Table of Contents
Property offences...............................................................................................................3
Liability..............................................................................................................................6
Theft.............................................................................................................................................7
Appropriation...............................................................................................................................7
Definition of appropriation.............................................................................................................................8
Assumption of the rights of an owner definition...........................................................................................8
Consent of assumption...................................................................................................................................8
Appropriation and gifts...................................................................................................................................8
The act of appropriation.................................................................................................................................8
Later assumptions of the rights of an owner..................................................................................................8
Later assumptions of the owner.....................................................................................................................8
Acting in good faith.........................................................................................................................................8
property.....................................................................................................................................10
Definition of property...................................................................................................................................11
Aspects of property Real property...............................................................................................................11
Aspects of property Personal property........................................................................................................11
Aspects of property Things in action............................................................................................................11
Aspects of property Other intangible property............................................................................................11
Wild flowers and plants................................................................................................................................12
Wild creatures...............................................................................................................................................12
Cannot be stollen..........................................................................................................................................12
Cannot be stollen..........................................................................................................................................12
Belonging to another..................................................................................................................13
Belonging to another definition....................................................................................................................13
Stealing your own property..........................................................................................................................13
Obligation to deal with property in a certain way........................................................................................13
Abandoned property....................................................................................................................................13
Dishonesty..................................................................................................................................14
AR and MR....................................................................................................................................................14
When a defendant isn’t dishonest................................................................................................................14
Willingness to pay for property....................................................................................................................14
Dishonesty test – OBJECTIVE IVEY TEST.......................................................................................................14
Intention to permanently deprive..............................................................................................15
Borrowing (isn’t theft)..................................................................................................................................15
Replacing property........................................................................................................................................15
Paying later...................................................................................................................................................15
Selling back to the owner.............................................................................................................................15
Fraud liability..............................................................................................................................16
How the offence can be committed.............................................................................................................17
False representation...................................................................................................................18
False representation definition....................................................................................................................19
Representation.............................................................................................................................................19
Credit cards and representations.................................................................................................................20
Gain or loss.................................................................................................................................20
Gain or loss definition...................................................................................................................................20
Making off without payment......................................................................................................20
Making off without payment (Theft Act 1978, s3(1))...................................................................................21
1
, Payment on the spot....................................................................................................................................21
Payment........................................................................................................................................................21
Illegal and immoral services.........................................................................................................................21
Robbery......................................................................................................................................21
Establishing theft..........................................................................................................................................21
Force...........................................................................................................................................21
Against a victim’s body.................................................................................................................................22
Against property/ person.............................................................................................................................22
Slight touching..............................................................................................................................................22
Force against whom?....................................................................................................................................22
When the force is being used.......................................................................................................................22
Determining when theft is complete............................................................................................................22
Force must be used in order to steal............................................................................................................22
Burglary......................................................................................................................................23
