Human growth and development mid-term study guide(Rhonda Shirley )Latest Updated 2022,100% CORRECT

Human growth and development mid-term study guide(Rhonda Shirley )Latest Updated 2022 Human Growth and Development Med-Term Study Guide Chapter 1 1. Piaget believed that children begin to construct knowledge in new ways at a few critical points in development. 2. Competence-environmental press theory emphasizes that to understand people’s functioning, it is essential to understand the systems in which they live. 3. If you believe in continuity, you believe that development is best characterized as following a smooth progression. 4. The influence of ethnic factors on your behavior would be considered a sociocultural force. 5. Outcomes of developmental research can have important implications for social policy. 6. Vygotsky’s key insight was to view development as an apprenticeship in which children develop as they work with skilled adults. 7. The sequence of stages in Erikson’s theory is based on the epigenetic principle. 8. In a structured observation, a researcher creates a setting that is likely to bring out the behavior of interest. 9. A sample is a subset of the population of interest. 10. Compared to punishment, reinforcement tends to result in quicker and longer-lasting learning. 11. The universal and context-specific developmental issue concerns whether there is just one path of development or several. 12. When explaining an individual’s behavior, proponents of ecological theory would say that you have to consider factors outside of the individual. 13. Daisy and Rose are identical twins who were separated at birth. Daisy was raised in the United States, whereas Rose spent her childhood in Austria. Which force would likely explain most of the differences between their behaviors as teens? sociocultural 14. Orlaith is interested in studying the impact of growing up during the Great Recession on the saving and spending habits of individuals. Orlaith’s perspective is best described as a perspective. life-course 15. The advantage of the design is that it allows a researcher to synthesize data from numerous studies. meta-analysis 16. Qualitative research differs from quantitative research because it seeks to gain an understanding of what governs behavior 17. Dr. Nuriama is interested in studying the way people spend their time when they are in their homes alone. Which method is Dr. Nuriama most likely to use for this study? self-reports 18. The biggest difference between Vygotsky’s approach to development and that of Piaget and the information-processing approach is that Vygotsky placed more emphasis on the impact of culture 19. Dr. Rubeus is studying how teenagers think about high school by asking them to answer several questions related to their classroom experiences. It is most likely that Dr. Rubeus’s research involves a(n) method. self-report 20. Patti studies the behavior of preschool children by watching them play at a local daycare center. While doing this, she is careful to find a spot where she will be completely unnoticed by the individuals she is observing. Patti is most likely using a approach to studying the children. naturalistic observation 21. Louis discovers that the experiences he has in his developmental psychology class help him to deal with the children he works with at a daycare center. This relationship is best described by Bronfenbrenner’s notion of a(n) mesosystem 22. Who would have the least amount of interest in children’s thinking? a Skinnerian theorist 23. When describing the development of his son Pitt, Brad says, “The best way to describe it is in terms of a slow computer with a small memory getting a faster processor and more storage space.” This type of description would suggest that Brad adheres to a(n) approach to development. information-processing 24. The fact that a teen growing up when Pearl Harbor was attacked will develop in a different manner from a teen growing up when the World Trade Center was attacked is best explained in terms of historical context 25. Julianna is interested in studying how family relationships affect development. Julianna is probably most interested in studying influences. sociocultural 26. What is the correct order of Piaget’s stages of development? sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational 27. Which statement is not consistent with ethical research? Never tell subjects if they’ve been deceived. 28. Which research method must always occur in a real-life setting? naturalistic observation 29. The fact that Tatiana likes to watch reality television and her grandfather prefers watching 1960s television westerns is probably best explained by cohort effects 30. Rutger believes that, rather than progressing through a sequence of stages, mental processes gradually get more complex and efficient. Rutger is most likely a proponent of information-processing theory 31. An effective punishment reduces the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future 32. Dr. Ann Daround is conducting a study to determine whether fidget spinning causes a reduction in stress. In this experiment, fidget spinning is the independent variable 33. A researcher who wants to study how state welfare programs influence parenting behaviors would be primarily studying exosystems 34. According to ecological theory, the people closest to a developing child represent his or her microsystem 35. Imitation is most closely related to the concept of observational learning 36. Kelly is doing research on the effect of birth order on personality. Rather than collecting data on a new set of subjects, she is analyzing hundreds of studies that have already been done on this topic and is going to attempt to come up with an overall estimate of what all these other studies have found. What sort of study is Kelly doing? meta-analysis 37. The notion of “balancing” work and home responsibilities is best associated with the synchronization of individual transitions with collective familial ones 38. When Dr. R. Carson is asked to explain troubled adolescents, she says, “The only way to explain the problems of adolescents is to study them in relation to their parents and the culture that surrounds them.” Dr. R. Carson is most likely a proponent of theory. ecological 39. Cleo, a director of a daycare, uses terms like “pre-K,” “K-3,” and the “upper-elementary.” These ideas are most compatible with a view. discontinuity 40. When asked why her sister Yvonne ended up in jail, Penny says, “She was always a mean, aggressive person. She really liked hurting people.” Penny is relying on forces to explain Yvonne’s development. psychological 41. Dr. Bach is a developmental psychologist who is interested in Vygotsky’s theory. What sort of forces are probably of most interest to Dr. Bach? sociocultural 42. The scientific study of human development can best be described as multidisciplinary 43. Which research finding supports the idea that a new intelligence test is valid? Scores on the new intelligence test correlate with scores on another valid intelligence test. 44. Shuntelle is interested in studying the relationship between self-esteem and school grades. She wants