at a given time, or the willingness to participate are included for the purpose of the study . It is also referred to the researching subjects of the population that are easily accessible to the researcher. Convenience samples are sometimes regarded as ‘accidental samples’ because elements may be selected in the sample simply as they just happen to be situated, spatially or administratively, near to where the researcher is conducting the data collection.” (Ilker E, Sulaiman, A., M., Rukayya, S. A., 2016). A good example of convenience sampling is biologists. They often use convenience sampling in the field work because it is easier like walking on a road & stop occasionally to record numbers. Even though, convenience sampling is the most commonly used, because of its easiness, affordability, it is likely to be biased, therefore not reliable, because it does not produce representative results. Researchers are advised note to take convenience sampling to be representative of the population. References Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence (4th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. Ilker Etikan, Sulaiman Abubakar Musa, Rukayya Sunusi Alkassim. Comparison of Convenience Sampling & Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical & Applied Statistics. Vol. 5, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-4. doi: 10.11648/..11 o Collapse SubdiscussionKaren Hobbs Karen Hobbs Jan 31, 2019 Jan 31 at 11am Manage Discussion Entry Kayla, It is certainly cost effective, but again you have to consider bias & consider is who is ready & willing to be a participant. For example, let's say we want to research the views breastfeeding in public. Some people have very strong opinions on this subject, which could skew your results & not be representative of the general population. Karen Hobbs, MSN, RN 480.262.6748 MST ▪ Kayla Gagnon Kayla Gagnon Jan 31, 2019 Jan 31 at 1:24pm Manage Discussion Entry Proffesor Hobbs, After reading some of my peers discussions I definitely agree with your comment. I never even considered the biases that can be introduced into research. Thanks for providing me with another point of view. Kayla o Oluwafunsho Agbi Oluwafunsho Agbi Jan 31, 2019 Jan 31 at 10:09pm Manage Discussion Entry Hello Kayla, I agree with you that convenience sample is truly convenient to lot of people & easily accessible. People tend to choose on the easier route than the normal route. Sometimes when we go through an easier route without enough evidence or in depth research,errors can occur.For instance, a researcher could just get a story about a city & write about the city due to the information he heard or read in a paper. Because of the convenience in getting the information without doing or getting enough evidence, wrong information could be passed out to the readers. In addition, in some health care facilities, some doctors use assumption to diagnose a patient. They often tends to go by what they here without thorough assessment, or evaluation. Research has shown that the reason many GPs are not providing optimal sexual health care is because of their assumptions about patient attitudes towards & perceptions of discussing STIs(Baker et. al, 2013). Sometimes complacency in health care setting is one of the leading cause of error or harm today. Reference Baker, J. R., Arnold-Reed, D. E., Brett, T., Hince, D. A., O’Ferrall, I., & Bulsara, M. K. (2013). Perceptions of barriers to discussing & testing for sexually transmitted infections in a convenience sample of general practice patients. Australian Journal Of Primary Health, 19(2), 98–101. https://doi • Justina George Jan 30, 2019 Jan 30 at 3:59pm Manage Discussion Entry 05 Dear Professor Hobbs & Class, Sampling is extremely important part of evidence-based investigation. The sample chosen has characteristics of the population that can use the implementations to be generalized for the entire population. The convenience sample is when a researcher choses subjects that are easily obtainable. For example, a researcher can take sampling data from parking lots, park areas, colleges, & libraries. This could be a sample from a population that is close to h&; availability sampling. “However, this can lead to bias which results in negative influence towards the outcomes” (Houser 2018).The individuals chosen only presents a weak statement about some characteristics of the population, rather than a strong statement that can reflect the population of interest. Some implications of using a convenience sample on the way that you interpret & use findings could be a major challenge due to the inadequate information that can be generalized. “In fact, the researcher does not know how well a convenience sample will represent the population regarding the traits or mechanism under research” (Etikan, Musa & Alkassim 2016). This shows a disadvantage, unfortunately with convenience sampling selecting individuals for a study might be easy however the data will not be as accurate & not represent the population as well. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling & purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical & Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4. Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence(4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. o Collapse SubdiscussionKaren Hobbs Karen Hobbs Jan 31, 2019 Jan 31 at 11:01am Manage Discussion Entry Justina, You bring up a good point! Another disadvantage to convenience sampling is that the study can be very hard to replicate. Recall previous WebEx recordings where I mentioned that a strength of a research study is that is can, in fact, be replicated. In other words, if I conducted a study on whether it is beneficial to provide nursing students with an orientation to the simulation lab before running a simulation scenario, can you provide me with some reasons why I would not use a convenience sample? What other sampling strategy might I use instead? Karen Hobbs, MSN, RN 480.262.6748 MST ▪ Justina George Justina George Feb 1, 2019 Feb 1 at 4:05pm Manage Discussion Entry Dear Professor Hobbs, I would not use a convenience sample to conduct a study for an orientation to simulation lab before running a simulation scenario. The reason being, a convenience sample only illustrates getting a group of people that is conveniently around the researcher. For the study being done, it is very specific & to make sure there is no bias or outliers its important to conduct surveys done on a population that will ensure the information is accurate to represent the population. I would conduct a purposeful sampling such as a homogeneity strategy. "This strategy describes a particular subgroup in depth to reduce variation, simplify analysis & facilitate group interviewing" (Palinkas, Horwitz, Green, Wisdom, Duan & Hoagwood 2015). This is because the population of nursing students is a specific population that the data should be accurately obtained. Reference Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection & analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration & Policy in Mental Health & Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533-544. o Collapse SubdiscussionOlukayode Ogunbanwo Olukayode Ogunbanwo Feb 1, 2019 Feb 1 at 12:34am Manage Discussion Entry Hello Justina, I agree with you that study using convenience sampling can not give accurate explanation of the general population. This is because convenience sampling only sample a part of the population, it leaves other parts that might have significant contributions to the population characteristics Houser, (2081). Convenience sampling may be simple, easy, & cost effective, but it is bias. This makes it unreliable, & not valid predictor of general populations behavior Chamberlain College of Nursing (2019). References. Chamberlain College of Nursing. (2019). Unit 4 lesson: Considerations for human subjects [online lectures]. Retrieved from Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence(4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. ▪ Karen Hobbs Karen Hobbs Feb 2, 2019 Feb 2 at 3:07pm Manage Discussion Entry Justina & Olukayode, I would say for the example that I gave, that population-based or probability sampling would be the best option. Checkout table 2 in this article which maps out the advantages & disadvantages of each type: Professor Hobbs ▪ Karen Hobbs Karen Hobbs Feb 2, 2019 Feb 2 at 3:32pm Manage Discussion Entry Olukayode, One way to reduce the bias in this situation is to double the sample size, giving more power to the findings. Karen • Collapse SubdiscussionMelissa Castro Melissa Castro Jan 30, 2019 Jan 30 at 6:09pm Manage Discussion Entry In research, convenience sampling is the most common sample but it can have both, advantages & disadvantages. An advantage of convenience sampling is that “it relies on subjects who are accessible to the researcher” (Houser, 2018). This means that the researcher is able to use anybody that is within reach; this is easier & less costly for them. For example, let’s suppose a researcher is doing a study regarding whether Cheetos should be given at the school cafeteria & the researcher chooses his sample to be students from his nearest high school. In this case, the researcher used convenience sampling because he used subjects that were more accessible to him: students from a high school near his home. This can of course cause a problem in his research as there can be bias within the sample. As a consequence, there can be little credibility towards the study given that there can be bias beyond the researcher’s control. An example of a research paper that used convenience sampling is Convenience Sampling of Children Presenting to Hospital-Based Outpatient Clinics to Estimate Childhood Obesity Levels in Local Surroundings. This study tried to estimate local population estimates of childhood obesity. They thought that by using a population from a local hospital, their “data might be more accurate, timely, & cost-effective” (Gillil&, Clark, Kobrzynski, 2015). When analyzing the results, they found that their study was not successful due to the fact that a “hospital-based sample [can] not be used for estimating obesity levels among a general population” (Gillil& et al., 2015). References: Gillil&, J., Clark, A. F., Kobrzynski, M., & Filler, G. (2015). Convenience Sampling of Children Presenting to Hospital-Based Outpatient Clinics. American Journal of Public Health, 105(7), . Retrieved from ks to an external site. Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, Using, & Creating Evidence. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. o Justina George Justina George Feb 1, 2019 Feb 1 at 4:18pm Manage Discussion Entry Hi Melissa, I thought your posting was very interesting & very insightful. I agree that convenience sampling is a lot more helpful for the researcher, it's easier for the researcher to obtain samples. "An advantage of convenience sample is relatively homogenous, because variables such as gender, age, & education are very consistent" (Abrahamse, Schultz & Steg 2016). However, this doesn't allow for an accurate representation of the population. Reference Abrahamse, W., Schultz, P. W., & Steg, L. (2016). Research Designs for Environmental Issues. Research Methods for Environmental Psychology, 53. o Christian Holman Christian Holman Feb 3, 2019 Feb 3 at 9:28pm Manage Discussion Entry Hey Melissa! Great post & example of a research using convenience sampling! We need to pay attention