Chapter 06

Chapter 06 Multiple Choice Questions 1. __________ is any relatively permanent change in behaviour brought about by experience or practice. A) Adaptation B) Muscle memory C) Memory enhancement D) Learning Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-01 Topic: Learning—How Nurture Changes Us [Introduction] Skill: Factual Objective: Intro Answer: D) Learning 2. Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behaviour because A) it is thought that learning changes the nerve fibre patterns in your muscles. B) once you learn something, you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action. C) it is thought that when learning occurs some part of the brain physically changes. D) memory processes, unlike learning processes, are not permanent. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-02 Topic: Learning—How Nurture Changes Us [Introduction] Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: Intro Answer: C) it is thought that when learning occurs some part of the brain physically changes. 3. Trevor is trying to study in the library and is distracted by students who are talking at nearby tables. After a while, he does not notice them and is able to concentrate on his studying. What form of learning has Trevor experienced? A) Sensitization B) Habituation C) Adaptation D) Conditioning Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-03 Topic: Learning—How Nurture Changes Us [Introduction] Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: Intro Answer: B) Habituation 4. __________ occurs when we respond more strongly over time to a repeated stimulus, and __________ occurs when we respond less strongly over time to a repeated stimulus. A) Sensitization; habituation B) Habituation; adaptation C) Adaptation; sensitization D) Habituation; sensitization Difficulty: 1 1 contact: QuestionID: 06-1-04 Topic: Learning—How Nurture Changes Us [Introduction] Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: Intro Answer: A) Sensitization; habituation 5. Which type of learning allows you to ignore irrelevant details about the world, in order to focus on what matters? A) insight B) shaping C) sensitization D) habituation Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-05 Topic: Learning—How Nurture Changes Us [Introduction] Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: Intro Answer: D) habituation 6. The sound of an insect buzzing around your ear becomes more annoying over time and you just can't ignore it. Which form of learning does this represent? A) habituation B) shaping C) latent inhibition D) sensitization Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-06 Topic: Learning—How Nurture Changes Us [Introduction] Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: Intro Answer: D) sensitization 7. Sarah learned to associate the smell of popcorn with watching movies. Which type of learning is this? A) classical conditioning B) sensitization C) operant conditioning D) habituation Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-07 Topic: Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a Answer: A) classical conditioning 8. As an infant, Stephanie received many painful injections from a doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of A) instrumental learning. B) observational learning. C) classical conditioning. 2 D) habituation. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-08 Topic: Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a Answer: C) classical conditioning. 9. Nic smiled when he heard a song that reminded him of a great summer, years ago. That song was very popular that summer, so it became associated with a lot of fun events. Which type of learning does this represent? A) shaping B) habituation C) classical conditioning D) operant conditioning Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-09 Topic: Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a Answer: C) classical conditioning 10. Which observation led Pavlov to begin studying the process of classical conditioning? A) Dogs salivate more to meat than to vegetables. B) Dogs salivate when they expect to get food. C) Dogs don't learn from punishment. D) Dogs become accustomed to certain sounds and are able to ignore them. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-10 Topic: Classical Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: C) Dogs don't learn from punishment. 11. Which researchers is known for documenting and describing classical conditioning? A) Skinner. B) Thorndike. C) Pavlov. D) Watson. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-11 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: C) Pavlov. 12. Who was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning, while studying the digestive process of dogs? A) John B. Watson 3 B) Albert Bandura C) B.F. Skinner D) Ivan Pavlov Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-12 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: D) Ivan Pavlov 13. Some stimuli elicit responses from us very naturally. Other stimuli are neutral and don't elicit any meaningful responses. If we learn to respond to a neutral stimulus because it has been paired with a meaningful stimulus, which type of conditioning is that? A) Operant conditioning B) Classical conditioning C) Instrumental conditioning D) Reinforcement conditioning Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-13 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: B) Classical conditioning 14. Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called A) classical conditioning. B) operant conditioning. C) memory linkage. D) adaptation. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-14 Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a Answer: A) classical conditioning. 15. John has to give his cat Garfield a pill every day. He always opens up the pill bottle (which makes a popping sound) and removes one pill before giving it to Garfield, and he follows this by giving him a treat as a reward. After a while, John notices that when he opens up the pill bottle, Garfield comes running to him right away. In this example, the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus. A) sound of the pill bottle opening B) pill-taking C) cat running to John D) treat Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-15 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a 4 Answer: D) treat 16. John has to give his cat Garfield a pill every day. He always opens up the pill bottle (which makes a popping sound) and removes one pill before giving it to Garfield, and he follows this by giving him a treat as a reward. After a while, John notices that when he opens up the pill bottle, Garfield comes running to him right away. In this example, the __________ is the conditioned stimulus. A) sound of the pill bottle opening B) pill-taking C) cat running to John D) treat Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-16 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a Answer: A) sound of the pill bottle opening 17. John has to give his cat Garfield a pill every day. He always opens up the pill bottle (which makes a popping sound) and removes one pill before giving it to Garfield, and he follows this by giving him a treat as a reward. After a while, John notices that when he opens up the pill bottle, Garfield comes running to him right away. In this example, the __________ is the conditioned response. A) sound of the pill bottle opening B) pill-taking C) cat running to John D) treat Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-17 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a Answer: C) cat running to John 18. Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In Pavlov's description of learning, salivation is A) a digestive reflux. B) conditioned response. C) an unconditioned response. D) a voluntary response. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-18 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a Answer: C) an unconditioned response. 19. Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries? A) The dogs seemed to enjoy the food. B) The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat. C) The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times. D) The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food. 5 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-19 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: D) The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food. 20. Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. In this example, what is the food? A) unconditioned response B) unconditioned stimulus C) conditioned response D) conditioned stimulus Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-20 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: B) unconditioned stimulus 21. Which of the following would be an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in experiments like Pavlov's? A) dogs B) praise C) sounds D) food Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-21 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: D) food 22. Which of the following would be an unconditioned response (UCR) in an experiment like Pavlov's? A) praise B) food C) dogs D) salivation Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-22 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: D) salivation 23. Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behaviour? A) Classical conditioning 6 B) Innate learning C) Punishment by removal D) Instinctive drift Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-23 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a Answer: A) Classical conditioning 24. Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus. A) presence of Alan near the aquarium B) fish swimming to the top C) aquarium light D) fish food Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-24 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a Answer: D) fish food 25. When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) A) unconditioned response. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) conditioned response. D) conditioned stimulus. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-25 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a Answer: A) unconditioned response. 26. Sue noticed that whenever she opened the squeaky door to the pantry, where the dog food is kept, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. In this example, what is the sound of the squeaky door? A) unconditioned stimulus. B) conditioned stimulus. C) unconditioned response. D) conditioned response. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-26 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a 7 Answer: B) conditioned stimulus. 27. Paul's cat gets fed first thing in the morning, as soon as he gets up. As soon as she hears Paul's alarm clock, the cat runs to the kitchen and waits for him by her bowl. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? A) the cat B) the food C) the sound of the alarm clock D) Paul Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-27 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a Answer: C) the sound of the alarm clock 28. Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? A) can of cat food B) sound of the electric can opener C) taste of the food D) salivation Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-28 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a Answer: B) sound of the electric can opener 29. Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener. In this example, the sound of the can opener is the A) primary stimulus. B) positive reinforcer. C) conditioned stimulus. D) secondary reinforcer. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-29 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1a Answer: C) conditioned stimulus. 30. Which of the following would be a conditioned response (CR) in an experiment like Pavlov's? A) dogs B) food C) salivation D) sounds Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-30 8 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: C) salivation 31. Which of the following would be the conditioned stimulus (CS) in an experiment like Pavlov's? A) food B) salivation C) dogs D) sounds Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-31 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: D) sounds 32. The conditioned stimulus is defined as A) a response that triggers another response by acting as a stimulus. B) the previously neutral stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response. C) the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response. D) the stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-32 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: C) the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response. 33. In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? A) salivation. B) sounds. C) food. D) time. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-33 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: C) food. 34. In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, what was the unconditioned response (UCR)? A) salivation. B) biting. C) sounds. D) food. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-34 9 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: A) salivation. 35. In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, what term is used for salivation that is triggered by sounds rather than by the food itself? A) unconditioned response. B) conditioned response. C) unconditioned stimulus. D) conditioned stimulus. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-35 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: B) conditioned response. 36. According to the theory of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is A) the stimulus that automatically triggers a response when presented. B) the stimulus that triggers a conditioned response. C) the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with another stimulus. D) the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with a conditioned stimulus. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-36 Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: A) the stimulus that automatically triggers a response when presented. 37. In Pavlov's classic experiments, the repeated presentation of sounds along with the food was called the __________ step of the classical conditioning process. A) spontaneous recovery B) extinction C) testing D) acquisition Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-37 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1b Answer: D) acquisition 38. The conditioned response eventually disappears after repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone. What term is used to describe this loss of the CR? A) Acquisition B) Habituation C) Extinction D) Spontaneous recovery 10 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-38 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1b Answer: C) Extinction 39. In classical conditioning, acquisition can be described as the process in which A) the CS produces the UCR. B) the CR is weakened. C) the CS is associated with the UCS. D) the UCS produces the CR. