Chapter 07 Human Development A Lifespan View 1ALL POSSIBLE TEST AND ESSAY ANSWERS,100% CORRECT

Chapter 07 Human Development A Lifespan View 1ALL POSSIBLE TEST AND ESSAY ANSWERS TRUE/FALSE 1 : Authoritarian parents usually produce children who are the best adjusted. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 2 : Parenting styles vary both across cultures and within cultures. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 3 : Direct instruction involves telling a child when, what, and why they should do something. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 4 : The key to effective use of time-out lies in placing a child in an overstimulating environment. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 5 : A childs temperament can affect the type of parenting style exhibited by the parent. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 6 : Firstborn children score higher on intelligence tests than later-born children. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 7 : Divorce is more difficult for adolescent children than for preschool children. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 8 : A blended family must consist of at least two people from different racial/ethnic backgrounds. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 9 : Child abuse is more prevalent in the United States than in countries that do not condone physically punishing children. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 10 : Poverty is a risk factor for child maltreatment. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 11 : Friendship involves mutual and voluntary liking. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 12 : Children whose friends are all members of the opposite sex are more likely to be well- adjusted than children whose friends are all members of the same sex. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 13 : Controversial children are well liked by some of their classmates. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 14 : Hostile aggression is provoked. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 15 : Children who play video games have lower spatial abilities. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 16 : Childrens descriptions of other people tend to get more conceptual as they get older. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 17 : In Selmans initial stage of perspective-taking, children appear unable to understand why someone would want to do something different than they want to do. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 18 : Members of high-status groups are more likely to be prejudiced. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 19 : The concept of she thinks that he thinks that is best associated with egocentric thinking. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 20 : Prejudice is having a negative view of others based on their membership in a specific group. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A MULTIPLE CHOICE 21 : Liam is learning the values, behaviors, and roles of his culture. In other words, Liam is experiencing: A : direct instruction. B : counterimitation. C : authoritative parenting. D : socialization. Correct Answer : D 22 : Today most theorists view families from a perspective. A : contextual B : parenting C : narrow D : genetic Correct Answer : A 23 : According to the systems view of families, how many of these factors influence a childs development: neighborhood, school, work, religious organizations, and extended family? A : five B : three C : one D : none of these are correct Correct Answer : A 24 : Janet is a researcher who believes that to understand childrearing, you must get beyond looking solely at how parents treat their children and look at the behavior of the children, the behavior of their siblings, the behavior of the parents toward each other, and the neighborhood in which the child lives. It is most likely that Janet supports a view of childrearing. A : psychodynamic B : blended family C : systems D : counter-imitation Correct Answer : C 25 : The two main dimensions of parental behavior are: A : dominance and counterimitation. B : counterimitation and warmth. C : warmth and control. D : control and dominance. Correct Answer : C 26 : Will and Grace want their children to work hard. They have rules and expect their children to obey them without question. Will and Grace are most likely parents. A : uninvolved B : authoritarian C : authoritative D : permissive Correct Answer : B 27 : When 13-year-old Ki-Jana asks his parents if he can go to an R-rated movie, his parents say no, but sit down and explain to him the reasoning behind their decision. His parents express affection toward him and tell him that they may consider the matter at some later time. Which parenting style BEST describes Ki-Janas parents? A : Authoritarian B : Permissive C : Uninvolved D : Authoritative Correct Answer : D 28 : Jimmy and Marcella are quick to express affection toward their son, Andrew, and accept most of his behavior. In fact, Andrew has never once been punished. Jimmy and Marcella are exhibiting a(n) style of parenting. A : authoritative B : authoritarian C : uninvolved D : permissive Correct Answer : D 29 : When all of his buddies call home to