PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS .
Nutrition and Health .
C: Explore the physiology of the digestive system and the use of corrective treatments for
dietary related disease:
Introduction:
Our Digestive system has the main function of breaking down the complex and large
molecules which are not soluble and will convert them into their simplest molecular
form that is also soluble until it can be absorbed by our bloodstream. The food and
liquids that are digested are the nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins,
fats, minerals and water for the body to survive. These https://my.clevelandclinic.org/
nutrients are then used in our body cells for purposes such health/articles/7041-the-
as energy production, repairing cells and growth of body. structure-and-function-of-the-
digestive-system 10-09-2021
The digestive system including GI-tract and other organs which helps
the food to be broken down and absorbed by our blood system.
Saliva Glands
Uvula
Tongue Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Pancreatic duct
Common bile duct
Duodenum
Large intestine
Descending colon
small intestine
colon
Ascending colon
Cecum
Rectum
Appendix
Anus
Figure 1 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Digestive_system_diagram_no_labels_arrows.svg 10-09-2021
Organs that make the digestive system up .
1
, For the digestive system to function well, many organs must work together making the
functioning system in our body. These organs include: the mouth, oesophagus,
stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine, colon/large intestine, rectum
and anus. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a number of hollow organs which are bonded
from the mouth to anus. This tract is the main route of the digestion and consist of
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and anus. Other organs such as
liver, pancreas and gall bladder are there to help the process of digestion. Below is the
role of each organ:
Food ball/ Bolus
Figure 2 https://image.shutterstock.com/image-vector/anatomy-
nose-throat-labeled-260nw-28503079.jpg 10-09-2021
Pharynx
Tongue
Our mouth is where the food is first ingested. The tongue
and teeth are the first organs involved with digestion and will Epiglottis
start breaking down the food. lynx
Esophagus
Trachea
The Mouth: Once the meal has entered the mouth http://www.biologymad.com/master.ht
with the lips assisting in opening the mouth, it is ml?http://www.biologymad.com/Digesti
broken down mechanically and chemically. on/Digestion.htm 10-09-2021
Mechanically breaking, combining, and chewing the
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-
food taken in into tiny bits in the form of balls is done information/digestive-
by our teeth and tongue. The parotid, submandibular, diseases/digestive-system-how-it-
and sublingual salivary glands will then generate works#:~:text=The%20digestive%20proc
ess%20%20%20%20Organ%20,proteins%
and release saliva. Even before the meal is taken in 2C%20and%20carbohydrates%20%203%
by the scent of food, the salivary glands are 20more%20rows% 2010-09-2021
functioning. Saliva contains four different
substances: water, which is used to dissolve soluble components, mucus, which is
produced to aid smooth movement of the food through lubrication, lysozymes, which
are used to destroy bacteria or invaders, and finally, amylase, which is used to break
down the starch from the food. Following the breakdown of the meal into tiny, soluble
molecules, it is then swallowed with the help of tongue through the back of the mouth,
the pharynx which performs this action as involuntary reflex movement. When the
food is being swallowed to our esophagus, the trachea is blocked by involuntary reflex
action of epiglottis which avoids the food swallowed entering our lungs. The food
molecules will now reach the esophagus.
2
, Esophagus
Figure 3 https://teachmeanatomy.info/wp-
content/uploads/Layers-of-the-Oesophagus.png 12-
09-2021
Thick muscle layer
The food in esophagus is then delivered to
the stomach thanks to peristalsis. submucosa
mucosa
Adventitia
The Esophagus: this is the long pipe which will connect
the mouth with the stomach in order to transport the https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/art
icles/7041-the-structure-and-function-
food from mouth when swallowed to the stomach. The of-the-digestive-system
esophagus also contain epiglottis. The esophagus is https://byjus.com/biology/human-
made of a thin epithelium, a thick muscle layer, some digestive-system/ 10-09-2021
mucus glands to help the food lubrication and no villi.
The movement of food is enabled by a set of circular https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/art
motions inside the esophagus also known as peristalsis icles/7041-the-structure-and-function-
of-the-digestive-system 10-09-2021
where the lower esophageal sphincter should relax so
that the food can go down. The esophageal sphincter will
have to contract back to prevent the food from going back to esophagus. This series of
motion will continue up to the end of esophagus and the tip of the stomach. This
movement is involuntary and in some cases where this motion is not doing smoothly,
acid reflux can be followed.
The Stomach: The rectus abdominis muscle, which works https://byjus.com/biology/human-
as an expanding bag to store food for a length of time, makes digestive-system/ 10-09-2021
up the stomach. With the aid of digestive enzymes and
hydrochloric acid created by the stomach, it will take 6 to 8 https://www.disabled-
hours for the stomach to digest the food arriving from the world.com/health/hernias/dias
tasis-recti.php 10-09-2021
oesophagus. The digestive enzymes called pepsin and
rennin produced by the cells on the inner lining of the
stomach are responsible to break down the macromolecules such as proteins into its
simplest molecular form. The food eventually becomes liquid which is also called
chime. The mucosa on the stomach walls has many gastric pits instead of villi forming
the gastric glands which are responsible for secreting strong hydrochloric acid
which’s main function is to destroy any microbes and bacteria that may have entered
the stomach with the food ingested. Also, the stomach walls have another function
which is secreting mucus to protect the lining in the stomach and the glands from the
stomach acid.