Entry...........................................................................................................................................23
Effective entry...............................................................................................................................................23
As a trespasser...........................................................................................................................23
Entering under fraudulent circumstances....................................................................................................23
Entry for purpose alien to consent given.....................................................................................................23
Knowing that you are a trespasser (MR)......................................................................................................23
Into a building/ part of a building...............................................................................................24
Definition......................................................................................................................................................24
Different parts of building............................................................................................................................24
Conditional intent.........................................................................................................................................24
Secondary participation and attempts..............................................................................24
Attempt......................................................................................................................................27
Point to note.................................................................................................................................................27
Offences which cannot be attempted..........................................................................................................27
More than merely preparatory...................................................................................................27
As a matter of law it isn’t necessary to establish that D has done all that he intends to do.......................28
More than merely preparatory meaning......................................................................................................28
Points for determining whether the AR has been completed......................................................................28
Not doing something that is more than merely preparatory.......................................................................28
MR of attempt: intent.................................................................................................................28
Only intention is suffice................................................................................................................................29
Attempted Aggravated criminal damage.....................................................................................................29
Crim liability of accomplices.........................................................................................................................29
Impossibility...............................................................................................................................29
Impossibility cases and MR...........................................................................................................................29
Impossibility cases and MR...........................................................................................................................29
Accomplice liability..........................................................................................................30
Principal and accomplice............................................................................................................30
When you can be a principal offender.........................................................................................................30
When you can be an accomplice..................................................................................................................30
You cannot be an accomplice if you are underage and encourage someone to have sex with you...........30
Killing by omission........................................................................................................................................30
Aid, abet, counsel, procure.........................................................................................................31
Words are given their ordinary meaning......................................................................................................32
2
, Presence at the crime scene.........................................................................................................................32
Illegal event...................................................................................................................................................32
Failing to act and becoming an accomplice..................................................................................................32
Link between accomplice and principal offender.........................................................................................32
Link between accomplice and principal offender.........................................................................................32
Links..............................................................................................................................................................33
If principal offender is acquitted, accomplice can still be charged..............................................................33
Innocent agents..........................................................................................................................33
In the eyes of the law....................................................................................................................................33
Intention to do the act................................................................................................................33
In eyes of law................................................................................................................................................34
Not wanting offence to occur.......................................................................................................................34
Contractual obligations.................................................................................................................................34
Knowledge of the circumstances..................................................................................................................34
The MR of accomplice................................................................................................................35
Withdrawing from the plan..........................................................................................................................35
Beyond the scope of the plan.......................................................................................................................35
Accomplice knowledge.................................................................................................................................35
Presence or proof of assistance....................................................................................................................35
Strict liability cases........................................................................................................................................36
Accomplice can be charged with a different crime to the principal............................................................36
Essay................................................................................................................................36
Current law on dishonesty is unsatisfactory...............................................................................36
Property offences
Offence AR MR Cases
The theft Act Appropriation; s3 Dishonestly; s2 R v Gomez consent of the
1968 owner to the act done, or the
S1 of property; s4 and intention permanently fact that he authorised the
to deprive s6 act, is irrelevant (backs
belonging to another s5 Lawrence)
R v Morris HOL defined
appropriation as
- an act which adversely
interferes with or
usurps ‘any right of an
owner’. It is an act
which is unauthorised;
- an assumption of any
one right of an owner.
In other words, to
appropriate you had to
usurp only one of the
many rights of an
owner, not all of them.
3
, S5(3)
- there has to be a legal
obligation to deal with
the money (DPP v
Huskinson)
- stealing from a charity
(r v Wain 1995)
abandonment can amount to
theft
The Fraud Act Making a representation Be dishonest; (explanatory A representation can be
2006 (conduct) (s2(3)) note 9 – Ivey test used); express or implied (s 2(4)).