tell their parents they will be getting home late from the game, Dieter doesnt bother, saying, My mom and dad are too busy to care about me. They dont care how late Im outin fact, they never even ask where Im going. If Dieter is right, his parents are most likely exhibiting a(n) parenting style. A : uninvolved B : authoritarian C : permissive D : authoritative Correct Answer : A 30 : Because they have a permissive parenting style, you would predict that Alan and Sues son would: A : earn high grades in school. B : have limited self-control. C : be self-reliant. D : have control over his behavior. Correct Answer : B 31 : Children who are aggressive tend to come from families with or parenting styles. A : authoritarian; authoritative B : uninvolved; authoritarian C : authoritative; permissive D : permissive; uninvolved Correct Answer : B 32 : Matthews parents are very warm and exert a moderate amount of control over his life. Matthews parents are most likely: A : Latin American. B : Chinese. C : European American. D : immigrant Chinese. Correct Answer : C 33 : As a typical parent in Latin America, Maria would place great emphasis on developing a strong sense of in her children. A : self-reliance B : family ties C : emotional restraint D : free-thinking Correct Answer : B 34 : What basic premise underlies Chinese parenting? A : Love is more important than control. B : Scream but never hit. C : Keep your emotions in check. D : Children are not responsible for their actions. Correct Answer : C 35 : Which parenting style tends to be MOST common for American parents of lower socioeconomic status? A : Permissive B : Authoritative C : Authoritarian D : Uninvolved Correct Answer : C 36 : Families and parenting are that evolved to provide for children until they mature. A : economic systems B : cultural institutions C : adaptations D : support systems Correct Answer : C 37 : Research on identical twins as parents shows that they are more similar than fraternal twins in the amount of their children. A : nutritional resource they provide for B : direction they give to C : warmth they express toward D : self-directed choice they allow Correct Answer : C 38 : occurs when a parent tells a child what to do, when to do it, and why it should be done. A : Counter-imitation B : Punishment C : Infant-directed language D : Direct instruction Correct Answer : D 39 : Rather than simply ordering his son to mow the lawn, Ahmad says, Son,mow the lawn now. Its really long and were having company over tomorrow, so Ill need help getting the lawn ready. Ahmads statement is an example of: A : direct instruction. B : counterimitation. C : disinhibition. D : negative reinforcement trap. Correct Answer : A 40 : Which technique is always based on modeling? A : Negative reinforcement trap B : Counterimitation C : Instrumental aggression D : Direct instruction Correct Answer : B 41 : Sophie watches her older sister Catherine getting yelled at after she throws an apple across the kitchen. Sophie is now less likely to throw an apple across the kitchen herself. This kind of learning through observation would be BEST described as: A : time-out. B : direct instruction. C : counterimitation. D : a negative reinforcement trap. Correct Answer : C 42 : Julie watches her sister squirt dish soap all over the kitchen floor and sees her get punished by her parents for that behavior. Consequently, Julie learns not to squirt dish soap all over the kitchen floor. Which term BEST describes this scenario? A : A negative reinforcement trap B : Counterimitation C : Indulgent parenting D : Direct instruction Correct Answer : B 43 : Whenever Roger says please, his father gives Roger what he asks for. This in turn increases Rogers use of the word please. Giving in to Rogers requests appears to be a form of: A : reinforcement. B : punishment. C : counterimitation. D : inhibition. Correct Answer : A 44 : After his mother hears him swear, Conrad gets a time-out. If this led to reduction in Conrads swearing, his moms strategy would be described as a form of: A : counterimitation. B : reinforcement. C : punishment. D : negative reinforcement trap. Correct Answer : C 45 : Which pairing is MOST likely to fall victim to the negative reinforcement trap? A : Mother and daughter B : Mother and son C : Father and daughter D : Father and son Correct Answer : B 46 : Ians mother tells him to stop watching TV and do his homework. Ian then begins to whine about wanting to watch more TV to the point that his mother gives in and lets him watch more TV as long as he stops whining. Consequently, Ians whining behavior increases in frequency. This sequence is BEST described as: A : punishment. B : counterimitation. C : direct instruction. D : a negative reinforcement trap. Correct Answer : D 47 : Simon spanks his son Paul in order to get him to stop acting aggressively. Which outcome is LEAST likely in the long term? A : Paul will become fearful of Simon. B : Paul will become more aggressive. C : Paul will stop being aggressive. D : Paul will not internalize the social rules concerning aggressive behavior. Correct Answer : C 48 : Which statement about time-out is TRUE? A : It is based on modeling. B : It is a reinforcement technique. C : It bypasses many of the pitfalls of punishment. D : It produces