to be able to quantify this relationship but wants to avoid any ethical concerns regarding the manipulation of these variables. What sort of method is the best option for Shuntelle? correlational 45. Dr. Gauche likes to make fun of student comments in class. She finds that every time she does this, students make fewer comments the rest of the class period. Apparently, Dr. Gauche’s jokes are the students for talking in class. punishing 46. Dr. Link tries to help his students learn how to be independent learners by having them watch how other students can be successful by researching answers to possible test questions on their smartphones. Dr. Link is using principles of to help his students. social learning theory 47. In a correlational study, variables are always studied as they exist naturally 48. Who would most likely explain a child’s maladaptive behavior by saying, “They probably saw some TV character do that”? Adam, who is a social learning theorist 49. Which problem is least associated with longitudinal research? It is difficult to generalize results to the larger population. 50. Results from individual research participants should be confidential 51. Which theorist is best associated with an ecological approach to human development? Bronfenbrenner 52. The basic premise of is that the consequences of a behavior determine the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in the future. operant conditioning 53. Children’s judgments of the emotions depicted in photographs may be less accurate than they would be in real life because the photographs are faces that are not moving 54. Multi-directionality, plasticity, historical context, and multiple causation are all key features of the perspective. Life-span 55. As a result of reading several research articles on the long-term effects of daycare, a state legislature passes a new law mandating that all daycare providers modify their practices to be in concordance with this research. This action reflects how research can affect social policy 56. Social cognitive theory and operant conditioning are similar in that they both believe that experience is important in determining behavior 57. Who is most associated with psychosocial theory? Erikson 58. Brandon’s developmental psychology teacher believes human development is best conceptualized as progressing discontinuously through several qualitatively different stages of thinking. His instructor is likely a(n) Piagetian 59. Which term does not belong in this group? hereditary 60. After completing his history assignment, Nico is excused from having to wash the dishes, a task he detests. Nico’s parents are attempting to use to increase Nico’s studying. negative reinforcement 61. Which correlation coefficient value indicates the strongest relationship? -.82 62. Morticia finds that whenever she talks to her daughter about her obnoxious behavior, the obnoxious behavior increases in frequency. Apparently, Morticia’s talks are her daughter’s obnoxious behavior. reinforcing 63. A publishing company does a study to determine whether using a study guide for a textbook improves performance on psychology exams. In this study, grades on the psychology exams would constitute the variable. dependent 64. When Clarisse says, “It doesn’t matter if they are French, Swedish, or Chinese, kids are kids,” she is espousing a position concerning human development. universal 65. A researcher has a hypothesis that hostility toward women is created by viewing pornography. If the researcher does an experiment to test this, what would be the independent variable? the viewing of pornography 66. According to the American Psychological Association, researchers must minimize risk to participants 67. Dr. Kim takes a strong nature position with regard to the origins of intellectual disabilities. Therefore, she would most likely hypothesize that her son’s intellectual disability (formally known as mental retardation) is due to his genes 68. Because Dr. Bryant is interested in researching how people of different ages are affected by events, it would be most accurate to say that Dr. Bryant is most interested in studying forces. life-cycle 69. The fact that 45-year-old George is worried about how the election of the new U.S. president will impact his current job status is best associated with individual timing of life events in relation to external historical events 70. Virtually all studies done in psychology rely on studying people representative of a larger group. The groups of people who participate in these studies are most commonly known as samples 71. Harvey is interested in doing a study to determine whether a relationship exists between participating in college athletics and self-efficacy for academic work. Because Harvey is not interested in determining a cause-and-effect relationship, he would be best advised to do a(n) study. correlational 72. Validity is to reliability as accuracy is to consistency 73. Which research study would you most expect to see from a researcher with a life-course perspective? growing up in the 1960s and its influence on political activism in middle adulthood Chapter 2 74. Hair and skin originally develops in the ectoderm layer of a zygote. 75. A heritability coefficient is used to calculate the extent to which a characteristic is the result of genetics. 76. The correct order of prenatal development is zygote to embryo to fetus. 77. The period of the fetus is the longest period of prenatal development. 78. Monozygotic twins come from a single egg. 79. The condition of hypoxia involves a reduction in the flow of oxygen to the brain. 80. An ultrasound uses sound waves to create an image of a fetus. 81. Your phenotype includes physical, psychological, and behavioral features. 82. Damage from teratogens is sometimes not evident until later in life. 83. What combination would result in a boy? A 23rd pair of chromosomes with one X and one Y 84. The main reason for why teenage mothers tend to give birth to less healthy infants than mothers in their 20s is that they tend not to receive good prenatal care. 85. Dr. Fry has just been informed that his son has sickle-cell trait. As a knowledgeable physician, Dr. Fry would realize that his son’s body is most likely to experience serious oxygen deprivation. 86. If a physician informed you that your speech disorder was the result of problems on chromosomes 4, 7, and 15, you would rightly conclude that the disorder is always classifiable as polygenetic. 87. Which individual with a genetic predisposition toward being extroverted is demonstrating successful niche-picking? Wink, who is a game-show host 88. As a geneticist, you found that a fetus has 47 chromosomes. What would be the most likely conclusion drawn from this information? The child has Down syndrome 89. The sample taken during an amniocentesis comes from the fluid surrounding the fetus. 