ATI TEAS 7
ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
STUDY GUIDE
, ATI TEAS 7 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
CELLS & BASIC STRUCTURE
● Prokaryotes
○ single-celled (bacteria or archaea) with flagella (for movement)
○ Replicate through binary fission → split apart and make 2 exact copies of same
cell
○ DNA is contained in single circular chromosome
● Eukaryotes
○ Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria
○ Reproduce through mitosis or meiosis
○ DNA is contained in multiple linear chromosomes
● All cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA
● Plant cells contain all same organelles but contain cell walls with chloroplast
○ Organelles that aid in photosynthesis
ORGANELLES OF A CELL
Organelle Function
Cell membrane ● Controls movement of solutes in and
out of the cell (proteins, enzymes,
chemicals)
● Selectively permeable
● Made of double layer of phospholipids
(hydrophilic phosphate head,
hydrophobic fatty acid tail)
Nucleus ● contains DNA
● Codes for protein (transcription →
process of making mRNA from gene)
● DNA replication and RNA
transcription occur
Nucleolus ● Where most RNA and ribosomes are
made
Mitochondria ● “Powerhouse of cell”
● Produce ATP via aerobic respiration
● Has a double membrane, small
circular genome, and own ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum ● where proteins are built and stored
● Smooth ER = no ribosomes
, ● Rough ER = ribosomes attached
Golgi Apparatus ● Sort, pack, and secrete proteins from
ER
Lysosomes ● Contains enzymes that break cell
structures
● Recycle old cell parts
Secretory Vesicles ● Transport and deliver molecules in and
out of cell via cell membrane
●
Ribosomes ● Produce proteins as specified from
DNA
Cilia/Flagella ● Cilia - Microscopic hair-like
projections on some eukaryotic cells
that aid in movement
● Flagella - whip-like tail used for
movement; only on sperm cell in
humans
Chromosomes ● Complex thread-like arrangements
composed of DNA
● Found in cell nucleus
● Humans have 23 pairs (46 total)
Chromatin ● Cluster of genetic material made of
DNA and proteins
● Forms chromosomes during cell
division
Centrosome ● Organize microtubules of cell
● Centriole - substructure; assembles
mitotic spindle in cell division
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
● Passive Mechanisms
○ Does not require energy
○ From a high to low concentration
1) Simple Diffusion
a) Relies on concentration gradient to scatter molecules until equilibrium
2) Facilitated Diffusion
a) Uses carrier proteins to transport molecules across cell membrane
3) Osmosis
, a) Diffusion of H2O across selectively permeable membrane
b) Water moves from area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration
c) Isotonic - equal distribution of H2O
d) Hypertonic - H2O moves out of the cell → cell shrinks
e) Hypotonic - H2O moves into cell → cell swells
4) Filtration
a) Forcing molecules through membrane to separate solids from H2O
● Active Mechanisms
○ Requires ATP
○ From area of low to high concentration
1) Active Transport
a) Requires carrier protein
2) Exocytosis
a) Moving molecules into cell
3) Endocytosis
a) Moving molecules out of cell
i) Pinocytosis - cell drinking; taking in droplets of H2O
ii) Phagocytosis - cell eating; taking in solids
iii) Receptor-mediated endocytosis - cell membrane splits off to form
internal vesicle → response to molecules activating receptors on surface
CELL REPRODUCTION
● Mitosis
○ Multiplication of cells via sexual reproduction
○ Cells produce exact copy of themselves
○ Results in two identical daughter cells
● Meiosis
○ Cellular reproduction via sexual reproduction
○ Each daughter cell contains half of DNA of original cell
CELL CYCLE (MITOSIS)
1) Interphase
a) Cells conducting metabolic functions and replicating DNA
b) Cell growth period
2) Prophase (step 1)
a) Nuclear membrane dissolves → doubled chromosomes float freely
b) Spindle fibers gather around centrosomes → produce spindle apparatus (separates
floating DNA into separate poles)
3) Metaphase (step 2)
a) Sees spindle apparatus
ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
STUDY GUIDE
, ATI TEAS 7 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
CELLS & BASIC STRUCTURE
● Prokaryotes
○ single-celled (bacteria or archaea) with flagella (for movement)
○ Replicate through binary fission → split apart and make 2 exact copies of same
cell
○ DNA is contained in single circular chromosome
● Eukaryotes
○ Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria
○ Reproduce through mitosis or meiosis
○ DNA is contained in multiple linear chromosomes
● All cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA
● Plant cells contain all same organelles but contain cell walls with chloroplast
○ Organelles that aid in photosynthesis
ORGANELLES OF A CELL
Organelle Function
Cell membrane ● Controls movement of solutes in and
out of the cell (proteins, enzymes,
chemicals)
● Selectively permeable
● Made of double layer of phospholipids
(hydrophilic phosphate head,
hydrophobic fatty acid tail)
Nucleus ● contains DNA
● Codes for protein (transcription →
process of making mRNA from gene)
● DNA replication and RNA
transcription occur
Nucleolus ● Where most RNA and ribosomes are
made
Mitochondria ● “Powerhouse of cell”
● Produce ATP via aerobic respiration
● Has a double membrane, small
circular genome, and own ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum ● where proteins are built and stored
● Smooth ER = no ribosomes
, ● Rough ER = ribosomes attached
Golgi Apparatus ● Sort, pack, and secrete proteins from
ER
Lysosomes ● Contains enzymes that break cell
structures
● Recycle old cell parts
Secretory Vesicles ● Transport and deliver molecules in and
out of cell via cell membrane
●
Ribosomes ● Produce proteins as specified from
DNA
Cilia/Flagella ● Cilia - Microscopic hair-like
projections on some eukaryotic cells
that aid in movement
● Flagella - whip-like tail used for
movement; only on sperm cell in
humans
Chromosomes ● Complex thread-like arrangements
composed of DNA
● Found in cell nucleus
● Humans have 23 pairs (46 total)
Chromatin ● Cluster of genetic material made of
DNA and proteins
● Forms chromosomes during cell
division
Centrosome ● Organize microtubules of cell
● Centriole - substructure; assembles
mitotic spindle in cell division
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
● Passive Mechanisms
○ Does not require energy
○ From a high to low concentration
1) Simple Diffusion
a) Relies on concentration gradient to scatter molecules until equilibrium
2) Facilitated Diffusion
a) Uses carrier proteins to transport molecules across cell membrane
3) Osmosis
, a) Diffusion of H2O across selectively permeable membrane
b) Water moves from area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration
c) Isotonic - equal distribution of H2O
d) Hypertonic - H2O moves out of the cell → cell shrinks
e) Hypotonic - H2O moves into cell → cell swells
4) Filtration
a) Forcing molecules through membrane to separate solids from H2O
● Active Mechanisms
○ Requires ATP
○ From area of low to high concentration
1) Active Transport
a) Requires carrier protein
2) Exocytosis
a) Moving molecules into cell
3) Endocytosis
a) Moving molecules out of cell
i) Pinocytosis - cell drinking; taking in droplets of H2O
ii) Phagocytosis - cell eating; taking in solids
iii) Receptor-mediated endocytosis - cell membrane splits off to form
internal vesicle → response to molecules activating receptors on surface
CELL REPRODUCTION
● Mitosis
○ Multiplication of cells via sexual reproduction
○ Cells produce exact copy of themselves
○ Results in two identical daughter cells
● Meiosis
○ Cellular reproduction via sexual reproduction
○ Each daughter cell contains half of DNA of original cell
CELL CYCLE (MITOSIS)
1) Interphase
a) Cells conducting metabolic functions and replicating DNA
b) Cell growth period
2) Prophase (step 1)
a) Nuclear membrane dissolves → doubled chromosomes float freely
b) Spindle fibers gather around centrosomes → produce spindle apparatus (separates
floating DNA into separate poles)
3) Metaphase (step 2)
a) Sees spindle apparatus