disinhibition. Correct Answer : C 49 : When Esther misbehaves, her mother makes her go sit by herself in a small, quiet, unstimulating area of the house. Esthers mother is probably using: A : direct instruction. B : socialization. C : time-out. D : an indifferent parenting style. Correct Answer : C 50 : Parental conflict: A : usually has no negative effects on children. B : can make a child feel that the family is unstable. C : often has positive effects on a childs development. D : is not a normal part of most marriages. Correct Answer : B 51 : Which statement about marital issues and child development is TRUE? A : Chronic parental conflict seldom spills over into child-parent relationships. B : Parental conflict cannot positively impact a child. C : Childrens self-esteem typically increases when a parent becomes unemployed. D : Parents who lead stressful work lives parent less successfully.. Correct Answer : D 52 : Which statement BEST describes the relationship between parenting styles and childrens temperaments? A : Parenting styles cause temperaments. B : Parenting styles may develop as the result of temperament. C : Temperaments develop as the result of parenting styles. D : Temperament and parenting styles are unrelated. Correct Answer : B 53 : Which 6-year-old is most likely to be distressed by the fact that she has a new baby brother? A : Annabella, whose parents pay less attention to her B : Noni, who has two older sisters C : Monique, who has one older brother D : Patsy, whose dad has become more involved in parenting Correct Answer : A 54 : Once the youngest sibling gets to be about , they will start talking more to older siblings than to mom. A : 6 months old B : 1 year old C : 2 years old D : 4 years old Correct Answer : D 55 : Which pair of siblings is most likely to get along very well? A : William (a boy) and Beth (a girl) B : Mary (who is temperamentally emotional) and Lisa (who is not temperamentally emotional) C : Ruth (a girl) and Greta (a girl) D : Sam (who is temperamentally emotional) and Trevor (who is also temperamentally emotional) Correct Answer : C 56 : Which advice should be given to parents who are trying to reduce their childrens sibling conflict? A : Admit that you have a favorite. B : Try to keep your marital problems to yourself. C : Next time try and not have your children so close together in age. D : It would be helpful if you didnt have all girls. Correct Answer : B 57 : Research on sibling relationships in African American families indicates that these relationships are MOST positive when children have: A : many siblings. B : high IQs. C : sisters. D : a strong sense of ethnic identity. Correct Answer : D 58 : In which way are adopted children different from children living with their biological parents? A : They have different temperaments. B : They have more maladjusted mother-infant attachments. C : They are more likely to have problems adjusting to school. D : They are delayed in terms of cognitive development. Correct Answer : C 59 : Which adopted child is likely to have the MOST problems? A : Steve, who was adopted right after birth B : Chuck, who was adopted when he was 2 years old C : Ann, who was adopted when she was 4 years old D : Lydia, who was adopted when she was 8 years old Correct Answer : D 60 : In recent years, adopted children (and their adoptive families) are more likely to communicate with the childrens birth family, an arrangement known as a(n): A : co-adoption. B : de-adoption. C : surrogate parenting. D : open adoption. Correct Answer : D 61 : Priscilla is pregnant. She and her husband Elvis have very high expectations for this child and will be more affectionate, but also more punitive, toward this child than they will toward any other. This is most likely this couples baby. A : first B : second C : third D : fourth Correct Answer : A 62 : As the third child born in his family, Fletcher should expect that his parents will than they did with his oldest sibling. A : use stiffer disciplinary methods B : set higher academic goals C : be more affectionate D : be more relaxed in their discipline Correct Answer : D 63 : Which child is MOST likely to succeed academically and go to college? A : Teri, who is firstborn B : Martha, who is second born C : Dorothy, who is third born D : Vanessa, who is the youngest child Correct Answer : A 64 : Which is TRUE of only children relative to children with siblings? A : They are more likely to be spoiled brats. B : They are more selfish. C : They are more egotistical. D : They are smarter and more mature. Correct Answer : D 65 : In China, only children are MOST accurately described as: A : rejected. B : little emperors. C : great wall flowers D : similar to kids with siblings. Correct Answer : D 66 : The impact of being a child of divorced parents often persists into adulthood and includes the greater likelihood of: A : never marrying. B : marrying at a young age. C : being depressed. D : being more optimistic about marriage. Correct Answer : C 67 : Anjalis parents are divorced. Anjali spends weekends with his father and the rest of the week with his mother. In legal terms, this arrangement is an aspect of what is known as: A : an indifferent-uninvolved parenting style. B : direct instruction. C : a blended family. D : joint custody. Correct