90. A woman who consumes alcohol has the greatest risk of giving birth to a baby with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). moderately and consistently 91. How many of the following are potential teratogens: aspirin, nicotine, cocaine, and caffeine? four 92. Which organism can truthfully state, “It is during my time that all body parts and organs are first put into place?” The embryo 93. Exposure to a teratogen during the period is most likely to result in a spontaneous abortion. zygotic 94. Kirk is heterozygous for cheek dimples but is born with big dimples in both cheeks. Apparently, the allele for cheek dimples is dominant. 95. Linda has one allele for curly hair and another for straight hair. Linda’s alleles are heterozygous. 96. A heritability coefficient of means about 50 percent of the difference between people on a specific characteristic is the result of heredity. 0.5 97. How would you create an individual who will definitely have blue eyes? Make sure he has a pair of homozygous chromosomes for blue eyes. 98. occurs when an individual intentionally seeks out an environment that matches characteristics driven by his or her genes. Niche-picking 99. Born 39 weeks after conception, Sasha weighs in at around 2 pounds. Given this information, Sasha is best defined as full-term and extremely low birth weight. 100. José, who was adopted at birth, is found to have personality characteristics more similar to his biological mom than to his adoptive mom. How should you interpret this data? Personality characteristics are influenced by genes. 101. Huntington’s disease is an unusual genetic disorder in that it is a fatal disease caused by dominant alleles that impact late enough in life so that the individual can reproduce. 102. The fact that the embryonic head develops before the body illustrates the principle. cephalocaudal 103. Genes provide the cell with a specific set of instructions. biochemical 104. Which physical characteristic is most indicative of an individual with Down syndrome? A fold of skin over each eyelid 105. Human DNA is composed of a total of different nucleotide bases. 4 106. The sac in which the embryo resides is called the amnion. 107. The functional units of heredity are genes. 108. Bryant’s teacher notices that Bryant has unusual facial features (e.g., short nose and wide-set eyes) and shows signs of mental retardation. Due to her training in developmental psychology, Bryant’s teacher realizes that Bryant’s mom likely while she was pregnant. consumed alcohol 109. Marsha’s doctor informs her that her child is just entering the longest period of prenatal development. About how long has Marsha been carrying her unborn child? 9 weeks 110. Postpartum depression may be reduced via breast-feeding. 111. Hair and the nervous system develop during the embryonic period from cells contained in the layer. Ectoderm 112. The experimental CRISPR process, in which the genome is edited by replacing alleles, is an example of work in which field? Genetic engineering 113. As a behavioral geneticist, Professor Klink is most likely to calculate the extent to which depression is inherited using a coefficient. heritability 114. Which event is characteristic of the period of the fetus? The significant growth in the cerebral cortex 115. Janaka’s two-year-old daughter is intellectually disordered (formerly known as mentally retarded) due, in part, to a diet that included fish, bread, and dairy products. The most likely diagnosis for Janaka’s daughter is that she has Phenylketonuria (PKU). 116. The threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell that contain genetic material are called chromosomes. 117. Both AIDS and genital herpes can be passed along to an infant as it passes through the birth canal. 118. Whose mother most likely took thalidomide while pregnant? Martin, who has deformed arms and legs 119. A knowledgeable nutritionist would tell a pregnant mother that, in order to reduce the risk of having a baby born with spina bifida, mom needs to make sure that she is ingesting an adequate amount of folic acid. 120. Maternal stress is most likely to negatively impact a developing embryo/fetus when that stress is prolonged and extreme. 121. Which parent should most realistically fear her child dying before reaching their first birthday? Alfie, who is in Afghanistan 122. Mona has decided to have a Cesarean section rather than a vaginal delivery. While this decision will reduce some risks, it will increase the risk of maternal infection. 123. Whose behavior best exemplifies eugenics? Dr. Black, who allows only certain individuals to mate 124. At five weeks after conception, a developing human is most accurately called a(n) embryo. 125. By the time Lexi arrived at the hospital to deliver her child, the child had entered the vaginal opening. This means that Debbie was in the stage of labor. second 126. Which process can best be explained by alleles? The instructions for hair color come from two sources on the chromosome 127. Heredity and environment interact dynamically throughout development. 128. Mia and her doctor need to know as quickly as possible (hopefully within 24 hours) whether the child she has been carrying for only nine weeks possesses any genetic abnormalities. Which technique is Mia’s doctor most likely to employ? Chorionic villus sampling 129. Troy is very interested in the field of fetal therapy. Given this, he would most likely be fascinated by a book titled Fixing Birth Defects Before Birth. 130. The developing human organism that has just become completely embedded in the wall of the uterus is called the embryo. 131. A physician has just informed pregnant Moesha that the human organism developing inside of her has just begun to show differentiation of its cells. As a knowledgeable student, you would know that such an organism is technically called a(n) zygote. 132. Which statement concerning the sickle-cell trait is true? Individuals with the trait have both a dominant and recessive allele for the disorder. 133. The is the structure through which a mother and an embryo exchange waste and nutrients. placenta 134. Jack and Jill are twins. Because he is a boy, Jack’s parents encourage him to run. However, they discourage Jill from engaging in athletic activity. As a result, Jack is much faster at running up a hill than Jill. The difference in Jack and Jill’s behavior is best explained by nonshared environmental influences. 135. A teratogen is any agent that results in abnormal prenatal development. 136. By definition, premature infants are born prior to weeks after conception. 36 137. Nonshared environmental influences involve forces that make siblings different from one another. 138. The houses the blood vessels that join the embryo and its mother. umbilical cord Chapter 3 139. To locomote means to move. 140. The neural plate develops into the brain and spinal cord. 141. Between the ages of 2 and 5, children develop a theory of mind; however, many children with autism spectrum disorder may be experiencing mind-blindness. 142. Body size is the key determinate of malnutrition in infancy. 143. A mad cry is a more intense version of a basic cry. 144. Encouraging parents to have newborns sleep on their backs has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome. 145. In some traditional African cultures, children receive training to sit and walk at younger ages than in Europe and North America. 146. Infant crying is typically accompanied by agitated and uncoordinated movement. 