to the factors that might affect a study! Just because a child is characterized as obese does not mean that they are going to the hospital so that factor takes out a portion of the population from getting counted. With convenience sampling we see "subjects more readily accessible to the researcher are more likely to be included" (Suen, Huang, & Lee, 2014). However, if the samples used included children in school then perhaps it could be a more accurate sample compared to just a convenient sample. L. W. Suen, H. Huang, & H. Lee. (2014). A comparison of convenience sampling & purposive sampling. Journal of Nursing, 61(3), 105–111. https://doi • Collapse SubdiscussionKimberly Iglesias Kimberly Iglesias Jan 30, 2019 Jan 30 at 6:17pm Manage Discussion Entry Hello everyone, Our textbook defines convenience sampling as, "subjects who are conveniently accessible to the researcher", (Houser, 2018), hence, "convenience" sampling. As the most common type of sampling, convenience sampling, has the researcher select their subjects, & have them tell their friends & family & other people they know about the study, however, this method tends to keep the variety to a minimum & bias can also become a problem. So, introducing "r&om assignment" to already recruited subjects helps to limit any conformity or bias. This type of sampling method compares to r&om sampling in that it is cheaper, easy access to subjects, & obtaining the number of participants is easier. (Emerson, 2015). However, the fact that many of these subjects would be from the same geographical area, similar status, & similar or same ethnic background can affect the outcome of the research or study being conducted. In better words, "if all the participants are similar on one or more factor, it might skew the results of a study". (Emerson, 2015). The book mentions that it would be more acceptable for a convenience sampling approach to be used in a small study to lay the ground work for a larger study later on. Somewhat of a preview of what is to lay ahead. Reference: Emerson, R. W. (2015). Convenience Sampling, R&om Sampling, & Snowball Sampling: How Does Sampling Affect the Validity of Research? Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 109(2), 164–168. Retrieved from ?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=&site=eds-live&scope=site Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence(4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. o Collapse SubdiscussionChona Balingit Chona Balingit Feb 2, 2019 Feb 2 at 12:31am Manage Discussion Entry Hi Kim, I was reading your post & others as well & I think we all have the same idea of what convenience sampling is. I have this example of convenience sampling in mind that I would like to share with you & to our class. Here is my example, XYZ hospital has three locations, one in Houston, one in New Orleans & the other one in Oklahoma. XYZ‘s management wanted to implement a new nursing policy but they wanted to test first if this new policy will work before they will implement it for the three facilities. Since XYZ’s management was in the Houston area, they went ahead & did a trial study with the Houston nurses. However, the employees including nurses in the Houston facility are pro-management. Do you think this study would be sufficient & could use the outcome as a measure of the new policy's implementation? XYZ management used convenience sampling in this study. The Houston facility was accessible, could easily manage due to close proximity & was cost effective to the management. As expected, the Houston nurses responses were in favor of the company. The result reflects partisanship, thereby making the outcome bias. As you can see, convenience sampling favors with the researcher but the outcome of the study is questionable. This method of sampling can be easy & inexpensive but may not be reliable as this may acquire higher possibilities of bias outcome. For this reason, I believe convenience sampling is not a good process for a research study. But I have read it is still a common method that researchers used, I wonder why? Any thoughts? Chona ▪ Collapse SubdiscussionMelissa Castro Melissa Castro Feb 2, 2019 Feb 2 at 12:21pm Manage Discussion Entry Hi Chona, I was reading your reply towards Kim's post & you make a very good point. Your example of a convenience sampling is really helpful in underst&ing what this type of sampling is. Like you said, this type of sampling favors the researcher in that the people he uses are easily accessible to him/her, but the outcome of the study can be biased. The outcome would not be correct & it would only define a certain amount of people rather than the entire population; in your case, the outcome of the Houston population will not define the other two hospital locations. As to your last question, I am not sure if Kimberly would agree with me, but I think researchers keep using a convenience sampling despite its possible faults to get an idea of how a certain population might respond with the benefits of it being cheaper & easier to do. ▪ Kimberly Iglesias Kimberly Iglesias Feb 3, 2019 Feb 3 at 10:08pm Manage Discussion Entry Hello ladies! Thank you all for your feedback & insight, I enjoyed reading the different examples posted, Melissa with your Cheetos example & Chona with the XYZ research. While you both make good points & had your references, I do feel that convenience sampling may not be the accurate approach, but because it is cheap & easily accessible it is a good place to start before progressing the study or research further. As I had mentioned in my post that, " the book mentions that it would be more acceptable for a convenience sampling approach to be used in a small study to lay the ground work for a larger study later