Answer : D 68 : Which is the MOST effective way for parents to reduce the negative impact of divorce on a child? A : Reinforce the idea that in life you cannot control what happens to you. B : Make sure that only one parent is actively involved with the childs life. C : Ask the child to help mediate disputes between them. D : Dont view the childs love as a competition between them. Correct Answer : D 69 : Brookes family consists of her biological mother, biological sister, and stepfather. This kind of unit is known as: A : a clique. B : a negative reinforcement trap. C : a blended family. D : joint custody. Correct Answer : C 70 : Which BEST exemplifies a blended family? A : A family with two parents and one child, where one parent is Caucasian and the other is African American B : A family with two adopted children, where one child is Caucasian and the other is African American C : A family in which parents have joint custody of at least one child D : A family in which a divorced mom with three daughters marries a widowed dad with three sons Correct Answer : D 71 : Doreen is a single, divorced mother of a 5-year-old boy. Will remarrying be good for her son? A : No, as he will more likely feel rejected by his mother B : No, as stepfathers are typically a burden for the boy C : Yes, if the stepfather is warm and involved D : Yes, no matter what the stepfather is like Correct Answer : C 72 : Olivia was divorced three years ago and has custody of her preadolescent children (one boy and one girl). Olivia is now planning to remarry. Who will have the most difficulty adjusting to this new blended family? A : Olivias son B : Olivias daughter C : Olivia D : The new stepfather Correct Answer : B 73 : Concerning blended families, A : children in blended families tend to experience fewer incidences of depression, but more of anxiety. B : the likelihood of divorce is slightly lower than for first marriages. C : children often fear that the stepparent will disturb their relationship with the biological parent. D : noncustodial fathers tend to maintain closer contact with their children. Correct Answer : C 74 : Authorities will sometimes find children near death due to the fact that their parents have not fed them or protected them from environmental conditions such as the weather. These children are most accurately labeled as victims of: A : physical abuse. B : neglect. C : psychological abuse. D : negative reinforcement trap. Correct Answer : B 75 : By far the MOST frequent sort of child abuse would be categorized as: A : neglect. B : sexual. C : physical. D : psychological Correct Answer : A 76 : Which social condition appears to foster maltreatment of children? A : Fragile-X syndrome B : Poverty C : Alcoholism D : ADHD Correct Answer : B 77 : How many of these children would be at risk for child abuse: a stepchild, a sick child, and a child with a parent deployed in a combat zone? A : None B : One C : Two D : Three Correct Answer : D 78 : The odds of increase in a person who has been abused as a child. A : divorce B : attempting suicide C : being an authoritative parent D : high academic performance Correct Answer : B 79 : Which statement best exemplifies ego resilience? A : I am a good person. B : Parents should be able to discipline their children any way they see fit. C : Even though I have never been in this situation before, I can handle it. D : It is hard for me to take the point of view of someone who thinks differently than I do. Correct Answer : C 80 : What has research shown to be useful in preventing child abuse? A : Jail time and censure of abusive parents B : Early childhood intervention programs C : Encouragement of parents to use more physical punishment D : Removal of the father from the lives of the children Correct Answer : B 81 : Which aspect of friendship tends to be new to children aged 811? A : Sharing activities B : Trust C : Sharing toys D : Mutual liking Correct Answer : B 82 : Marcias parents frequently tell her she is an idiot and often make her look foolish in front of her friends. This sort of abuse would BEST be described as: A : psychological. B : physical. C : socialization. D : neglect. Correct Answer : A 83 : As a new stepfather, Jackson should: A : show interest, but not get too involved in the lives of his new stepchildren. B : establish clear boundaries with both his step- and biological children. C : establish himself as the authority with both his step- and biological children. D : show affection first toward his children, then his new spouse. Correct Answer : A 84 : Five-year-old Badias parents are not taking care of his medical needs. Badia is suffering from: A : physical abuse. B : psychological abuse. C : neglect D : hostile aggression. Correct Answer : C 85 : When George gets angry with his children, he cannot control his emotions and he often strikes them, causing bruises and even broken bones. George is guilty of his children. A : sexually abusing B : neglecting C : psychologically abusing D : physically abusing Correct Answer : D 86 : Who is MOST likely to spank her child? A : Rose, who is a Swedish parent B : Tulip, who is an American parent C : Lilly, who is a Japanese parent D : Blossom, who is a Chinese parent Correct Answer : B 87 : Who is MOST likely to abuse his child? A : Louis, who