147. Breastfed babies are ill less often than bottle-fed babies. 148. Infants typically triple their body weight by the time of their first birthday. 149. Co-sleeping tends to be more common in cultures who value interdependence. 150. A child with high effortful control is able to maintain focus and is less distractible. 151. The neural plate ultimately forms the brain and spinal cord. 152. Goldie offers her 10-day-old daughter, Kate, a taste of some juices she is sampling in the grocery store. Based on the fact that Kate is a typical infant, you would suspect that Kate preferred sweet to bitter and sour tastes. 153. UNICEF, WHO, and The World Bank (2016) collectively estimate that about one in children under age 5 suffers from malnutrition. four 154. The Babinski reflex is evidence that infants perceive touch. 155. Which is considered a pictorial cue to depth? Texture gradient 156. What is an example of intersensory redundancy? Observing your mother while listening to her talk 157. Whose brain is most likely to have the most synapses? Elaine, who is 1 year old 158. When Mia uses motion to determine the depth of an object, she is using a cue. kinetic 159. Recent research indicates that newborns have a natural attraction for tracking a moving face. 160. If Zade is shy when he is 2 years old, he is more likely to be when he is 4 years old. shy 161. Ichiro’s mother is trying to teach him how to catch a ball. As the ball approaches Ichiro, it takes up more and more space on Ichiro’s retinas. Ichiro perceives the change in size to mean that the ball is getting closer to him rather than perceiving it to mean the ball is getting larger. Which term does the best job of describing this phenomenon? Visual expansion 162. Bruce and Kaitlin are expecting a baby girl, and are shopping for decorations for the nursery. Kaitlin is concerned about making sure that they buy colored decorations that will stimulate their newborn daughter’s cones. 163. The process by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses is referred to as perception. 164. During an experiment, you record the brain activity of a child using an EEG. As a result of reading your text, you would predict that the left hemisphere would exhibit the most electrical activity when the child is listening to someone talk. 165. Gina is studying how blood flows through the brain when people listen to different kinds of music. Which sort of research tool is she most likely using in her study? Functional magnetic resonance imaging 166. Nou Ka is putting red marks on the noses of infants and placing them in front of a mirror to see how they respond. What is Nou Ka most likely researching? Self-awareness 167. Which statement concerning co-sleeping is accurate? It can facilitate breastfeeding. 168. Dr. Quillan is measuring the point at which an infant can no longer differentiate between a striped-patterned stimulus and a gray square. Dr. Quillan is probably attempting to measure the infant’s visual acuity. 169. Caleb is 4 months old. If he is like others his age, when he grasps a rattle, he will grasp it with his fingers only. 170. Siroun is informed that both of her 1-year-old twin daughters are of “normal” weight. She is then informed that one weighs 16 pounds and the other weighs 26 pounds. How is this possible? The “normal” weight range of 1-year-olds is very wide. 171. The “Back to Sleep” campaign was aimed at reducing SIDS. 172. Stewart is a 10-year-old boy growing up in England, and Moe is a 10-year-old boy growing up in the United States. What difference in handedness would you expect? Both are likely to be right-handed. 173. While viewing a picture of a 3-week-old embryo, Dr. Pecoraro points to something and says, “This flat structure will soon become a tube from which the brain and spinal cord will develop.” Dr. Pecoraro is pointing at the neural plate. 174. Which best exemplifies experience-expectant growth? The fact that all infants hear language sounds, which leads to language development 175. Which piece of advice is most appropriate for individuals in developing nations who are considering bottle-feeding? Be careful, as the water used to prepare formula is often contaminated. 176. If asked to identify a kinetic cue to depth, you should say, “visual expansion.” 177. Which best describes a newborn’s sense of smell? Highly developed 178. In an effort to lower the age at which his infant son will begin to walk, Mr. Simmons puts eight- month-old Richard on a program that emphasizes leg strength. What is the most likely outcome of this intervention? Richard will have superior leg strength and will walk earlier. 179. What differentiates a basic cry from a mad cry? Mad cries are more intense. 180. Cody slips his little finger into the hand of his newborn infant, who immediately grasps onto it. The infant is exhibiting the reflex. Palmar 181. Which statement concerning culture and crawling is true? In some traditional African cultures, children receive training to sit and walk at younger ages than in Europe and North America. 182. If the image of a person is identical on the retinas of a child, but the image of a dog is much different on the left retina than it is on the right, this means that the child will perceive the dog to be closer than the person. 183. Rory works with people who have suffered brain damage, helping them as they try to use different areas of the brain to perform the functions previously performed by the now-damaged areas. Rory’s specialty would be best described as brain plasticity. 184. Along with an improved diet, research indicates that is also necessary to foster a malnourished child’s development. parent training 185. Maria is a typical healthy 1-year-old who weighs 24 pounds. Which is the best estimate of her birth weight? 8 pounds 186. Amanda’s baby is awake and squirming around, oblivious to anything happening around her. Amanda’s baby is most likely in the state. waking activity 187. Marcie sings the same lullaby to her infant son every night because she believes he has learned to recognize it. Does recent research support her claim? Yes. Her son would be able to recognize a particular lullaby. 188. Each neuron contains many but only one . dendrites; cell body 189. Why are African American and Native American babies more likely to die from SIDS? Possibly because they are more likely to be put to bed on their stomachs. 190. Evan is a normal subject in a self-awareness study who has just begun to recognize himself in mirrors and pictures. It is most likely that Evan is about old. 18 months 191. Carla is researching temperament by determining the extent to which different babies can focus attention and not be distracted. Which dimension of temperament is Carla assessing? Effortful control 192. If Tori is a proponent of dynamic systems theory, then you know that she is most interested in crawling and stepping. 193. is (are) a fatty substance that surrounds the axon of a neuron. Myelin 194. How would you respond to an expectant mother who claims that her 8-month-old fetus gets excited every time her unusually loud cellphone plays a custom ringtone of her recorded voice? “You may be correct, because by that age, the fetus may actually be hearing your voice.” 