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-39 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1a Answer: C) the CS is associated with the UCS. 40. In which of the following would the acquisition of a classically conditioned response be the fastest? A) Hugh rings a bell immediately after he gives his dog a treat. B) Hugh rings a bell and then gives his dog a treat 30 minutes later. C) Hugh rings a bell often, and gives the dog a treat after every fifth ring. D) Hugh rings a bell and then immediately gives his dog a treat. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-40 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: D) Hugh rings a bell and then immediately gives his dog a treat. 41. Extinction occurs when the __________ no longer produces the __________. A) UCS; CR B) UCS; UCR C) CS; CR D) CS; UCS Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-41 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: C) CS; CR 42. After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. This represents the process called A) acquisition. B) testing. 11 C) extinction. D) spontaneous recovery. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-42 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1b Answer: C) extinction. 43. When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will weaken in a process called A) CR fading. B) extinction. C) habituation. D) generalization fading. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-43 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1b Answer: B) extinction. 44. If your dog gets excited and barks each time you walk in the kitchen (because you usually give him a treat in the kitchen) then which of the following processes could reduce your dog's excitement? A) Acquisition B) Spontaneous recovery C) Extinction D) Sensitization Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-44 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: C) Extinction 45. You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response? A) Counterconditioning B) Instinctive drift C) Spontaneous recovery D) Stimulus discrimination Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-45 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b 12 Answer: C) Spontaneous recovery 46. The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called A) counterconditioning. B) instinctive drift. C) spontaneous recovery. D) stimulus discrimination. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-46 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1b Answer: C) spontaneous recovery. 47. An animal is conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell, using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, which of the following would be evidence of spontaneous recovery? A) the animal doesn't seem to even notice the bell B) the animal only eats when the bell rings C) the animal salivates when the bell rings D) the animal becomes aggressive in the test chamber Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-47 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: C) the animal salivates when the bell rings 48. Which of the following is an example of the renewal effect? A) Stacy can deal with her spider phobia in the therapist's office, but still experiences a lot of fear in her own basement. B) Jack no longer craves alcohol, after several years of avoiding it. C) Mia always smiles whenever she walks into her grandmother's kitchen. D) Bo becomes more and more irritated by the sound of the neighbours' television. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-48 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: A) Stacy can deal with her spider phobia in the therapist's office, but still experiences a lot of fear in her own basement. 49. Tina thought that she was over her fear of dogs. When she was a child, she was bitten by her uncle's dog and developed a serious phobia. Since then, she has learned to be calm around dogs and has even learned to like some dogs. But yesterday, Tina visited her uncle's house and the fear all came back. According to the principles of classical conditioning, this would be an example of A) latent inhibition. B) the renewal effect. C) extinction. 13 D) stimulus generalization. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-49 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: B) the renewal effect. 50. The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called A) stimulus generalization. B) stimulus adaptation. C) higher-order conditioning. D) shaping. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-50 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1b Answer: A) stimulus generalization. 51. After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus, and this new neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called A) generalization. B) operant conditioning. C) higher-order conditioning. D) neoclassical conditioning. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-51 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: C) higher-order conditioning. 52. Ben's mouth waters every time he hears the ice cream truck's familiar song in the distance. One day, a slightly different song is heard in the distance, and Ben's mouth waters. Ben's behaviour illustrates A) stimulus discrimination. B) stimulus generalization. C) stimulus assimilation. D) stimulus recovery. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-52 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: B) stimulus generalization. 53. While on a cruise ship, Kevin became sick after eating a seafood dinner. His food poisoning coupled with sea sickness led to a terrible vacation, and, consequently, Kevin shivers at the mere sight of cruise ships. Kevin's 14 response to any cruise ship, and not just the one that he was on, illustrates the process of A) acquisition. B) generalization. C) discrimination. D) scapegoating. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-53 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: B) generalization. 54. Kyle and Ben were in a car accident. After the accident, Kyle feels some fear whenever he drives anywhere whereas Ben only gets nervous when he is near the site of the original accident. In this example, Kyle seems to have experienced ______ whereas Ben has experienced ________________. A) Stimulus discrimination; stimulus generalization B) Stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination C) Stimulus habituation; generalization gradient D) Generalization gradient; stimulus habituation Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-54 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: B) Stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination 55. Ursula is afraid of some rodents, after she was bitten by a rat. She is afraid of all rats, as well as mice and hamsters, but is not afraid of guinea pigs or gerbils. Ursula's responses best demonstrate that A) stimulus generalization has occurred. B) stimulus discrimination has occurred. C) stimulus generalization occurs along a gradient. D) stimulus discrimination is unpredictable. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-55 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: C) stimulus generalization occurs along a gradient. 56. Andrew is a heroin addict, and he usually shoots up at his friend Dave's place. Following an intervention and treatment, Andrew is trying very hard to stop using heroin but finds that when he goes over to Dave's place, his craving for the drug is very strong. In this example, Dave's place serves as A) an unconditioned response. B) a conditioned stimulus. C) a source of stimulus generalization. D) a form of aversive conditioning. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-56 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life 15 Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: B) a conditioned stimulus. 57. If an advertiser wanted to use higher-order conditioning to get you to like a new product, what should the advertiser pair with that new product? A) Something that naturally elicits positive feelings. B) Something that you've already learned to like. C) Uplifting music. D) Large discounts. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-57 Topic: Higher-Order Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: B) Something that you've already learned to like. 58. Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a bell sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS–UCS linkage was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the bell sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example of A) spontaneous recovery. B) higher-order conditioning. C) stimulus generalization. D) extinction. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-58 Topic: Higher-Order Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: B) higher-order conditioning. 59. When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another neutral stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as A) spontaneous recovery. B) higher-order conditioning. C) stimulus generalization. D) extinction. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-59 Topic: Higher-Order Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: B) higher-order conditioning. 60. Arthur learns to fear white rats, but he does not fear white rabbits or other small white animals. This example illustrates A) spontaneous recovery. B) stimulus discrimination. 16 C) acquisition. D) stimulus generalization. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-60 Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1b Answer: B) stimulus discrimination. 61. Advertisers pair their products with things that most people enjoy, like pleasant music, beautiful scenery, or pictures of attractive people smiling. If you think more positively about the advertised products as a result of these pairings, then your positive feelings represent A) an unconditioned response. B) a conditioned response. C) an unconditioned stimulus. D) a conditioned stimulus. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-61 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: B) a conditioned response. 62. Darcy wants to change her image, so that people see her as more mature and professional now that she is an adult with degree and a good job. She has changed the way she dresses, speaks more formally, and even started wearing glasses to appear more serious. No matter what she tries, her friends and family still think of her as silly and immature. Which conditioning phenomenon is most similar to this example? A) higher-order conditioning. B) latent inhibition. C) aversive conditioning. D) conditioned compensatory responses. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-62 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: B) latent inhibition. 63. In the "Little Albert" study that was intended to show how phobias develop, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the A) white rat. B) loud noise. C) fear of the rat. D) fear of the noise. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-63 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1c 17 Answer: B) loud noise. 64. In a famous study about fear conditioning, Dr. Watson offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind the baby's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the __________ in his study. A) discriminative stimulus B) counterconditioning stimulus C) conditioned stimulus D) unconditioned stimulus Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-64 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1c Answer: C) conditioned stimulus 65. In the study of Little Albert, a cute white rat was paired with a frightening noise, which led Little Albert to be somewhat afraid of the white rat, as well as to some other white fuzzy animals and stimuli. In this study, what is Albert's fear of the other white fuzzy stimuli? A) an unconditioned response B) stimulus generalization C) stimulus discrimination D) an extinction effect Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-65 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: B) stimulus generalization 66. In the study of Little Albert, a cute white rat was paired with a frightening noise, which led Little Albert to be somewhat afraid of the white rat, as well as to some other white fuzzy animals and stimuli. In this study, what is the cute white rat? A) conditioned stimulus B) stimulus generalization C) an unconditioned stimulus D) a discriminative stimulus Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-66 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: A) conditioned stimulus 67. In the study of Little Albert, a cute white rat was paired with a frightening noise, which led Little Albert to be somewhat afraid of the white rat, as well as to some other white fuzzy animals and stimuli. In this study, what is Albert's fear of the frightening noise? A) an unconditioned response B) stimulus generalization 18 C) a conditioned response D) discrimination Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-67 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: A) an unconditioned response 68. Watson and his colleagues conditioned a fear of white rats in a young child named Little Albert, by pairing a rat with a frightening noise. What could Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear of the white rat? A) Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat B) Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard, or other white fuzzy stimuli, repeatedly C) Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following D) Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-68 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: A) Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following 69. After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not __________ had occurred. A) behaviour modification B) shaping C) extinction D) stimulus generalization Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-69 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: D) stimulus generalization 70. What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery? A) Even after his fear of rats was extinguished, the fear could come back. B) After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back. C) His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise. D) His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-70 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: A) Even after his fear of rats was extinguished, the fear could come back. 19 71. Young Albert is initially not afraid of white rats, but if white rats and loud noises are presented together, Albert may learn to fear rats. In this example, white rats would be the A) CR. B) UCR. C) UCS. D) CS. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-71 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: D) CS. 72. Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be A) based on classical conditioning. B) deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants. C) based on the principle of observational learning. D) based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-72 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: A) based on classical conditioning. 