relies on the time-out technique to punish his children B : Derek, who was never abused when he was a child C : Joe, who is socially isolated from friends and relatives D : Scott, who is wealthy Correct Answer : C 88 : A child who is able to respond resourcefully in a new situation is said to have high levels of: A : ego resilience. B : instrumental aggression. C : counterimitation. D : co-rumination. Correct Answer : A 89 : Which action would likely lead to a significant drop in the incidence of physical child abuse? A : Having the entire world adopt an attitude toward childrearing like that seen in the United States B : Wiping out poverty C : Eliminating government intervention into parenting issues D : Encouraging parents to adopt an authoritarian style Correct Answer : B 90 : The statement, we share our feelings is MOST likely to be made by a: A : 3-year-old. B : 5-year-old. C : 10-year-old. D : 15-year-old. Correct Answer : D 91 : Pablo is a troubled 8-year-old. He is very upset about the fact that he lost his cap. Pablo is most likely to seek support from: A : his teacher. B : his close friends C : his mother. D : a police officer. Correct Answer : C 92 : Tito would be more likely to have friends of a different race if: A : he lived in a diverse neighborhood. B : he attended a segregated school. C : his friends were older. D : his friends had different attitudes than his own. Correct Answer : A 93 : Who possesses a characteristic that makes them LESS likely to be a friend with 12-year-old Isabel, who is Mexican American? A : Donny, who is also 12 years old B : Lonny, who is also a female C : Ronny, who is also Mexican American D : Bonny, who views school differently Correct Answer : D 94 : The fact that friends spend a lot of time discussing personal problems is referred to as: A : co-rumination. B : ego resilience. C : dominance hierarchy. D : the negative reinforcement trap. Correct Answer : A 95 : Glenna hangs around two other friends who are the same sex and have similar attitudes and interests. This group of friends would most accurately be described as a: A : group. B : crowd. C : gang. D : clique. Correct Answer : D 96 : A friendship is both: A : mandatory and independent. B : mandatory and mutual. C : voluntary and independent. D : voluntary and mutual. Correct Answer : D 97 : Clive says that Erik is his best friend because we like to play with each other, and Erik always lets me use his soccer ball. It is most likely that Clive is years old. A : 2 B : 5 C : 12 D : 16 Correct Answer : B 98 : Girls are more likely to be concerned about the faithfulness of their friends because their friendships are more likely based on: A : socialization. B : helping each other. C : intimacy. D : common interests. Correct Answer : C 99 : Laura is 14 years old, and is extremely upset about the fact that someone made fun of her in class. Laura is most likely to seek support from: A : her teacher B : her close friends. C : her mother. D : her father. Correct Answer : B 100 : Which statement indicates that co-rumination is occurring? A : I like ice cream. B : I think that being by myself and drinking this malt is about the best thing I can do for me. C : I know that you are also having trouble staying slim. D : When I go out to dinner and order a salad, I always ask for cottage cheese. Correct Answer : C 101 : Crowd is to clique as is to . A : set; subset B : friend; rival C : black; white D : attitude; behavior Correct Answer : A 102 : Sixteen-year-old Yvonne is a member of the Math-elites, the highest status crowd at school. It is most likely that Yvonne has: A : low self-esteem. B : average self-esteem. C : high self-esteem. D : no friends. Correct Answer : C 103 : In a group based on a dominance hierarchy, you can expect: A : increased internal conflict. B : equal status for all members. C : a single leader. D : few active members. Correct Answer : C 104 : Yuri is the leader of a group called The Wannabes. All the other members know that Yuri is in charge, and they respect that. What is the BEST term to describe this type of group structure? A : Clique B : Crowd C : Dominance hierarchy D : Friendship Correct Answer : C 105 : There is a group in town called The Killer Tees, made up of girls who like golf. The leader of the group is MOST likely to be: A : Annika, who is the best golfer in the group. B : Michelle, who has the most outgoing personality. C : Sella, who is the wealthiest person in the group. D : Grace, who is the best student in the group. Correct Answer : A 106 : What single factor appears to be MOST influential in determining whether an adolescent will cave in to peer pressure? A : The degree to which appropriate standards of behavior are clear-cut B : The degree to which you can get into trouble for engaging in the act C : The degree to which parents oppose the act D : The degree to which the act requires effort Correct Answer : A 107 : Which child is BEST described as an average child? A : Georgie, who is well liked by most of her classmates B : Natalya, who has some classmates that like her somewhat and others that dislike her somewhat C : Yuri, who is ignored by his classmates D : Donald, who is disliked by most all of his classmates Correct Answer : B 108 : Clyde is quite a character. He is very well liked by some