195. If a baby is breastfed, it is more likely to transition to solid food more easily. 196. What is the best evidence for the notion that sociocultural forces play a role in handedness? When societal attitudes change, the incidence of left-handedness changes. 197. Tomomi has mastered balancing, stepping, and the perceptual skills necessary to negotiate her way around. Putting all these skills together to enable her to walk is a process called integration. 198. Malnutrition seems to be most damaging if it occurs during infancy. 199. Naomi, who has not seen her niece Wynonna since she was born, is surprised to see the 12- month-old standing upright and taking a few steps. In view of this accomplishment, Naomi realizes that Wynonna is now considered a(n) toddler. 200. Sheila is recovering from a serious stroke that damaged her frontal cortex. Which outcome is most likely? Sheila’s personality will be different. 201. After a one-year checkup, your physician comments, “There has been virtually no development of the cones in your daughter’s visual system.” What impact would this have? Your daughter would have difficulty distinguishing colors. 202. How would 12-month-old Kenley locomote? She would crawl around the room. 203. Which is the best example of differentiation? Tommy learns how to grasp a spoon before he can successfully use it to eat. 204. At about the age of 4, children begin to realize that a person’s actions are often connected to the thoughts that he or she has. What kind of task is often used to determine when children grasp this concept? False-belief tasks 205. Nathan suddenly lets out a high-pitched cry, lowers his eyebrows, and purses his lips. You would be safest in assuming that Nathan is experiencing pain. 206. Traditional eye tests in which a person is shown a chart with a set of letters in a line that gets progressively smaller near the bottom of the chart are designed to directly assess visual acuity. 207. You are being placed on a large piece of glass with a checkerboard-patterned platform underneath it. Your mother walks to the other side of this platform and calls for you to crawl to her. Many years later, you will discover that this was all part of an experiment to test your depth perception. 208. Which best describes the impact of myelin on a neuron? It helps speed neural transmission. 209. A judgement of depth using motion parallax relies heavily on the of an object. speed 210. Experts define a mad cry as a more intense version of a basic cry. Chapter 4 211. Effective oral communication involves taking turns and paying attention to other speakers. 212. Object permanence involves understanding that something exists even when it is out of our sensory awareness. 213. A commitment to a teleological explanation means believing that all living things exist for a purpose. 214. The inability to see the world from any perspective but your own is called egocentrism. 215. The quality of an autobiographical memory can be influenced by culture. 216. Learning gender roles by watching TV is an example of imitation. 217. Orienting responses are often triggered by either unfamiliar or strong stimuli. 218. In English, “-ing” and “-ed” represent grammatical morphemes. 219. Preoperational children often think in a manner consistent with the idea that appearance is reality. 220. The core knowledge hypothesis is very compatible with notions of naïve physics and naïve biology. 221. Research shows that as early as 2 months of age, infants can recall past events. 222. A good way to improve the eyewitness testimony of children is to minimize the use of specific questions. 223. By 4 years of age, children sometimes realize that a message is vague or confusing, but they often don’t ask speakers to clarify their intent. 224. An individual using guided participation would pair up a less skilled student with a more skilled student on some structured activity. 225. Newborns appear to have the ability to hear the entire range of phonemes for every language on earth. 226. According to the linguist perspective, children are born with some mechanism that simplifies the acquisition of grammar. 227. A grammatical morpheme is a word or word ending that makes a sentence grammatically correct. 228. When asked to describe why storm clouds travel so slowly in the sky, Sirius gives several interesting answers. Which of her answers provides the best example of animism? “Since they have no legs, they have to crawl.” 229. The theory that human infants are born with a rudimentary knowledge of the world and they use their experience to expand this knowledge underlies the hypothesis. core knowledge 230. Improvements in infant memory that occur around six months after birth may be the result of development in the area of the brain. hippocampus 231. Meltzoff and Moore’s controversial finding that 3-week-olds would stick out their tongues to match an adult performing the same act has been used to support the notion of early life. imitation. 232. Piagetians believe that an average child would first demonstrate the onset of intentional behavior when he or she is approximately 233. 8 months old.Francesca does a pretty good job of completing spelling problems but does much better if she is given direction by her teacher. The difference between what Francesca can do alone and with assistance is best defined in terms of her zone of proximal development. 234. Which statement by a 17-month-old best represents telegraphic speech? “Go store.” 235. Piaget used the three-mountain problem to assess a child’s level of egocentrism. 236. Why do children in Asian countries like China or Japan tend to recall less from their early years than children from North American countries? They are not given the same amount of opportunities to talk with parents about past events. 237. What is an example of a grammatical morpheme? “-ing” 238. Thirteen-month-old Olaf has begun to raise the pitch of his voice at the end of a babble. If Olaf is being raised by English-speaking parents, his behavior may reflect the precursor of his ability to ask a question. 239. The conservation of liquid task directly assesses a child’s level of centration. 240. Tonka is actively playing with his toy truck when his mom accidentally drops a towel she is carrying directly on top of the vehicle. As soon as the vehicle is covered, Tonka turns his head away and calmly begins playing with another toy. Tonka’s reaction best illustrates a lack of object permanence. 241. Dr. McCoy is attempting to determine the zone of proximal development for Jim when Jim works on complex mazes. In order to do so, Dr. McCoy must measure Jim’s personal performance on the maze and Jim’s maze performance when assisted by a skilled helper. 242. Infant Timmy has been babbling for several months. What is his next likely linguistic milestone? First word 243. Michael, who is a preoperational thinker, watches as a movie character appears to turn from a nice teenager into a werewolf. What is Michael’s most likely reaction? Terror, since he likely believes that the individual has actually become a werewolf 244. What can be done to improve the credibility of the testimony of a child? Use questions that test a number of different explanations concerning the event. 