and
And that representation
must be false Intend by making the
(circumstance) (s2(2)) representation, to make a
gain for himself or another,
or to cause loss to another
or to expose another to
risk or loss (s5(2)
Know the representation is
untrue or misleading 2(2)
(a), or know that is might
be so s2(2)(b)
Making off Goods must be supplied Dishonest
without or a service done
payment (Theft Knowledge that payment
Act 1978, The defendant must on the spot was required
s3(1)) make off from the spot or expected
where payment is
required. (s3(2) Intent to avoid payment
Without paying as
required or expected
Robbery the defendant stole that the force or threat of Force doesn’t have to be
S8 (1) (AR = appropriation s3, of force was used in order to significant force (R v Dawson
The TA 1968 property s4, belonging to steal (1976)
another s5)
(will also be MR of theft – dishonesty Force against person or
guilty of theft and s2, intention permanently property is treated the same =
and the to deprive s6) up to jury to decide (R v
assault that either that the defendant- Clouden [1987])
comes along 1 used force on any
with the person, or Slight touching isn’t enough to
robbery!) amount to robbery (P v DPP
2 put or sought to put any [2013])
4
Property offences...............................................................................................................3
Liability..............................................................................................................................6
Theft.............................................................................................................................................7
Appropriation...............................................................................................................................7
Definition of appropriation.............................................................................................................................8
Assumption of the rights of an owner definition...........................................................................................8
Consent of assumption...................................................................................................................................8
Appropriation and gifts...................................................................................................................................8
The act of appropriation.................................................................................................................................8
Later assumptions of the rights of an owner..................................................................................................8
Later assumptions of the owner.....................................................................................................................8
Acting in good faith.........................................................................................................................................8
property.....................................................................................................................................10
Definition of property...................................................................................................................................11
Aspects of property Real property...............................................................................................................11
Aspects of property Personal property........................................................................................................11
Aspects of property Things in action............................................................................................................11
Aspects of property Other intangible property............................................................................................11
Wild flowers and plants................................................................................................................................12
Wild creatures...............................................................................................................................................12
Cannot be stollen..........................................................................................................................................12
Cannot be stollen..........................................................................................................................................12
Belonging to another..................................................................................................................13
Belonging to another definition....................................................................................................................13
Stealing your own property..........................................................................................................................13
Obligation to deal with property in a certain way........................................................................................13
Abandoned property....................................................................................................................................13
Dishonesty..................................................................................................................................14
AR and MR....................................................................................................................................................14
When a defendant isn’t dishonest................................................................................................................14
Willingness to pay for property....................................................................................................................14
Dishonesty test – OBJECTIVE IVEY TEST.......................................................................................................14
Intention to permanently deprive..............................................................................................15
Borrowing (isn’t theft)..................................................................................................................................15
Replacing property........................................................................................................................................15
Paying later...................................................................................................................................................15
Selling back to the owner.............................................................................................................................15
Fraud liability..............................................................................................................................16
How the offence can be committed.............................................................................................................17
False representation...................................................................................................................18
False representation definition....................................................................................................................19
Representation.............................................................................................................................................19
Credit cards and representations.................................................................................................................20
Gain or loss.................................................................................................................................20
Gain or loss definition...................................................................................................................................20
Making off without payment......................................................................................................20
Making off without payment (Theft Act 1978, s3(1))...................................................................................21
1
, Payment on the spot....................................................................................................................................21
Payment........................................................................................................................................................21
Illegal and immoral services.........................................................................................................................21
Robbery......................................................................................................................................21
Establishing theft..........................................................................................................................................21
Force...........................................................................................................................................21
Against a victim’s body.................................................................................................................................22
Against property/ person.............................................................................................................................22
Slight touching..............................................................................................................................................22
Force against whom?....................................................................................................................................22
When the force is being used.......................................................................................................................22
Determining when theft is complete............................................................................................................22
Force must be used in order to steal............................................................................................................22
Burglary......................................................................................................................................23
