Lizzie ojumu
LIZZIE OJUMU
19 DECEMBER 2021
UNIT 11 – PSYCHOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVES
TITLE: MOVING FORWARD –
THERAPETIC APPROACH
Therapeutic approach
,Lizzie ojumu
P1 – EXPLAIN WHAT PSYCHOLOGICAL PERPECTIVE ARE AND
INTRODUCE YOUR CASE STUDIES
Psychology is the scientific study of the brain and human behaviour;
psychology is a way that philosophers explain how and why people
behave and learn
Talman (2016) provides an excellent definition of psychology and
expresses this as the scientific study of how humans learn specific
behaviours.
“Psychology is the scientific study of how humans behave and learn”
(Talman, 2016, PG 365)
Psychology is vital because it aids individuals in understanding why they
behave the way they do and enhances their lifestyle in a variety of ways,
including decision-making, comprehending prior behaviours, and stress
management. It also aids in the development of a more appropriate and
appropriate lifestyle.
In this assignment, there are 2 case studies, case study 1 and 2
In case study 1, Ahmed is 18 years old and suffers from an eating
disorder; he acts as if he is eating and then throws the food away when
no one is watching; the behaviours noticed include poor self-esteem and
negative self-concept.
In case study 2, Mark is 56 years old and suffers from a terrible fear of
spiders. His phobia is so strong that he is unable to read bedtime stories
to his daughter if spiders are present. Mark's behaviour is that he suffers
from panic episodes, which is linked to behaviourism.
P1 – UNDERSTANDING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE
Behaviourism also called behavioural psychology, is a theory of studying
which states all behaviours are learned through interaction with the
environment via a manner referred to as conditioning. Thus, behaviour is
clearly a reaction to environmental stimuli. We learn new behaviour
through classical or operant conditioning (collectively known as 'learning
theory'). Therefore, when born our mind is 'tabula rasa' (a blank slate).
(2021)
Therapeutic approach
, Lizzie ojumu
What is classical conditioning?
Pavlov, a Russian scientist, created classical conditioning (also known
as Pavlovian or responder conditioning) as a method of learning by
association. Two stimuli are connected together to form a new learnt
response in a human or animal, in simple words. (2021)
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist, discovered that dogs salivate when
they are fed. When the dogs had been fed, he placed a little test tube
into their cheeks to determine the saliva (with a powder crafted from
meat). Pavlov expected the dogs to salivate in reaction to the meals
placed in front of them, but he discovered that his dogs began to salivate
whenever they heard his assistant's footsteps bringing them the food.
Pavlov thought he had achieved a significant scientific breakthrough
when he observed that any item or event that the dogs had learned to
associate with food (even the lab assistant) might elicit the same
reaction. As a result, he spent the remainder of his career studying this
type of learning. (McLeod and McLeod, 2021)
What is operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning, also known as instrumental conditioning, is a
method of learning normally attributed to B.F. Skinner, where the
consequences of a response determine the probability of it being
repeated. Through operant conditioning behaviour which is reinforced
(rewarded) will likely be repeated, and behaviour which is punished will
occur less frequently. (2021)
B.F. Skinner proposed his theory on operant conditioning by conducting
various experiments on animals. He used a special box known as
“Skinner Box” for his experiment on rats.
As the first step to his experiment, he placed a hungry rat inside the
Skinner box. The rat was initially inactive inside the box, but gradually as
it began to adapt to the environment of the box, it began to explore
around. Eventually, the rat discovered a lever, upon pressing which; food
was released inside the box. After it filled its hunger, it started exploring
the box again, and after a while it pressed the lever for the second time
as it grew hungry again. This phenomenon continued for the third, fourth
and the fifth time, and after a while, the hungry rat immediately pressed
the lever once it was placed in the box. Then the conditioning was
deemed to be complete. (Shrestha, 2018)
Therapeutic approach
LIZZIE OJUMU
19 DECEMBER 2021
UNIT 11 – PSYCHOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVES
TITLE: MOVING FORWARD –
THERAPETIC APPROACH
Therapeutic approach
,Lizzie ojumu
P1 – EXPLAIN WHAT PSYCHOLOGICAL PERPECTIVE ARE AND
INTRODUCE YOUR CASE STUDIES
Psychology is the scientific study of the brain and human behaviour;
psychology is a way that philosophers explain how and why people
behave and learn
Talman (2016) provides an excellent definition of psychology and
expresses this as the scientific study of how humans learn specific
behaviours.
“Psychology is the scientific study of how humans behave and learn”
(Talman, 2016, PG 365)
Psychology is vital because it aids individuals in understanding why they
behave the way they do and enhances their lifestyle in a variety of ways,
including decision-making, comprehending prior behaviours, and stress
management. It also aids in the development of a more appropriate and
appropriate lifestyle.
In this assignment, there are 2 case studies, case study 1 and 2
In case study 1, Ahmed is 18 years old and suffers from an eating
disorder; he acts as if he is eating and then throws the food away when
no one is watching; the behaviours noticed include poor self-esteem and
negative self-concept.
In case study 2, Mark is 56 years old and suffers from a terrible fear of
spiders. His phobia is so strong that he is unable to read bedtime stories
to his daughter if spiders are present. Mark's behaviour is that he suffers
from panic episodes, which is linked to behaviourism.
P1 – UNDERSTANDING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE
Behaviourism also called behavioural psychology, is a theory of studying
which states all behaviours are learned through interaction with the
environment via a manner referred to as conditioning. Thus, behaviour is
clearly a reaction to environmental stimuli. We learn new behaviour
through classical or operant conditioning (collectively known as 'learning
theory'). Therefore, when born our mind is 'tabula rasa' (a blank slate).
(2021)
Therapeutic approach
, Lizzie ojumu
What is classical conditioning?
Pavlov, a Russian scientist, created classical conditioning (also known
as Pavlovian or responder conditioning) as a method of learning by
association. Two stimuli are connected together to form a new learnt
response in a human or animal, in simple words. (2021)
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist, discovered that dogs salivate when
they are fed. When the dogs had been fed, he placed a little test tube
into their cheeks to determine the saliva (with a powder crafted from
meat). Pavlov expected the dogs to salivate in reaction to the meals
placed in front of them, but he discovered that his dogs began to salivate
whenever they heard his assistant's footsteps bringing them the food.
Pavlov thought he had achieved a significant scientific breakthrough
when he observed that any item or event that the dogs had learned to
associate with food (even the lab assistant) might elicit the same
reaction. As a result, he spent the remainder of his career studying this
type of learning. (McLeod and McLeod, 2021)
What is operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning, also known as instrumental conditioning, is a
method of learning normally attributed to B.F. Skinner, where the
consequences of a response determine the probability of it being
repeated. Through operant conditioning behaviour which is reinforced
(rewarded) will likely be repeated, and behaviour which is punished will
occur less frequently. (2021)
B.F. Skinner proposed his theory on operant conditioning by conducting
various experiments on animals. He used a special box known as
“Skinner Box” for his experiment on rats.
As the first step to his experiment, he placed a hungry rat inside the
Skinner box. The rat was initially inactive inside the box, but gradually as
it began to adapt to the environment of the box, it began to explore
around. Eventually, the rat discovered a lever, upon pressing which; food
was released inside the box. After it filled its hunger, it started exploring
the box again, and after a while it pressed the lever for the second time
as it grew hungry again. This phenomenon continued for the third, fourth
and the fifth time, and after a while, the hungry rat immediately pressed
the lever once it was placed in the box. Then the conditioning was
deemed to be complete. (Shrestha, 2018)
Therapeutic approach