245. Theory on the emergence of autobiographical memory suggests that in order to improve the autobiographical memory skills of his or her child, a parent would most likely begin to encourage the child to talk about what happened at school each day. 246. The defining characteristic of centration is thought. narrowly focused 247. can be defined as a diminished response to a familiar stimulus. Habituation 248. Which is not a Piagetian-based implication for teaching? Teachers should provide answers rather than letting students find them on their own. 249. According to the principle of guided participation, cognitive growth results from interactions with a more skilled individual. 250. Piaget described a scheme as a psychological structure that organizes experience. 251. How would a parent utilize guided participation to improve the math skills of her child? Have him or her play a series of math games with a more math-skilled sibling. 252. Five-year-old Westly hears the sentence, “Westly, quit clowning around.” He knows all the other words, but he has never heard the word “clowning” before. The fact that he understands that the word “clowning” must be referring to what he is currently doing is best explained as involving cues. sentence 253. Which is the best example of habituation? Being bothered by the feel of a watch the first time it is on your wrist and then getting so used to it that you forget it’s there 254. Which number illustrates the fact that in English, numbers do not all follow a regular naming pattern, thus making learning to count more difficult in English than in some other number systems? 11 255. Houdini is a normally developing 1-year-old watching a magic act. The magician he is observing has just rolled a ball into what looks like a solid wall. However, when the ball reached the wall, the ball appeared to roll through it. According to research findings by Baillargeon, one would expect that Houdini’s most likely reaction would involve surprise, and the infant will stare at the spot the ball appeared to go through the wall. 256. When Noam bumps into a table, he says to it, “You bumped into me because you’re mean.” Noam is exhibiting animism. 257. Bob is a normally developing 18-month-old. According to Piaget, Bob is most likely in the period of cognitive development. sensorimotor 258. When 2-year-old Jaing is visiting his grandpa’s farm, he sees his first chicken. His grandpa points to the funny red growth on the chicken’s head and says, “It is called a comb.” What will Jaing’s most likely reaction be the next time he sees a chicken? He will refer to the bird as a “comb.” 259. Linguistic intonation is best described as a variation in sound pitch. 260. Between early and later childhood, schemes tend to have more properties. abstract 261. Which is a key cue used by infants when attempting to identify whether a sound represents a word? They focus on sounds that are stressed during speech. 262. Salvador has a scheme for drawing with a crayon that had to be changed in order to learn how to paint a picture with a brush. This adaptation is an example of accommodation. 263. Baby Lee has just discovered that banging on a big pot produces a loud sound. He then decides to bang on a small pot to see what happens. A Piagetian would predict that such active experimentation with the environment would be most likely to first emerge in a child who is 12 months old. 264. Which is the best example of underextension? Referring to the family cat as a “kitty” but not using the same name for any other animal (including other cats) 265. One-year-old Peyton notices that when his dad, Archie, is watching football on television, he shouts at the screen. The next time a football game come on, Peyton shouts at the screen. Peyton’s behavior best exemplifies imitation. 266. Barry walks up to his 9-month-old son and says (very slowly and with major fluctuations in his voice’s pitch and loudness), “Ohhhhhhhhh, are you Daddy’s little baaaaaaaby?” Barry is illustrating infant-directed speech. 267. Preoperational thinker Blake has edged his way close to the top rim of the Grand Canyon. His mother then asks him, “What do you think someone at the bottom of the canyon looking up would see?” Given the egocentric nature of his thought, Blake’s most likely response would be “the same thing I see.” 268. When dealing with young infants, why is infant-directed speech preferred over normal adult speech? Infants pay more attention to infant-directed speech. 269. As a Piagetian, Avery would consider the highest accomplishment of the sensorimotor period of development. using symbols 270. One criticism of Piaget’s theory is that it underestimates the cognitive abilities of infants and overestimates the abilities of adolescents. 271. As an information-processing theorist, Dr. Tonic is most likely to conceptualize human cognitive development as a(n) computer that develops a larger “hard drive memory” and a “faster central processing unit.” 272. How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the “journey” of cognitive development? Vygotsky saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Piaget saw children as making the journey alone. 273. Preschoolers who watch the television show Dora the Explorer have been shown to in kindergarten than children who have not watched the show. have larger vocabularies 274. While visiting a zoo, 5-month-old Leo is frightened by a roaring lion and starts to cry. By the time Leo is 1 year old, he appears to have forgotten this event and actually enjoys movies with lions. Based on memory research, how might you get Leo to exhibit the original fear response? Bring him back to the zoo. 275. While counting four objects, Yoshiko says “1, 2, 4, 8” one time and “2, 1, 4, 8” the next time. This demonstrates that Yoshiko has failed to master the principle of counting. stable-order 276. Dr. Eco has a strong belief that global warming is a theoretical myth. In recent years, however, the increased rate of polar ice cap melt has forced him to alter his theory, and he is now a strong advocate against greenhouse pollutants. A Piagetian would most likely describe Dr. Eco’s theoretical conversion in terms of equilibration. 277. When 3-month-old Rosita says “ahhhhhhhh,” she is cooing. 278. Ed knows what a horse is but has never seen nor heard of a camel. When Ed sees his first camel, he says “horsey.” Ed’s reaction is best explained by the process of overextension. 279. The following 3-year-olds are asked to count the number building blocks (five each) placed in front of them. Which of the following responses best illustrates the one-to-one principle? Simon, who says, “1, 2, C, D, F.” 280. Memory research suggests that at 3 months, infants start to successfully remember events that occurred several days before. 281. Which statement best exemplifies the concept of essentialism? “Fish have a special ‘fishiness’ that allows them to breathe underwater.” 282. Adam waves “bye-bye” when he leaves the room and pretends to eat imaginary food. In other words, Adam is using symbols. 