What is a landscape? Relief of the UK Areas Erosion Transportation
+600m:
A landscape has visible features that make Relief of the UK The break down and transport of rocks – smooth, A natural process by which eroded material is
up the surface of the land. Landscapes can can be divided Peaks and round and sorted. carried/transported.
be broken down into four ‘elements’. into uplands and ridges cold,
lowlands. Each misty and Attrition Rocks that bash together to become Solution Minerals dissolve in water and
Landscape Elements have their own snow smooth/smaller. are carried along.
characteristics. common.
Physical Biological i.e. Scotland Solution A chemical reaction that dissolved Suspension Sediment is carried along in
• Mountains • Vegetation rocks. the flow of the water.
• Coastlines • Habitats Key Areas -
• Rivers • Wildlife 200m: Flat Abrasion Rocks hurled at the base of a cliff to Saltation Pebbles that bounce along the
Lowlands or rolling break pieces apart. sea/river bed.
Human Variable hills.
• Buildings • Weather Warmer Hydraulic Water enters cracks in the cliff, air Traction Boulders that roll along a
• Infrastructure • Smells weather. Action compresses, causing the crack to river/sea bed by the force of
• Structures • Sounds/Sights Uplands expand. the flowing water.
i.e. Fens
Glaciation in the UK Human activity on Landscape
Over many thousands of years, glaciation has made an impression Farming has changed the Much of the rural landscape has Infrastructure such as roads and
on the UK’s landscape. Today, much of upland Britain is covered in vegetation which grows there. been replaced by urban sprawls. pylons cover most of the UK.
u-shaped valleys and eroded steep mountain peaks.
Over thousands of years, much Increasing population of the UK UK’s marshes and moorlands are
During the ice age of the UK’s woodlands have means more houses are needed. heavily managed by people.
gone.
Ice covered areas eroded and weathered
landscapes to create dramatic mountain scenery. Topic 3
After the ice age
Deep valleys and deposition of sediment revealed
Distinctive Landscapes
Climate and Weather in the UK Average rainfall in the UK
Mass Movement
A large movement of soil and rock debris that
moves down slopes in response to the pull of
gravity in a vertical direction.
Geology of the UK
The variations of climate and weather means there are different
The UK is made from a variation of different rock types. The varied influences on the UK’s landscape. Rain saturates the permeable rock above
1 the impermeable rock making it heavy.
resistance of these rocks influences the landscape above.
Climate Weathering
Igneous Rock Waves or a river will erode the base of the
The rainfall map of the UK shows Mechanical 2 slope making it unstable.
Volcanic/molten rock brought
up to the Earth’s surface and variations in average rain. Caused by the physical action of
cooled into solid rock. • Less precipitation occurs in rain, frost and wind. Eventually the weight of the permeable
low land areas. East England 3 rock above the impermeable rock
• Most precipitation occurs in Chemical weakens and collapses.
Sedimentary Rock upland areas. Scotland. Action of chemicals within rain
Made from broken fragments of These differences mean… dissolving the rock.
rock worn down by weathering The debris at the base of the cliff is then
Uplands experience more 4 removed and transported by waves or
on Earth’s surface. weathering, erosion and mass Biological river.
movement. Rocks that have been broken
Metamorphic Rock down by living organisms.
Rock that is folded and
distorted by heat and pressure.
Freeze-thaw weathering
Soil & Landscape Stage One Stage Two Stage Three
When the
• Soils are created from weathered rocks, organic material and water. Water seeps water freezes, With repeated
Rock types have influence over fertility of soil. into cracks it expands freeze-thaw
• Low-laying areas such as the Cambridgeshire Fens have deep soil and fractures about 9%. This cycles, the
whereas uplands have thin soil. in the rock. wedges apart rock breaks
• Deep soil is more often associated with deciduous woodland rather off.
than coniferous woodlands. the rock.
+600m:
A landscape has visible features that make Relief of the UK The break down and transport of rocks – smooth, A natural process by which eroded material is
up the surface of the land. Landscapes can can be divided Peaks and round and sorted. carried/transported.
be broken down into four ‘elements’. into uplands and ridges cold,
lowlands. Each misty and Attrition Rocks that bash together to become Solution Minerals dissolve in water and
Landscape Elements have their own snow smooth/smaller. are carried along.
characteristics. common.
Physical Biological i.e. Scotland Solution A chemical reaction that dissolved Suspension Sediment is carried along in
• Mountains • Vegetation rocks. the flow of the water.
• Coastlines • Habitats Key Areas -
• Rivers • Wildlife 200m: Flat Abrasion Rocks hurled at the base of a cliff to Saltation Pebbles that bounce along the
Lowlands or rolling break pieces apart. sea/river bed.
Human Variable hills.
• Buildings • Weather Warmer Hydraulic Water enters cracks in the cliff, air Traction Boulders that roll along a
• Infrastructure • Smells weather. Action compresses, causing the crack to river/sea bed by the force of
• Structures • Sounds/Sights Uplands expand. the flowing water.
i.e. Fens
Glaciation in the UK Human activity on Landscape
Over many thousands of years, glaciation has made an impression Farming has changed the Much of the rural landscape has Infrastructure such as roads and
on the UK’s landscape. Today, much of upland Britain is covered in vegetation which grows there. been replaced by urban sprawls. pylons cover most of the UK.
u-shaped valleys and eroded steep mountain peaks.
Over thousands of years, much Increasing population of the UK UK’s marshes and moorlands are
During the ice age of the UK’s woodlands have means more houses are needed. heavily managed by people.
gone.
Ice covered areas eroded and weathered
landscapes to create dramatic mountain scenery. Topic 3
After the ice age
Deep valleys and deposition of sediment revealed
Distinctive Landscapes
Climate and Weather in the UK Average rainfall in the UK
Mass Movement
A large movement of soil and rock debris that
moves down slopes in response to the pull of
gravity in a vertical direction.
Geology of the UK
The variations of climate and weather means there are different
The UK is made from a variation of different rock types. The varied influences on the UK’s landscape. Rain saturates the permeable rock above
1 the impermeable rock making it heavy.
resistance of these rocks influences the landscape above.
Climate Weathering
Igneous Rock Waves or a river will erode the base of the
The rainfall map of the UK shows Mechanical 2 slope making it unstable.
Volcanic/molten rock brought
up to the Earth’s surface and variations in average rain. Caused by the physical action of
cooled into solid rock. • Less precipitation occurs in rain, frost and wind. Eventually the weight of the permeable
low land areas. East England 3 rock above the impermeable rock
• Most precipitation occurs in Chemical weakens and collapses.
Sedimentary Rock upland areas. Scotland. Action of chemicals within rain
Made from broken fragments of These differences mean… dissolving the rock.
rock worn down by weathering The debris at the base of the cliff is then
Uplands experience more 4 removed and transported by waves or
on Earth’s surface. weathering, erosion and mass Biological river.
movement. Rocks that have been broken
Metamorphic Rock down by living organisms.
Rock that is folded and
distorted by heat and pressure.
Freeze-thaw weathering
Soil & Landscape Stage One Stage Two Stage Three
When the
• Soils are created from weathered rocks, organic material and water. Water seeps water freezes, With repeated
Rock types have influence over fertility of soil. into cracks it expands freeze-thaw
• Low-laying areas such as the Cambridgeshire Fens have deep soil and fractures about 9%. This cycles, the
whereas uplands have thin soil. in the rock. wedges apart rock breaks
• Deep soil is more often associated with deciduous woodland rather off.
than coniferous woodlands. the rock.