73. Which of the following processes would be most helpful for treating a phobia or serious fear response? A) Instinctive drift B) Latent inhibition C) Punishment D) Extinction Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-73 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: D) Extinction 74. Shelly has developed a fear of bridges due to the recent graphic news coverage of people falling from a collapsed bridge. In this example, which of the following is the CS? A) Fear B) People falling C) Graphic news coverage D) Bridges Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-74 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c 20 Answer: D) Bridges 75. Whenever Claire goes to the dentist, she becomes anxious and cries. She was not afraid of the dentist on her first visit, so her fear was a learned behaviour. The UCS in this case was probably A) an uncomfortable procedure. B) sweet toothpaste. C) the dentist's beard. D) small prizes given after the exam. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-75 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: A) an uncomfortable procedure. 76. Bennett cut his hand while washing dishes, and now he is nervous whenever he reaches into the soapy water. His nervousness when reaching into the water is A) a conditioned stimulus. B) a conditioned response. C) an unconditioned response. D) an unconditioned stimulus. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-76 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: B) a conditioned response. 77. Based on the classical conditioning model of drug tolerance, which of the following situations should elicit the largest conditioned compensatory response associated with alcohol tolerance? A) Drinking alcohol in a completely novel environment. B) Drinking a new flavor of alcohol. C) Drinking at a steady pace, not too fast and not too slow. D) Drinking a familiar alcohol in a familiar environment. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-77 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: B) Drinking a new flavor of alcohol. 78. Which of the following situations would most likely lead to heroin overdose, according to the conditioned compensatory response model of drug tolerance? A) Using heroin in a familiar environment. B) Using heroin in an unfamiliar environment. C) Using heroin in conjunction with stimulants. D) Using heroin daily, for months at a time. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-78 21 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: B) Using heroin in an unfamiliar environment. 79. One of the effects of alcohol is to slow the heart rate. People who are addicted to alcohol may have an increase in heart rate when they smell or see alcohol. What is the term for this learned reaction? A) habituation response B) conditioned compensatory response C) aversive conditioning response D) operant response Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-79 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: B) conditioned compensatory response 80. The typical effect of heroin is a decrease in blood pressure (the UCR), whereas the cues associated with taking heroin, such as a bathroom stall in a seedy nightclub, will, through conditioning, come to elicit an increase in blood pressure (the CR). This means that when the addict enters the bathroom stall, she will experience an immediate increase in blood pressure, which then helps to prevent blood pressure from dropping too low when the heroin is injected. This experience occurs due to A) pseudoconditioning. B) conditioned compensatory responses. C) classically conditioned fetishism. D) latent inhibition. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-80 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: B) conditioned compensatory responses. 81. Alan loves both doughnuts and sex and always eats a doughnut immediately before having sex. After a time of engaging in frequent doughnut–sexual activity pairings, Alan finds that he becomes sexually aroused at the mere sight of a doughnut. Alan's responses can be explained by A) pseudoconditioning. B) conditioned compensatory responses. C) classically conditioned fetishism. D) latent inhibition. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-81 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: C) classically conditioned fetishism. 82. Which of the following is associated with the development of both drug tolerance and fetishes? 22 A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) latent inhibition D) extinction procedures Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-82 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: D) extinction procedures 83. If you wanted to condition someone to be disgusted by the sight of cake, or to be sexually aroused by the sight of cake, which of the following methods would be most effective? A) extinction B) classical conditioning C) partial reinforcement D) operant conditioning Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-83 Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.1c Answer: B) classical conditioning 84. Some learning is controlled by the consequences of the organism's behaviour. Which type of conditioning is this? A) Respondent B) Pavlovian C) Classical D) Operant Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-84 Topic: Operant Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2a Answer: D) Operant 85. Joan puts a toonie into a vending machine to get a bottle of water. In this example, the operant behavior is A) Joan. B) putting a toonie into a vending machine. C) receiving a bottle of water. D) satisfying the thirst. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-85 Topic: Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2a Answer: B) putting a toonie into a vending machine. 23 86. What is the term for a behaviour that is voluntary, and done to achieve a goal or reward? A) antecedent B) stimulus C) conditioned D) operant Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-86 Topic: Operant Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2a Answer: D) operant 87. Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? A) Feeling nervous when you hear spooky music during a horror movie. B) Learning to like a new band because your best friend likes it. C) Encouraging a child to do his chores by giving him a cookie when he has completed them. D) Reducing a patient's fear of spiders by associating spiders with relaxation. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-87 Topic: Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2a Answer: C) Encouraging a child to do his chores by giving him a cookie when he has completed them. 88. According to __________ theory, behaviour is said to be influenced by its consequences. A) cognitive learning B) classical conditioning C) observational learning D) operant conditioning Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-88 Topic: Operant Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2a Answer: D) operant conditioning 89. In operant conditioning, target behaviours are __________, whereas in classical conditioning they are __________. A) elicited; emitted B) emitted; elicited C) reinforced; punished D) punished; reinforced Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-89 Topic: Distinguishing Operant Conditioning from Classical Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2a 24 Answer: B) emitted; elicited 90. In ___________ conditioning, the focus is change to voluntary behaviours whereas in _____________ conditioning, the focus is change to _____________ behaviours. A) operant; observational B) respondent; classical C) operant; classical D) Pavlovian; Skinnerian Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-90 Page-Reference: Topic: Distinguishing Operant Conditioning from Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2a Answer: C) operant; classical 91. Operant conditioning would be the best choice to modify which of the following responses? A) heart rate B) drug cravings C) disgust reactions D) doing homework Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-91 Topic: Distinguishing Operant Conditioning from Classical Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2a Answer: D) doing homework 92. Which type of learning changes the likelihood of voluntary behaviour? A) operant conditioning. B) classical conditioning. C) Pavlovian conditioning. D) spontaneous recovery. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-92 Topic: The Law of Effect Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2b Answer: A) operant conditioning. 93. Which researcher developed the Law of Effect, which forms the basis of operant conditioning? A) Bandura B) Watson C) Skinner D) Thorndike Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-93 Topic: The Law of Effect Skill: Factual 25 Objective: 6.2b Answer: D) Thorndike 94. One of the early terms for behaviourism is 'S-R' psychology. What was the main theory of S-R psychology? A) Everything we do is based on the gradual buildup of associations between stimuli and responses. B) All of our voluntary behaviours are merely responses to classically conditioned stimuli. C) Responses are only meaningful if you can identify the triggering stimuli. D) Measurement of stimuli and responses is impossible, so we must build theoretical models to explain associations. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-94 Topic: The Law of Effect Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2b Answer: A) Everything we do is based on the gradual buildup of associations between stimuli and responses. 95. According to the Law of Effect, which of the following behaviours should become more common? A) A child doing her homework after she was praised for her last homework assignment.; B) A child throwing a tantrum after being ignored for throwing a tantrum. C) A dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented D) A rat eating after it got a shock for pressing a lever. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-95 Topic: The Law of Effect Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2a Answer: C) A dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented 96. Which of the following theorists believed that most of learning occurred by trial and error? A) Thorndike B) Tolman C) Breland D) Bandura Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-96 Topic: The Law of Effect Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2b Answer: A) Thorndike 97. A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is best described by A) social learning theory. B) biofeedback theory. C) classical conditioning. D) operant conditioning. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-97 Topic: The Law of Effect 26 Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2b Answer: D) operant conditioning. 98. "If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of A) Pavlov's classical conditioning. B) Tolman's latent learning. C) Kohler's insight learning. D) Thorndike's law of effect. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-98 Topic: The Law of Effect Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2b Answer: D) Thorndike's law of effect. 99. Thorndike's research with cats in puzzle boxes led him to conclude that A) cats learn by insight and can grasp the nature of a problem. B) we all experience an "aha reaction" where we solve a problem and respond correctly after that point. C) all learning, in animals and humans, occurs by trial and error. D) learning that is strongly reinforced occurs faster and is less subject to extinction. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-99 Topic: The Law of Effect Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2b Answer: C) all learning, in animals and humans, occurs by trial and error. 100. Which theorist, along with B.F. Skinner, laid the groundwork for the theory of operant conditioning? A) Thorndike B) Pavlov C) Bandura D) Watson Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-100 Topic: The Law of Effect Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2b Answer: A) Thorndike 101. Thorndike's law of effect is most closely associated with which operant conditioning principle? A) Premack principle B) Negative reinforcement C) Punishment D) Positive reinforcement Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: Topic: The Law of Effect Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2b Answer: D) Positive reinforcement 102. What is the primary purpose of an operant chamber, or 'Skinner Box'? A) to prevent animals from interacting with each other B) to control the stimuli presented to animals C) to provide punishment for inappropriate behaviours D) to measure saliva production in classical conditioning trials Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-102 Topic: B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2c Answer: D) to measure saliva production in classical conditioning trials 103. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on A) classical conditioning. B) operant conditioning. C) vicarious learning. D) cognitive learning. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 06-1-103 Topic: B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2c Answer: B) operant conditioning. 104. In operant conditioning, which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A) A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness B) A student who completes all homework is allowed to skip a quiz. C) A student loses privileges for playing with lab equipment D) A student is sent to detention for fighting Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-104 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: B) A student who completes all homework is allowed to skip a quiz. 105. In operant conditioning, what is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response? A) the law of negative effect B) reinforcement C) conditional emotional linkages D) a long time delay Difficulty: 2 28 QuestionID: 06-1-105 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: C) conditional emotional linkages 106. A negative reinforcer is an aversive stimulus that is __________ and, thus, __________ the probability of a response. A) removed; increases B) removed; decreases C) presented; increases D) presented; decreases Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-106 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: A) removed; increases 107. A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this example? A) Punisher B) Positive reinforcer C) Negative reinforcer D) Conditioned response Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-107 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: B) Positive reinforcer 108. Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most accurate? A) Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog, next time. B) Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog. C) Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog. D) Bill will never bathe the dog again. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-108 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: C) Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog. 109. Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being 29 A) extinguished, because he feels anxious after doing so. B) recovered spontaneously, because he will never get better. C) positively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. D) negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-109 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: D) negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. 110. Mark and Kathy take their two-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son's face and yells at the top of their lungs, "Shut up!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story? A) The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son's screaming. B) The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage; their child's screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married. C) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming. D) Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a negative reinforcement schedule. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-110 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: C) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming. 111. Nicky tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down. Nicky's behaviour results from A) classical conditioning. B) shaping. C) generalization. D) negative reinforcement. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-111 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: D) negative reinforcement. 112. Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? A) Giving a child candy for completing their homework B) Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules C) Giving students a night off from homework if they work hard during class D) Removing a child's chores when he or she complete homework 30 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-112 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: A) Giving a child candy for completing their homework 113. Wearing shorts on a hot summer day, because it helps you to feel less hot, is a behaviour that is established by way of A) punishment. B) positive reinforcement. C) classical conditioning. D) negative reinforcement. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-113 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: D) negative reinforcement. 114. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A) Getting a treat for doing dishes. B) Getting rid of a bad smell by taking out the trash. C) Feeling sick after eating too much. D) Losing a friend because you were mean to them. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-114 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: B) Getting rid of a bad smell by taking out the trash. 115. A behaviour is negatively reinforced when the consequence involves removing something __________ and positively reinforced when the consequence involves presenting something __________. A) pleasant; pleasant B) unpleasant; pleasant C) unpleasant; unpleasant D) pleasant; unpleasant Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-115 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: B) unpleasant; pleasant 116. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A) Cheyenne was a good girl at daycare, so she doesn't have to help set the table for dinner. B) Zane did his chores when he got home from school, so his mother let him play video games. C) Devin was crying because he wanted a treat, so his parents gave him a treat to stop his crying. 31 D) Kennedy was teasing her brother, so her mother gave her a time-out. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-116 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: A) Cheyenne was a good girl at daycare, so she doesn't have to help set the table for dinner. 117. If you put mittens on to reduce the discomfort of having very cold hands, then which of the following terms describes this situation? A) positive reinforcement B) response cost C) punishment D) negative reinforcement Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-117 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: D) negative reinforcement 118. Jason had a lot of trouble finishing a research paper but worked really hard and got an A grade on the paper. Getting an A for working hard is an example of A) positive reinforcement. B) response cost. C) punishment. D) negative reinforcement. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-118 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: A) positive reinforcement. 119. Ting washes the dishes every morning because he gets a lot of appreciation for doing that chore. This is an example of which operant concept? A) negative reinforcement B) negative punishment C) positive reinforcement D) positive punishment Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-119 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: C) positive reinforcement 120. Aron has stopped going to his local comic book store, because they stopped carrying his favourite comic. 32 This is an example of which operant concept? A) negative reinforcement B) negative punishment C) positive reinforcement D) positive punishment Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-120 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: B) negative punishment 121. Renata doesn't like to check her email because when she does there is usually a nasty message from her coworker. This is an example of which operant concept? A) negative reinforcement B) negative punishment C) positive reinforcement D) positive punishment Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-121 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: D) positive punishment 122. Ting washes his dishes every morning because then he doesn't have to deal with stinky dishes that are harder to wash later in the day. This is an example of which operant concept? A) negative reinforcement B) negative punishment C) positive reinforcement D) positive punishment Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-122 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: A) negative reinforcement 123. When Sherry has a shower in the morning, she is typically late for work and her boss takes away her coffee break. As a result, Sherry has stopped showering in the morning. This is an example of operant concept? A) negative reinforcement B) negative punishment C) positive reinforcement D) positive punishment Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-123 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c 33 Answer: B) negative punishment 124. Steve gets yelled at each time that he acts up in class. As a result, he has started acting up even more in class. This is an example of operant concept? A) negative reinforcement B) negative punishment C) positive reinforcement D) positive punishment Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-124 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: C) positive reinforcement 125. Carla asked a question in class, and her teacher made a fuss about what a great question it was. After that, Carla never asked another question in class again. This is an example of operant concept? A) negative reinforcement B) negative punishment C) positive reinforcement D) positive punishment Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-125 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: D) positive punishment 126. A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as A) punishment. B) negative reinforcement. C) extinction. D) positive reinforcement. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-126 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: A) punishment. 127. Punishment is defined as A) any consequence presented after behaviour that increases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring. B) any consequence presented before behaviour that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring. C) any consequence presented after behaviour that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring. D) any consequence presented before behaviour that increases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2c Answer: C) any consequence presented after behaviour that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring. 128. Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of behaviour reoccurring? A) Negative reinforcement B) Positive reinforcement C) Punishment D) Fixed ratio reinforcement Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-128 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: C) Punishment 129. What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? A) Punishment B) Positive reinforcement C) Negative reinforcement D) Appetitive conditioning Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-129 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: A) Punishment 130. Which of the following is an example of punishment? A) Nia yells at her boyfriend for talking during a TV show, and he continues to try to talk to her. B) Russ takes allergy medication before he goes hiking, so that he doesn't get red eyes and a runny nose. C) Shar stops paying attention to her whining dog. D) Raj makes fun of a girl on his team, and she stopped coming to the games. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-130 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: D) Raj makes fun of a girl on his team, and she stopped coming to the games. 131. To get back at her sister, Tess steals her sister's sweater. Unfortunately, her sister has so many clothes that she didn't even notice. According to Skinner, is this an example of punishment? A) Yes, because the act of removing the sweater was intended to punish. B) Yes, because the sweater is still missing even if not noticed yet. C) No, because removal of a stimulus is negative reinforcement. D) No, because it didn't change the sister's behaviour. Difficulty: 3 35 QuestionID: 06-1-131 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: D) No, because it didn't change the sister's behaviour. 132. Which of the following is an advantage of punishment? A) Punishment teaches self-control. B) Punishment increases respect between a child and the caregiver. C) Punishment decreases the likelihood that a target behaviour will recur. D) Punishment increases critical thinking and leads children to be more cautious. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-132 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: C) Punishment decreases the likelihood that a target behaviour will recur. 133. Researchers that have studied the relationship between physical punishment by parents and aggressive behaviour in children have found that A) punishment is associated with more behavioural problems in children. B) there is a causal relationship between parental punishment and childhood aggression. C) punishment is effective for reducing problem behaviour in children and decreases aggressive responses. D) children who have aggressive tendencies will behave aggressively, no matter how the parents deal with problem behaviours. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-133 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2c Answer: A) punishment is associated with more behavioural problems in children. 134. Which of the following statements is representative of general research on spanking and aggression? A) Increased spanking causes increased aggression in children. B) Increased spanking is associated with higher levels of aggression in children from countries where spanking is rare. C) Increased spanking is associated with higher levels of aggression in children from countries where spanking is common. D) Increased spanking decreases aggression in children. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-134 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2c Answer: B) Increased spanking is associated with higher levels of aggression in children from countries where spanking is rare. 135. Aimee is walking around the mall and sees her friend Jane waving at her, so she walks over to talk to Jane. What is the discriminative stimulus in this example? A) Aimee 36 B) The mall C) The wave D) The conversation Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-135 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: C) The wave 136. Janet used to pout in order to get her own way, but her parents started ignoring that behaviour. Now she rarely pouts to get her own way. Which process has occured? A) Extinction B) Spontaneous recovery C) Stimulus discrimination D) Negative reinforcement Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-136 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: A) Extinction 137. Which of the following processes occurs in both operant conditioning and classical conditioning? A) Positive reinforcement B) Spontaneous recovery C) Punishment D) Conditioned stimulus Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-137 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2c Answer: B) Spontaneous recovery 138. Pavlov's dog salivates when the red light is on, but not when the green light is on. Skinner's cat runs away from barking dogs, but snuggles with relaxed dogs. Which of the following terms describes both of these behaviour patterns? A) Discriminative stimulus B) Stimulus generalization C) Extinction D) Stimulus discrimination Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-138 Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2c Answer: D) Stimulus discrimination 37 139. Kristine gives her dog a treat each time he does a trick. Sarah gives her dog a treat only occasionally for doing the same trick. Which of the following is most likely? A) Sarah's dog won't learn the trick very well. B) Kristine's dog won't learn the trick very well. C) If Sarah stops giving treats, her dog will continue to do the trick longer than Kristine's. D) If Kristine stops giving treats, her dog will continue to do the trick longer than Sarah's. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-139 Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2d Answer: C) If Sarah stops giving treats, her dog will continue to do the trick longer than Kristine's. 140. If a student earns a grade for every three books that they read, which schedule of reinforcement is that? A) Variable interval B) Variable ratio C) Fixed ratio D) Fixed interval Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 06-1-140 Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2d Answer: C) Fixed ratio 141. Which reinforcement schedule will result in the fastest initial acquisition of a behaviour? A) Fixed interval B) Continuous C) Variable ratio D) Variable interval Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 06-1-141 Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 6.2d Answer: B) Continuous 142. Omar and Patrice sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Omar is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Patrice is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells (which could take any number of calls). Omar is paid on a __________ schedule, while Patrice is paid on a __________ schedule. A) fixed ratio; fixed interval B) variable r