283. The processes in which children acquire new words at such a speed that they cannot be considering all meanings for the new word is called fast mapping. 284. Two-year-old Ariel’s parents recently bought her an aquarium and have begun to point at the moving animals and call them “fish.” Despite having only heard the word “fish” a few times, Ariel appears to realize that the term refers to those little moving things in the tank. Ariel’s behavior is best explained by fast mapping. 285. Which of the following is the best example of a preschooler using calibration in their message? A child describing where to find a toy giving more detailed directions to a listener whose eyes were covered when the toy was hidden..” 286. Piaget saw equilibration as a balance between assimilation and accommodation. 287. Which child does Piaget’s theory have the most difficulty explaining? Daisy, who has mastered the conservation task but fails the three-mountain task 288. Jeanne has just learned to talk and often says things like “I want it,” “Come here,” or “Where did he go?” Jeanne is exhibiting an expressive style. 289. Although the sound is unfamiliar, when 6-month-old Cagney sees the flashing lights on the police car, she keeps her eyes locked on the lights. She also begins to show a decrease in heart rate. Which concept best explains Cagney’s reaction? An orienting response 290. Which best exemplifies the core knowledge hypothesis? The fact that 3-week-old Gene appears to innately understand that three objects are more than two objects. 291. If you believed in the concept of the zone of proximal development, what advice should you give to a child who is attempting to learn how to throw a ball? Tell the child to ask a friend who knows how to throw well to help him or her out. 292. A child whose vocabulary is dominated by names of objects, actions, or persons is said to have a(n) style. Referential 293. Seven-month-old LeBron appears to possess a sense of “naïve physics.” Which of LeBron’s actions would indicate that he does possess this sense? His surprise when a basketball appears to be hanging in mid-air when it is not attached to a string or other supporting device 294. Rather than saying the kitten fell in the bathtub, young Sylvester says, “Kitty wet,” which leaves Sylverster’s mother to wonder about the nature of the liquid on or coming out of the cat. This linguistic limitation is known as telegraphic speech. 295. To overcome a state of disequilibrium, a child must reorganize his or her schemes. 296. Which is the best example of a question designed to assess autobiographical memory? Who taught you how to ride a bike? 297. Two-year-old Sam’s limited vocabulary consists of words like “book,” “dog,” and “hat.” Apparently, Sam 298. When a word is used too broadly, is taking place. overextension 299. Which statement by a young child would indicate that she is using an expressive style? “Let’s play.” 300. Research shows that infants as young as can differentiate two objects from three objects. 6 months old 301. Marina is visiting her dad’s office on a take-your-child-to-work day. Just after they arrive, an executive bursts into the room and screams at Marina’s father about a poorly written report he submitted. All the time that he is being berated, Marina’s dad keeps smiling. Once the executive has left, Marina turns to her dad and says, “You really must like it when your boss hollers at you.” Marina’s lack of understanding that one’s internal state may not match an external state is best explained by the concept of appearance as reality. 302. The principle of counting states that number names must be counted in the same sequence. stable-order 303. When discussing the acquisition of grammar, which type of theorist would be most likely to say, “Context and genetics are overrated, what really matters is imitation and reinforcement?” A behaviorist 304. Six-month-old Teddy is playing with his favorite toy, a stuffed bear. Suddenly a blanket falls off the shelf and covers his bear. According to Piaget, Teddy would most likely neither reach for nor search for the bear. Chapter 5 305. Many scientists believe that prosocial behavior represents an evolutionary adaptation because helping others leads to being helped by others and a greater likelihood of survival. 306. During parallel play, a child plays individually near other children. 307. When infants look to a parent to get cues about whether or not a new situation is safe, they are exhibiting social referencing. 308. Erikson suggested that a proper balance between trust and mistrust can result in the acquisition of hope. 309. Babies who exhibit avoidant attachment are not upset when their mothers leave the room. 310. Some gender stereotypes are false beliefs. 311. Older children are more likely to engage in cooperative play than younger children. 312. Internal working models involve expectations about parental responsiveness. 313. When you experience the feelings of another person, you are experiencing empathy. 314. Fathers typically spend more time playing with their babies than taking care of them. 315. Gender differences in math are negligible, but boys have an advantage in some types of spatial ability. 316. Social smiles tend to be in response to seeing another human’s face. 317. Which child has most successfully resolved the “basic trust versus mistrust” stage of psychosocial development? Hal, who trusts most people but is still somewhat wary of others 318. Although Jamie has an enormous amount of initiative, he does not possess “purpose.” According to Erikson, this is probably because Jamie has not learned to cooperate with others. 319. The most effective way for Zeus to get his young son Perseus to become more prosocial would be to offer Perseus chances to help bring in the groceries. 320. Which statement best describes parental influence on play? Bad coaching is worse than no coaching at all. 321. Franklin and Benjamin are pretending to be transformers. Franklin is pretending to be Optimus, and Benjamin is pretending to be Megatron. What sort of interaction does this exemplify? Cooperative play 322. Dwight’s statement, “I am a boy,” is an example of gender labeling. 323. If he is like most preschoolers, Dougie is likely to believe that girls are verbally aggressive. 324. How could a parent best encourage attachment in a 4-month-old? Respond predictably and appropriately to the baby’s needs. 325. Donald and Melania are riding past a homeless shelter in their limousine when they suddenly stop and place a large amount of cash into the hands of a needy-looking person who is standing next to the entrance of the shelter. What would make this an act of altruism? Donald and Melania do not expect any reciprocation for their act. 326. Results from the Family Lifestyles Project indicate that children raised by counterculture parents are different from children raised by parents with more traditional values in that they have few stereotypes regarding occupations. 327. Who would be most likely to argue that smiling is a common social response because over the history of humanity, individuals who smiled were liked more and allowed to have children? An evolutionary psychologist 328. Which person is most likely using a gender stereotype to describe Erin? Roddy: “Erin is like all females, intelligent and understanding.” 