Biology 133 Final Exam With A Complete Study Guide GradedA+

GeneANSWERS-segment of DNA that codes for production of a protein AlleleANSWERS-variant of a gene Sickle-cell anemiaANSWERS-caused by mutated gene that codes for a component of defective hemoglobin HemoglobinANSWERS-protein in red blood cells that allows oxygen to move around the body DNAANSWERS-ATGC double stranded RNAANSWERS-AUGC single stranded intermediary between genes and proteins ChromosomesANSWERS-long strand of DNA and proteins that contains many genes How chromosomes do humans have?ANSWERS-46 GenomeANSWERS-all genes in cells of a particular type of organism How many genes is the human genomeANSWERS-20,000 GenotypeANSWERS-alleles an organism contains PhenotypeANSWERS-how alleles are expressed; what the organism looks like KaryotypeANSWERS-chart that displays chromosome pairs in size order How can we use a karyotype?ANSWERS-to discover genetic infrequencies and disorders Gregor MendelANSWERS-studied traits determined by a single gene Mendelian traitsANSWERS-one gene that causes a specific phenotype Examples of Mendelian traitsANSWERS-sickle-cell anemia cystic fibrosis hemophilia Multifactorial traitsANSWERS-a trait caused by one or more genes and the environment Examples of multifactorial traitsANSWERS-height hair color hypertension breast cancer diabetes Genetic factors for breast cancerANSWERS-BRCA1 and BRCA2 Non-genetic factors for breast cancerANSWERS-late menopause, first child after 30, alcohol use, hormone therapy, obesity Syndrome factors for breast cancerANSWERS-some breast cancers are related to other genetic syndromes Genetic testingANSWERS-analysis of human DNA, RNA, chromosomes, proteins, etc. Genetic Information Nondiscriminational Act (GINA)ANSWERS-Act of Congress in the United States designed to prohibit the use of genetic information in health insurance and employment Direct-to-consumer genetic testsANSWERS-genetic tests that are marketed directly to consumers via television, print advertisements, or the Internet, providing access to a person's genetic information without necessarily involving a doctor or insurance company in the process MacromoleculesANSWERS-proteins carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids 3 functions of enzymesANSWERS-1. speed up reactions 2. structural support 3. control gene expression PrionsANSWERS-known as rogue proteins and are the cause of "Mad Cow Disease" CarbohydratesANSWERS-long chain sugar molecules 3 functions of carbohydratesANSWERS-1. energy for cell metabolism 2. structural support 3. cell identity LipidsANSWERS-fats 3 functions of lipidsANSWERS-1. provide energy as dietary fats 2. main component of cell membranes 3. hormones as chemical messengers Nucleic acidsANSWERS-genetic material and energy source for cell What can happen when organelles are modified?ANSWERS-diseases NucleusANSWERS-house of the DNA Rough endoplasmic reticulumANSWERS-site of protein synthesis for export out of cell Smooth endoplasmic reticulumANSWERS-detoxify toxins Golgi apparatusANSWERS-proteins are modified and labeled for transport outside the cell LysosomesANSWERS-contain digestive enzymes that breakdown cellular material such as peroxisomes and mitochondria PeroxisomesANSWERS-part of a lysosome that produce bile for fat digestion MitochondriaANSWERS-site of respiration and energy production Which parent do we inherit our mitochondria from?ANSWERS-mother Where are a lot of mitochondria found?ANSWERS-energy intensive cells such as the brain or muscles When a person is very sleepy, this can indicate what problem in which organelle?ANSWERS-DNA in mitochondria that are having problems with ATP 2 functions of cytoskeletonANSWERS-1. maintains cell shape and structure 2. moves substances around cells Cytoskeleton and cancerANSWERS-dividing cells in cancer use cytoskeleton to move chromosomes apart, so if the cytoskeleton is disrupted, the cell cannot divide Cell membraneANSWERS-made of phospholipids and proteins that controls movement of substances in and out of the cell MitosisANSWERS-cell division for growth/repair that involves a cloning division where daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell MeiosisANSWERS-cell division for reproduction that produces eggs and sperm and generates genetic variation What type of cells does mitosis involve?ANSWERS-body cells (non sex cells) What type of cells does meiosis involve?ANSWERS-sex cells (gametes) Mitosis makes 2 _____ cells, where there are 2 copies of each chromosomes.ANSWERS-diploid Meiosis makes 4 ____ cells, where there is 1 copy of each chromosome.ANSWERS-haploid ChromatidsANSWERS-2 strands of replicated chromosomes that are genetically identical to each other InterphaseANSWERS-chromosomes are replicated 3 stages of interphaseANSWERS-1. growth and metabolic roles 2. DNA replication 3. growth and prep for mitosis ProphaseANSWERS-chromosomes condense PrometaphaseANSWERS-chromosomes attach MetaphaseANSWERS-chromosomes align AnaphaseANSWERS-chromosomes separate TelophaseANSWERS-chromosomes relax How is the cell cycle controlled?ANSWERS-1. most cells divide a limited number of times 2. telomeres are degraded with each mitosis ApoptosisANSWERS-programmed cell death where a "death receptor" received signal for cell to die and enzymes in the cell begin degrading cell components Totipotent cellsANSWERS-can differentiate into any cell type What process helps generate genetic diversity?ANSWERS-meiosis Meiosis 1ANSWERS-reduces ploidy level and separates homologous chromosomes Homologous chromosomesANSWERS-chromosomes with same size, shape, and linear arrangement of genes (can have different alleles) REVERSE SIDES