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Lecture notes

Chemie van de aarde lectures samenvatting

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January 17, 2023
Number of pages
11
Written in
2019/2020
Type
Lecture notes
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Wolthers
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CHEMIE VAN DE AARDE




THERMODYNAMICA

F
Druk: P= 1 atm =760 mm Hg = 760 Torr = 101325 Pa STP: 0C, SATP: 25C
A


(a n2
)
Ideale gaswet: PV =nRT en van der Waals: P+ 2 ( V −nb )=nRT
v




1e wet van de thermodynamica: ∆ E=q+ w=q−Pext ∆ V 1 cal = 4.184J

- Bij een constant volume: ∆ E=q
- Bij een constante druk:q=∆ E+ P ∆ V =∆ H =enthalpy=Hproducten−Hreactanten
−∆ H =exotherm
+ ∆ H =endotherm
q
Warmtecapaciteit C=
∆T
- Specifiek: q=Cm ∆ T
- Molair: q=Cn ∆ T
- Latent: C ∆T ∆ H=−P ∆V

2e wet van de thermodynamica: de totale entropy van het universum neemt altijd toe, dus ∆ S> 0

∆ Stot=∆ Systeem+ ∆ Somgeving ¿ ( −∆T H ) T ∆ Stot=T ∆ Ssys−∆ Hsys

, Gibbs vrije energie: ∆ G=−T ∆ Stot ∆ G=∆ Hsys−T ∆ Ssys=Gprod −Greact ( bij T =25 ℃ )

−∆ G0
dG =−SdT +VdP = fundamentele vergelijking ln ( K ) = en ∆ G=∆ G0 + RTln(Q)
RT
Spontane reactie: ∆ G<0 ∆ H< 0 ∆ S >0 ∆ T >0 ℃
Evenwicht: ∆ G=0 ∆ H=0 ∆ S=0 ∆T =0℃
Onspontane reactie ∆ G>0 ∆ H> 0 ∆ S <0 ∆ T <0 ℃


dP ∆S
Fases: = Gibbs: F = C – P + 2
dT T ∆ V


EVENWICHTEN
Evenwichtsconstante
c d
[C ] [ D]
K= =Q(reactiequotient)
[ A]a [B] b
Q< K :reactie gaat naar links , neerslag , verzadigd
Q=K : evenwicht
Q> K :reactie gaat naar rechts , onverzadigd

Van ’t Hoff: ln K T =ln K 298 + (
∆ H0 1

R T 298 T
1
)
atm
Henry: C gas =K H p



Sterk zuur/base: lost volledig op pH =−log ⁡¿ en pOH =−log ⁡¿ samen 14

Zwak zuur/base: ICE methode waarbij je x mag verwaarlozen als …M>1000 x Ka

Common ion: Eerste achtergrondszuur en dan de normale vergelijking

Polyprotisch zuur/base: de reactanten kunnen weer gaan reageren

Buffer: bij toevoeging van een zuur of base veranderd de pH weinig, deze is optimaal als pH=pK±1
[base ]
pH = pKa+log B=2.3 ¿
[zuur ]


CO2 SYSTEEM

Gesloten systeem Open systeem
Carbonic acid: H2CO3 CT K H pCO
2


Bicarbonate: HCO3- CT K 1 K1 ¿¿
∝¿ ¿ ¿

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