people in his class, but is very much disliked by some others. Clyde is a good example of a(n) child. A : popular B : rejected C : average D : controversial Correct Answer : D 109 : Angelica is well liked by most of her classmates. She would be BEST described as: A : average. B : neglected. C : controversial. D : popular. Correct Answer : D 110 : As a neglected child, Juno should expect to be by her peers. A : bullied B : disliked C : ignored D : feared Correct Answer : C 111 : What is the BEST advice you could give to an adolescent trying to gain popularity among their school peers? A : Be quiet. B : Be nice. C : Be subservient. D : Be aggressive. Correct Answer : B 112 : What type of child is disliked by the majority of their peers? A : Rejected B : Controversial C : Neglected D : Average Correct Answer : A 113 : In which culture would shyness be a predictor of peer popularity? A : Israel B : Canada C : China D : Shyness is not valued in any culture. Correct Answer : C 114 : Erics classmates dont particularly hate him; they just never pay any attention to him. Eric would probably be BEST described as: A : controversial. B : rejected. C : neglected. D : average. Correct Answer : C 115 : Children who are rejected by their peers have often been: A : disciplined inconsistently by their parents. B : raised in environments that lacked a sense of intimidation. C : raised by parents with an authoritative style. D : the victims of time-out procedures. Correct Answer : A 116 : Rita is incredibly aggressive on the hockey rink, but is very nice to everyone when she isnt competing. What term best describes Ritas on-ice aggression? A : Relational aggression B : Hostile aggression C : Neglect D : Instrumental aggression Correct Answer : D 117 : Sinead is a 1-year-old. Which behavior would you MOST likely see her display? A : Relational aggression B : Hostile aggression C : Instrumental aggression D : Prejudice Correct Answer : C 118 : Casey is a chronic victim of bullies. What is one way research suggests to decrease the likelihood that Casey will continue to be victimized? A : Try to externalize the fear experienced while being bullied. B : Increase his own hostile aggressiveness. C : Help him make more friends. D : Put him in time-out. Correct Answer : C 119 : Mabel likes to hit other children for no other purpose than to see them get hurt and feel scared. What term BEST describes Mabels behavior? A : Hostile aggression B : Instrumental aggression C : Relational aggression D : Counterimitation Correct Answer : A 120 : Randy is a 7-year-old who exhibits a high degree of hostile aggression. What is he MOST likely to be like when he is in high school? A : More hostile aggressive but not greater in instrumental aggression than his same-age peers B : About as aggressive as his same-age peers C : More aggressive than his same-age peers D : More instrumentally aggressive but not greater in hostile aggression than his same-age peers Correct Answer : C 121 : Does watching TV violence really affect the behavior of children? A : No, it has no effect on overt violent behavior. B : Not really. It may make them a little scared for a while but has no long-term effects. C : It might if the children are ADHD before they watch the violence. D : Yes, it tends to be associated with more aggressive behavior. Correct Answer : D 122 : Playing violent video games while identifying with aggressive characters in the game aggressive behavior. A : is inversely correlated with B : is positively correlated with C : is unrelated with D : reduces the incidence of Correct Answer : B 123 : If he is a typical child, when 5-year-old Tonka hears a commercial that says, This is the best toy in the whole world! he: A : would not understand what it means. B : knows that the company is simply trying to sell something. C : believes that the company is lying. D : believes the commercial is telling the truth. Correct Answer : D 124 : One of the problems with relying on prosocial television programs to encourage prosocial behaviors in children is that: A : prosocial programs have no effect on behavior. B : children do not like programs that promote prosocial behavior. C : prosocial programs only affect the behavior of girls. D : prosocial programs are far outnumbered by violent programs. Correct Answer : D 125 : Children who watch more on TV seem better prepared to enter school than preschoolers who watch less frequently. A : news B : Sesame Street C : cartoons D : commercials Correct Answer : B 126 : Hiroko watches shows that display and encourage being friendly and helpful to other people. After watching this, Hiroko is more likely to: A : act friendly. B : act aggressively. C : be depressed. D : act the same way she always has. Correct Answer : A 127 : What would be the MOST effective way to increase the impact of prosocial television programs on childrens behavior? A : Put more cartoons on the air B : Eliminate commercials C : Put more prosocial programs on the air D : Eliminate adult-oriented programs Correct Answer : C 128 : Which statement is MOST accurate regarding the cognitive impact of watching television? A : Television causes children to have short attention spans. B : There is no strong evidence that TV watching by itself has negative cognitive impact on children. C : Children who watch television become lazy thinkers. D : Watching television leads to increased activity levels and stifles the creativity of children who watch it. Correct Answer : B 129 : Children who play video games such as Tetris and Star Fox frequently improve their: A : vocabularies. B : spatial skills. C : short-term memories. D : leadership skills. Correct Answer : B 130 : Roughly percent of youth get hooked on video games. A : 5 B : 10 C : 15 D : 20 Correct Answer : B 131 : Teenage girls send and receive about 40 texts a day, boys about 20 texts a day. Overall, such communication leads most teens to feel more their friends. A : connected with B : knowledgeable of C : bullied by D : socially distant from Correct Answer : A 132 : Cyberbullying refers to repeated, deliberate actions, actions for which a victim is basically . A : offended B : embarrassed C : saddened D : defenseless Correct Answer : D 133 : Six-year-old Yokos description of her friend Gretchen is MOST likely to include which adjective? A : Mean B : Understanding C : Funny D : Tall Correct Answer : A 134 : Peoples use of in their descriptions of people tends to increase as they age. A : general information B : personality traits C : possessions D : concrete features Correct Answer : B 135 : Amy describes her friend Duffy by saying, Shes fun to be around because shes funny and has good ideas, but shes often insensitive to how others feel. Amy is MOST likely about years old. A : 2 B : 7 C : 10 D : 16 Correct Answer : D 136 : Helen is upset because she thinks that her teacher views her argument with Mary as being silly. According to Selman, Helen is MOST likely in the stage of perspective-taking. A : third-person B : societal C : undifferentiated D : self-reflective Correct Answer : A 137 : Recursive thinking improves steadily during the elementary school years due to the combined effects of increased language skill and greater: A : working memory. B : social experience. C : executive functioning. D : sensory awareness. Correct Answer : C 138 : Prejudice is BEST described as: A : a limitation placed on a person because they belong to some group. B : hating oneself because of who one is. C : a negative view of others based on their group membership. D : the ability to put oneself into the shoes of another person. Correct Answer : C 139 : Once Jim finds out that Henri is from France, he immediately dislikes him because he thinks French people are not trustworthy. What term best describes Jims view of Henri? A : Relational aggression B : Hostile aggression C : Socialization D : Prejudice Correct Answer : D 140 : During adolescence, as preference for your own group intensifies, the likelihood of prejudice: A : gets higher. B : gets lower. C : stays the same. D : reduces to zero. Correct Answer : A 141 : What advice should be given to a parent who is trying to discourage prejudice in their child? A : Simply put your child in contact with individuals from other groups and let things occur on their own. B : Have your child role-play being members of another group. C : Work on strengthening your childs feelings toward his or her own group. D : Let things alone, as attempts to reduce prejudice almost always result in increased prejudice. Correct Answer : B ESSAY 142 : Describe how marital relationships, a childs age, and a childs temperament all contribute to the manner in which a parent parents a child. Correct Answer : Marital conflict often spills over into the parent-child relationship because parents may adopt a similar conflictual style when parenting their children. When parents invest time and energy fighting with each other, they’re often too tired or too preoccupied to invest themselves in high-quality parenting. Parenting changes as children grow in two areas: warmth and control. Parents become less warm or affectionate and relinquish control as their children age. A child’s temperament can have a powerful effect on parental behavior. Children’s behavior helps determine how parents treat them, and the resulting parental behavior influences children’s behavior, which in turn causes parents to change their behavior again. 143 : Contrast the following terms: negative reinforcement trap, punishment, and time-out. Which technique seems to be the most effective? Correct Answer : Negative reinforcement trap involves unwittingly reinforcing a behavior you want to discourage. Punishment is an application of an aversive stimulus or removal of an attractive stimulus. Time-out is a punishment that involves removing children who are misbehaving from a situation to a quiet, unstimulating environment. Time-out is the most effective of the three techniques because it allows time for both the parent and child to calm down, an explanation for why the punished behavior is objectionable, and discussion of what the child should do instead. 