329. According to Erikson, what is the foundation of human development? Trust in self and others 330. Which child is most likely to act altruistically toward Gaston, who is having a very difficult time learning how to skate? Belle, who is feeling happy 331. Phil believes that all women are emotional, physically weak, and interested in cooking. Phil’s beliefs about women would best be described as a gender stereotype. 332. Which sort of solitary play would most likely be unhealthy? Watching other children play without joining them 333. If 2-year-old Kelly had an internal working model, she would expect her mom to respond when she is upset. 334. Gender-role stereotypes involve beliefs that are sometimes true. 335. Dick and Bruce are both playing with blocks. Though they are playing, they smile at each other and trade blocks from time to time. It is most likely that Dick and Bruce are involved in simple social play. 336. Carmela is struggling in the “autonomy versus shame and doubt” stage of psychosocial development. What aspect of her psychosocial development will result from her successful resolution of this conflict? Will 337. What advice should you give to a parent who wants his or her 2-month-old to form a secure attachment? “Be responsive and caring.” 338. Dr. Wilson studies how children form lasting social-emotional relationships with adults. Dr. Wilson is most likely interested in studying attachment. 339. After children understand gender, there are changes in their behavior toward more gender- specific preferences. Which preferences do not change during this period of development? Preferences for certain foods 340. As a typical prepubescent female, Rihanna will prefer to play with girls regardless of the game. 341. Patrick and Sandy are taking turns playing a memory game on Patrick’s computer tablet. This is an example of play. cooperative 342. Concerning play, which statement best exemplifies enabling? “You are doing great, keep going.” 343. Research indicates that sending a young child to a high-quality day care has effects on a toddler’s attachment to their mother and/or father. no 344. From an infant’s perspective, what is the most critical factor in establishing a secure attachment? Having a dependable caregiver 345. According to Kohlberg, when 3-year-old Sara thinks about herself, she can label herself as a girl. 346. Elise’s father sat her on her blanket in front of the TV in the living room and left the room to answer a text message from work on his phone. Elise has been playing alone for a while on her blanket and has become upset. When her father returns, she is not comforted but seems angry with her father. Elise is most likely exhibiting a(n) attachment. resistant 347. Which combination best predicts an insecure attachment? Insensitive mother and low-quality day care 348. Eight-month-old Claire is able to crawl around a room on her own, looking back at her mother only occasionally. This indicates that Claire trusts her mother. 349. Which normally developing child would be most likely to have just begun to experience the emotion of anger? Eli, who is 5 months old 350. Baby Hughie has singled out his mother as someone different from all others. When his mother takes him to a new place, Hughie is able to explore but looks back to his mother every once in awhile for reassurance. According to Bowlby, Hughie is most likely in the phase of attachment. true attachment 351. Which description of the sex difference in spatial ability is the most accurate? Average test scores of spatial ability are higher for boys than for girls. 352. Kelly and Mark are the parents of a new baby named Lola and are wondering whether Lola will attach to them. A developmental psychologist explains to them that if Lola is a typical baby, she will attach to both Kelly and Mark. 353. The fact that young children are so may interfere with their ability to engage in altruistic behaviors. egocentric 354. When Faith’s mother leaves her alone in a room, she does not move and appears a bit dazed. Faith is most likely exhibiting a(n) attachment. disorganized 355. Hulk often has to step in and solve disagreements between his son Bruce and his daughter Betty. This action best reflects the idea of a parent as a mediator. 356. Seven-month-old Gavin seems very content being held by his mother. When the new neighbor from across the street comes over to greet Gavin, he turns his head away from the neighbor and starts to cry. What term best explains Gavin’s response to the neighbor? Stranger wariness 357. Tina is a girl who has congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This means that it is more likely that Tina will prefer more than other girls. masculine activities 358. A secure infant attachment predicts during later childhood. more capable peer interactions 359. Agnes is a preschooler who has an imaginary friend named Gru. According to recent research, it is most likely that Agnes is a typical preschooler. 360. When 3-year-old Juan, who is male, says “I’m going to grow up to be a mommy,” he is failing to demonstrate a sense of gender stability. 361. Five-year-old Lou has a vivid imagination and an imaginary friend. How might this cognitively affect Lou He is likely to have a more advanced theory of mind. 362. Using scaffolding would be most beneficial for a preschool parent acting as a during play. playmate 363. As a typical 10-year-old American female, Brianna is more likely to than a same-age male counterpart. be emotionally expressive 364. Which word would least likely be found in a description of “boys play?” Cooperative 365. Securely attached infants tend to show when reunited with a caregiver. a need for a brief interaction 366. One-year-old Kendra looks at her mother before entering a new room in a strange house. When her mother smiles, Kendra proceeds to enter the room. This is an example of social referencing. 367. A gender-schema theorist would be most likely to argue that young children are constantly looking for cues about gender. 368. After reading a book on Eriksonian theory, Farah would most likely describe her trusting 1-year-old daughter as possessing hope. 369. Lisa believes that she cannot play football because “I’m a girl, and girls aren’t supposed to play football.” This belief is most likely an aspect of Lisa’s gender identity. 370. One-year-old Chatava is not upset when her mother leaves the room, and when her mother returns, Chatava turns away from her. Chatava is exhibiting attachment. avoidant 371. Michiko was insecurely attached as an infant. Which behavior is least likely to occur? Michiko is usually calm when interacting with other children. 372. We would know that 2-month-old Brenda is exhibiting a social smile when she smiles in response to seeing her mother’s face. 373. Which finding is not consistent with research studies of sex differences? Males are more likely to comply with the directions of adults. 374. Which is true of childhood play? Boys tend to favor constricting and girls tend to favor enabling.