on. Somewhat of a preview of what is to lay ahead". (Houser, 2018). So in other words, to get a quick over view or idea, easy & cheap is the convenient way to go. Reference: Houser, J. (2018). Nursing research: Reading, using, & creating evidence(4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. ▪ Collapse SubdiscussionKaren Hobbs Karen Hobbs Feb 2, 2019 Feb 2 at 2:46pm Manage Discussion Entry Chona, To answer your question...its convenient=) Let's say I want to learn, on average, how many hours a week BSN nursing students study. I provide a survey to the fundamentals class that I teach, which consists of 90 students. That's a convenience sample. I didn't go out of my way. I didn't contact every nursing school in Phoenix, AZ, etc. It saved me time & money on travel. Professor Hobbs ▪ Chona Balingit Chona Balingit Feb 3, 2019 Feb 3 at 9:42pm Manage Discussion Entry Hello Professor Hobbs & Melissa, Thank you for sharing that article about pilot studies, Professor Hobbs. Thank you for your input too, Melissa. May I suggest you read the article, "The Importance of Pilot Study" that Professor Hobbs shared with me in response to my initial post. It is very informative. Convenience sampling is commonly used in pilot studies. It makes sense now why convenience sampling is still a common method to use with the researchers despite its population & external validities in question. A pilot study is a trial study on a smaller scale to test if the research process is effective. This may help the researchers decide whether the research can pursue to a larger scale or not. Therefore in a pilot study, it is not really the outcome that is looked into but the process of the research that is reviewed. The outcome may not be viable, but this method will detect if certain parts of the research process are working or not. Convenience study is also applicable apply to small studies like the example that you mentioned Professor Hobbs in your comment. In this case, it is just rational for a researcher to use convenience sampling because the response is quick, easy & inexpensive. After reviewing all the information that I gathered in this week's discussion, I humbly retract what I said earlier of not believing that convenience sampling is not a good process to use when researching. I realized now that this type of sampling may have its purpose specifically when used in pilot & small studies. Great discussions this week! Chona Joanne Mae Yabut Jan 30, 2019 Jan 30 at 6:37pm Manage Discussion Entry Hi class! As we all know, convenience sampling is just as it read: convenient. Participants are chose at r&om & to the researchers convenience depending on their accessibility (Chamberlain College of Nursing, 2019). The key here is r&om & while that is what is aimed for, the potential for bias in the subject group is high depending on the specific area the researcher is in or even the type of "r&om" participants they are approaching. The problem with the possible presence of bias is that it creates a misrepresentation of a subject or population because the information isn't spread out across various people & instead possibly a specific subgroup of the population, "If all the participants are similar on one or more factor, it might skew the results of a study." (Emerson, 2015. Pg 166). So if that subgroup is to represent the whole it causes the information to be generalized & possibly an inaccurate representation of the whole. References: Chamberlain College of Nursing (2019). Week 4: Lesson - Considerations for Human Subject Samples. Retrieved from lesson?module_item_id= Emerson, R. W. (2015). Convenience Sampling, R&om Sampling, & Snowball Sampling: How Does Sampling Affect the Validity of Research? Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 109(2), 164–168. Retrieved from ect=true&db=ccm&AN=&site=eds-live&scope=site • Briana Pringle Briana Pringle Feb 2, 2019 Feb 2 at 7:51pm Manage Discussion Entry Hey Mae! Great post. You have made a good point about the convenient sample being very convenient when conducting a study. As I was just looking around on the web, I came across his article on a website & found a good point. "A convenience sample is a non- probability sample in which the researcher uses the subjects that are nearest & available to participate in the research study" (Crossman, 2018). Considering this idea of using the subjects that are the nearest, kind of makes me think of this study as a lazy type of study. You must put in the work & go out to find the vital information you need for your study, in order for it to be the best. If you are lazy & just go into your front yard, you wont find much. Then, you'll have to just work with what you have then you study would be just mediocre. Reference: Crossman, A. (2018, April 16). What Is a Convenience Sample? Retrieved from Olukayode Ogunbanwo Jan 30, 2019 Jan 30 at 7:03pm Manage Discussion Entry Hello professor Hobbs, & the class, The two main sampling methods are probability & non-probability sampling. Probability sampling is when selection is r&om & members of the sample are r&omly selected Houser, (2018). R&om selection gives every member of the target population equal opportunity to participate (Chamberlain college of nursing, 2019). Sample that result is true representation of the target population & can be used to explain the population Houser, (2018). Probability sampling is the sample of choice in quantitative studies. Non probability sampling is a sampling method were selection is not r&om. Participating members are chosen by the researcher because they are accessible or based on his convenience, hence the name convenience sampling. Convenience sampling is extremely speedy, easy, readily available, & cost effective. This makes it attractive to resea