144 : Describe parental and environmental risk factors for child maltreatment. Then discuss factors that appear to mediate the impact of abuse. Correct Answer : Parental risk factors for child maltreatment include a history of being abused themselves, ineffective parenting techniques and unrealistic expectations, and marital discord. Environmental risk factors for child maltreatment include poverty, social isolation, and cultural values that condone physical punishment. Three factors appear to mediate the impact of abuse. First, ego resilience denotes children’s ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new situations. The effects of abuse tend to be smaller when children are flexible in responding to novel and challenging social situations. Second, when maltreated children are cognitively engaged in school, they are less prone to antisocial and aggressive behavior. Third, when children have a positive representation of their mother, they suffer relatively fewer effects of maltreatment. 145 : Clive is a developmentally typical child. Give examples of how the description of his best friend might differ when Clive is 3, 10, and 16 years old. Correct Answer : 3-year-old description of a best friend: He plays with me and is nice to me.10-year-old description: He helps me with my homework, keeps secrets, and shares his snack at school.16-year-old description: I can tell him anything. He makes me feel better when I am down. We’ve got each others’ backs. 146 : Use your own school experiences to provide examples of school-based cliques and crowds and the concept of dominance hierarchy. If you cannot think of a specific instance, make one up. Correct Answer : A clique is a small group of friends who are similar in age, sex, and race. Some examples of cliques from high school include a group of the only five Asian, high- achieving females and the six males who were in the chess club together. A crowd is a larger mixed-sex group of older children or adolescents who have similar values and attitudes and are known by a common label such as “jocks” or “nerds”. Some examples of crowds from high school include the group of “jocks” who made up the male and female basketball teams and the group of “thespian” males and females who participated in all theater performances. Dominance hierarchy is the ordering of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status. For example, the strongest male athlete in high school was the leader of the crowd of jocks and made decisions about where they would eat lunch each day. 147 : Compare popular, rejected, controversial, and neglected children. Explain how parenting style contributes to the development of these groups of children. Correct Answer : Popular children are liked by many classmates. Rejected children are disliked by many classmates. Controversial children are liked and disliked by classmates. Neglected children are ignored by classmates. Parenting style contributes to the development of these groups because children imitate their parents’ response to different social situations. Parents also contribute to their children’s social skills and popularity through their disciplinary practices. Inconsistent discipline is associated with antisocial, aggressive behavior, which leads children to be rejected by their peers. 148 : Describe a negative and a positive effect on children from playing video games. Correct Answer : Some possible negative effects of playing video games include (1) increased aggression after watching violence, (2) less empathy toward others, (3) desensitization to violence, and (4) getting “hooked” on video gaming. On the positive side, video game playing can improve spatial skills, processing speed, and executive functioning. 149 : Describe one positive and one negative effect of social media use by children. Correct Answer : Positive effects include: feeling more connected with friends, promotion of high- quality friendships through disclosure, making new friends, confidence in their friendship skills, and fewer feelings of rejection from declined invitations to become friends.Negative effects include: duress from cyberbullying that can result in embarrassment, feeling frightened, anger, loneliness, and depression.. 150 : Use the dimensions of warmth and control to describe the four major types of parenting. Which style seems to promote the best development in children? Explain. Correct Answer : The four parenting styles are authoritarian (high control, little warmth), authoritative (fair degree of control and warmth), permissive (warmth but little control), and uninvolved (neither warm nor controlling). If your goal is an independent, intelligent, and self- reliant child, then an authoritative style is the best. In cultures that are looking for more emotional restraint and less individualism, a somewhat more controlling model would be best. 151 : What is the difference between instrumental, hostile, and relational aggression? Also, who are most likely to be victimized by such bullies? Correct Answer : Instrumental aggression occurs when a child uses aggressive acts to achieve some specific goal (e.g., taking a ball from another child because they (the taker) want to play with the ball). Hostile aggression is committed without provocation and with the intent of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating another individual (e.g., hitting a younger child to make them fear the hitter). Relational aggression involves an attempt to undermine some social relationship (e.g., spreading a rumor about a person’s sex habits in order to break up a boyfriend-girlfriend pair). Risk factors for being the victim of a bully include being easily irritated, being withdrawn/submissive, and a lack of friends.