Geography AQA PAPER 1 2023 with 100% correct questions and answers

Natural Hazard Any natural process that is a potential threat to human life and property Factors affecting hazard risk Urbanisation, poverty, development, climate change Constructive plates Two plates move apart, magma forces way along gap and causes earthquake, erupted lava cools and forms volcano Ecotourism The practice of using an area's natural environment to attract tourists which is sustainable and won't damage area Destructive plate Two plates moving towards one another, oceanic plate subducts under continental plate and friction causes melting of oceanic plate, triggers earthquake Conservative plate Two plates moving alongside, friction can send shockwaves causing earthquakes Where are volcanoes distributed? Coastline and tectonic plate boundaries Where are earthquakes distributed? Coastline and tectonic plate boundaries Chile HIC earthquake 27th feb 2010, 8.8 Richter scale, caused on destructive plate margin PE- 5000 deaths, Santiago airport damaged SE- 1500km road damaged by landslide IR- Emergency service floating bridge, field hospitals LTR- President said 4 years to recover Nepal LIC earthquake 25th april 2015, 7.9 Richter scale, caused by collision of eurasian and Australian plate PE- 3 mil homeless SE- Avalanche 250 missing IR- Social media search, field hospitals LTR- Homeless rehoused, tourist site reopened Why would people live next to natural hazards? Rarity of volcano explosion, poverty, fertile flood plain soils How to reduce risk from tectonic hazard Monitoring- using scientific equipment to detect warning Prediction- historical events Protection- designing buildings Planning- identifying and avoiding places at risk Coriolis effect The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents. Formation of a storm 26 degrees water, close to equator, warm ocean heats air causing it to rise, water evaporates from hot surface, so rising air contains water vapour, air starts to spin, eye is calm Where do storms form? 5-15 degrees north and south of equator because there is not enough spin from the rotation of the earth elsewhere What 3 features can climate change effect in a storm? Distribution, frequency, intensity Typhoon Haiyan November 2013, category 5, Philippines PE- Tacloban airport damage SE- Looting and violence IR- Red cross gave food LTR- Oxfam supported fishing boats for income, cash for cleaning city Somerset Levels Flood Jan 2014 South West, caused by wettest Jan and low pressure driven across Atlantic ocean Social- 16 evacuated farms, no power Economic- £10m Environmental- Debris to be cleared IR- Villagers used boats to be evacuated LTR- £20m action plan to prevent flood by government Dam construction (preventing flood) Water is held back in a dam and released in a controlled way, is expensive, makes hydroelectric power, agricultural land lost River engineering (preventing flood) River may be widened or deepened to carry more water or straightened to flow faster, altering could lead to flood downstream Afforestation (preventing flooding) Trees planted to increase interception of rain water Managed flooding (preventing flooding) River floods naturally in places to prevent areas like settlements being flooded Evidence of climate change Rising sea level of 10-20cm in 100 years, seasonal change eg flowering takes place at a different time, shrinking glaciers most will be gone by 2035 Causes of climate change- natural Changes in earths orbit, varied heat output from sun, volcanic activity ash blocks out sunlight Causes of climate change- human Burning fossil fuels and realising co2 or deforestation Effects of climate change on people Can bring weather hazards and take lives or property. eg rainfall brings mosquitoes and malaria Managing climate change Carbon capture and storage technology to capture co2 from burning fossil fuels, using alternative energy resources, planting trees, international agreement Epping Forest North East of London on Essex border, 4km wide, deciduous woodland, vegetation determined by climate Primary producer Organisms that produce energy available for other organisms to eat eg plants and photosynthesis Consumers Get energy by consuming other organisms Nutrient cycle The movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter How can change affect an eco system? Natural- drought dries out lake Human- eutrophication Tropical rainforest distribution Close to equator high temp heavy rainfall due to low equatorial pressure belt Desert distribution 30 degrees north and south of equator sub tropic high pressure belts sinking air stops cloud forming Polar distribution Arctic/Antartic Deciduous and coniferous 50-60 degrees north of equator shed leaves in winter to retain moisture Temperate Grassland distribution 30 degrees north and south of equator warm dry summer grass can tolerate because used for grazing animals Mediterranean distribution 40-45 degrees north of equator hot summer due to pressure belts moving north and south throughout year Tropical grassland (savanna) distribution 15-30 north and south of equator low latitudes dry season hot fires thunderstorms in wet season Tundra distribution From Arctic circle to 60-70 degrees north low growing plants adapted to cold Where is the Malaysian Rainforest? South East Asia Example of Malaysian rainforest plant adaptation Fan palms have large fan shaped leaves good for catching sunshine and water leaves are segmented to drain excess water Example of Malaysian rainforest animal adaptation Sloths have longer arms than legs to grab branches grooved fur and inactive lifestyle helps growth of algae to camouflage Threats to the Malaysian rainforest Commercial logging for palm oil, subsistence farming tribes burn trees to clear land, mineral extraction drilling for oil and gas, road building trees cut down Impacts of threats on Malaysian rainforest Soil erodes and becomes loose and infertile, loss of biodiversity and medicine, contribution to climate change Economic gains of deforestation Improved transport, hydroelectric power, minerals are valuable, palm oil industry benefits Economic losses of deforestation Medicine loss Why manage rainforests? Medicine, to keep biodiversity, water sources, tribes, reduce rate of global warming How to manage the Malaysian rainforest Selective logging and afforestation, conservation and education (preserving rainforest), international agreements, Ecotourism, Forest Estates have been created by the government where no change of land use is allowed, Creation of National Parks to protect biodiversity Thar Desert North West India most densely populated desert in the world How plants and animals adapt in the Thar desert Snakes retain water with waterproof skin and most rodents are nocturnal. Cacti have waxy skin to reduce water loss and store water in roots and stems Challenges of the Thar desert Temperature- working in high temperature hard for farmers and lead to water shortage Water supply- as a population and farming industry grows water need increases Accessibility issues- limited roads tarmac would melt Opportunity of the Thar Desert Minerals like gypsum can be used for cement, tourism camels for money, energy development solar panels, farming crops like wheat Causes of desertification Erosion, overgrazing, drought, soil compaction, agriculture Managing desertification Afforestation binds soil together leaves and branches give shade to animals, decrease livestock, manage grazing How do waves form? Waves form by wind blowing over the sea and the friction causes ripples Freeze thaw weathering Water flows into cracks and freezes cracks then is weakened and is easier to be eroded Constructive waves Deposit large amounts of sand and pebbles construct beaches strong swash (spilling) Destructive waves Formed by storms can destroy beach removing pebbles with strong backwash (plunging) Mechanical weathering (cliffs) The disintegration (break up of rocks) eg freeze thaw Chemical weathering (cliffs) Caused by chemical changes eg rain water is acidic Biological weathering (cliffs) Plants growing in cracks and animals burrowing in weak rock Rockfall (mass movement) Fragments of rock break away from cliff face due to freeze thaw Landslide (mass movement) Blocks of rock slide downhill Mud flow (mass movement) Saturated soil and weak rock flows down slope Rotational slip (mass movement) Slump of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface 5 kinds of coastal erosion Solution, corrosion, abrasion, attrition, hydraulic power Solution Dissolving of rocks due to chemicals in water