Entry...........................................................................................................................................23
Effective entry...............................................................................................................................................23
As a trespasser...........................................................................................................................23
Entering under fraudulent circumstances....................................................................................................23
Entry for purpose alien to consent given.....................................................................................................23
Knowing that you are a trespasser (MR)......................................................................................................23
Into a building/ part of a building...............................................................................................24
Definition......................................................................................................................................................24
Different parts of building............................................................................................................................24
Conditional intent.........................................................................................................................................24
Secondary participation and attempts..............................................................................24
Attempt......................................................................................................................................27
Point to note.................................................................................................................................................27
Offences which cannot be attempted..........................................................................................................27
More than merely preparatory...................................................................................................27
As a matter of law it isn’t necessary to establish that D has done all that he intends to do.......................28
More than merely preparatory meaning......................................................................................................28
Points for determining whether the AR has been completed......................................................................28
Not doing something that is more than merely preparatory.......................................................................28
MR of attempt: intent.................................................................................................................28
Only intention is suffice................................................................................................................................29
Attempted Aggravated criminal damage.....................................................................................................29
Crim liability of accomplices.........................................................................................................................29
Impossibility...............................................................................................................................29
Impossibility cases and MR...........................................................................................................................29
Impossibility cases and MR...........................................................................................................................29
Accomplice liability..........................................................................................................30
Principal and accomplice............................................................................................................30
When you can be a principal offender.........................................................................................................30
When you can be an accomplice..................................................................................................................30
You cannot be an accomplice if you are underage and encourage someone to have sex with you...........30
Killing by omission........................................................................................................................................30
Aid, abet, counsel, procure.........................................................................................................31
Words are given their ordinary meaning......................................................................................................32
2
, Presence at the crime scene.........................................................................................................................32
Illegal event...................................................................................................................................................32
Failing to act and becoming an accomplice..................................................................................................32
Link between accomplice and principal offender.........................................................................................32
Link between accomplice and principal offender.........................................................................................32
Links..............................................................................................................................................................33
If principal offender is acquitted, accomplice can still be charged..............................................................33
Innocent agents..........................................................................................................................33
In the eyes of the law....................................................................................................................................33
Intention to do the act................................................................................................................33
In eyes of law................................................................................................................................................34
Not wanting offence to occur.......................................................................................................................34
Contractual obligations.................................................................................................................................34
Knowledge of the circumstances..................................................................................................................34
The MR of accomplice................................................................................................................35
Withdrawing from the plan..........................................................................................................................35
Beyond the scope of the plan.......................................................................................................................35
Accomplice knowledge.................................................................................................................................35
Presence or proof of assistance....................................................................................................................35
Strict liability cases........................................................................................................................................36
Accomplice can be charged with a different crime to the principal............................................................36
Essay................................................................................................................................36
Current law on dishonesty is unsatisfactory...............................................................................36
Property offences
Offence AR MR Cases
The theft Act Appropriation; s3 Dishonestly; s2 R v Gomez consent of the
1968 owner to the act done, or the
S1 of property; s4 and intention permanently fact that he authorised the
to deprive s6 act, is irrelevant (backs
belonging to another s5 Lawrence)
R v Morris HOL defined
appropriation as
- an act which adversely
interferes with or
usurps ‘any right of an
owner’. It is an act
which is unauthorised;
- an assumption of any
one right of an owner.
In other words, to
appropriate you had to
usurp only one of the
many rights of an
owner, not all of them.
3
, S5(3)
- there has to be a legal
obligation to deal with
the money (DPP v
Huskinson)
- stealing from a charity
(r v Wain 1995)
abandonment can amount to
theft
The Fraud Act Making a representation Be dishonest; (explanatory A representation can be
2006 (conduct) (s2(3)) note 9 – Ivey test used); express or implied (s 2(4)).
and
And that representation
must be false Intend by making the
(circumstance) (s2(2)) representation, to make a
gain for himself or another,
or to cause loss to another
or to expose another to
risk or loss (s5(2)
Know the representation is
untrue or misleading 2(2)
(a), or know that is might
be so s2(2)(b)
Making off Goods must be supplied Dishonest
without or a service done
payment (Theft Knowledge that payment
Act 1978, The defendant must on the spot was required
s3(1)) make off from the spot or expected
where payment is
required. (s3(2) Intent to avoid payment
Without paying as
required or expected
Robbery the defendant stole that the force or threat of Force doesn’t have to be
S8 (1) (AR = appropriation s3, of force was used in order to significant force (R v Dawson
The TA 1968 property s4, belonging to steal (1976)
another s5)
(will also be MR of theft – dishonesty Force against person or
guilty of theft and s2, intention permanently property is treated the same =
and the to deprive s6) up to jury to decide (R v
assault that either that the defendant- Clouden [1987])
comes along 1 used force on any
with the person, or Slight touching isn’t enough to
robbery!) amount to robbery (P v DPP
2 put or sought to put any [2013])
4