3
, Figure 4 https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uLS9-
VHNXTA/VtslPecs9XI/AAAAAAAASkg/z1ysOSsJaOk/s1600/Sli
de24.TIF 12-09-2021
The stomach is where the food is broken
Digestive enzyme down by stomach acid and enzymes. This is
HCL acid also where the food is mixed through
contraction.
PEPSIN
RENNIN
Small Intestine:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/
the small intestine is where the food is further being digested with health/articles/7041-the-
digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas, liver and intestine structure-and-function-of-the-
itself in order to mix and push the food for even more digestion. digestive-system 10-09-2021
The small intestine is made of three parts known as duodenum,
jejunum and ileum. The small intestine is made of layers of https://www.niddk.nih.gov/he
smooth muscle forming approximately 22-foot-long tube due to alth-information/digestive-
longitudinal muscles. diseases/digestive-system-
how-it-works10-09-2021
Figure 5
Duodenum https://thealevelbiologist.co.uk/images/X2604-J-
03.png 12-09-2021
Jejunum
Small intestine is where the food is further
Ileum
digested thanks to liver and pancreas
juices. Jejunum and ileum is where the
nutrition’s is absorbed by blood.
The bolus will initially reach the duodenum, which is the first portion of the small
intestine, once it is transported from the stomach to the small intestine. The food
particles are further digested and broken down into smaller bits, resulting in a liquid
4
Nutrition and Health .
C: Explore the physiology of the digestive system and the use of corrective treatments for
dietary related disease:
Introduction:
Our Digestive system has the main function of breaking down the complex and large
molecules which are not soluble and will convert them into their simplest molecular
form that is also soluble until it can be absorbed by our bloodstream. The food and
liquids that are digested are the nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins,
fats, minerals and water for the body to survive. These https://my.clevelandclinic.org/
nutrients are then used in our body cells for purposes such health/articles/7041-the-
as energy production, repairing cells and growth of body. structure-and-function-of-the-
digestive-system 10-09-2021
The digestive system including GI-tract and other organs which helps
the food to be broken down and absorbed by our blood system.
Saliva Glands
Uvula
Tongue Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Pancreatic duct
Common bile duct
Duodenum
Large intestine
Descending colon
small intestine
colon
Ascending colon
Cecum
Rectum
Appendix
Anus
Figure 1 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Digestive_system_diagram_no_labels_arrows.svg 10-09-2021
Organs that make the digestive system up .
1
, For the digestive system to function well, many organs must work together making the
functioning system in our body. These organs include: the mouth, oesophagus,
stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine, colon/large intestine, rectum
and anus. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a number of hollow organs which are bonded
from the mouth to anus. This tract is the main route of the digestion and consist of
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and anus. Other organs such as
liver, pancreas and gall bladder are there to help the process of digestion. Below is the
role of each organ:
Food ball/ Bolus
Figure 2 https://image.shutterstock.com/image-vector/anatomy-
nose-throat-labeled-260nw-28503079.jpg 10-09-2021
Pharynx
Tongue
Our mouth is where the food is first ingested. The tongue
and teeth are the first organs involved with digestion and will Epiglottis
start breaking down the food. lynx
Esophagus
Trachea
The Mouth: Once the meal has entered the mouth http://www.biologymad.com/master.ht
with the lips assisting in opening the mouth, it is ml?http://www.biologymad.com/Digesti
broken down mechanically and chemically. on/Digestion.htm 10-09-2021
Mechanically breaking, combining, and chewing the
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-
food taken in into tiny bits in the form of balls is done information/digestive-
by our teeth and tongue. The parotid, submandibular, diseases/digestive-system-how-it-
and sublingual salivary glands will then generate works#:~:text=The%20digestive%20proc
ess%20%20%20%20Organ%20,proteins%
and release saliva. Even before the meal is taken in 2C%20and%20carbohydrates%20%203%
by the scent of food, the salivary glands are 20more%20rows% 2010-09-2021
functioning. Saliva contains four different
substances: water, which is used to dissolve soluble components, mucus, which is
produced to aid smooth movement of the food through lubrication, lysozymes, which
are used to destroy bacteria or invaders, and finally, amylase, which is used to break
down the starch from the food. Following the breakdown of the meal into tiny, soluble
molecules, it is then swallowed with the help of tongue through the back of the mouth,
the pharynx which performs this action as involuntary reflex movement. When the
food is being swallowed to our esophagus, the trachea is blocked by involuntary reflex
action of epiglottis which avoids the food swallowed entering our lungs. The food
molecules will now reach the esophagus.
2
, Esophagus
Figure 3 https://teachmeanatomy.info/wp-
content/uploads/Layers-of-the-Oesophagus.png 12-
09-2021
Thick muscle layer
The food in esophagus is then delivered to
the stomach thanks to peristalsis. submucosa
mucosa
Adventitia
The Esophagus: this is the long pipe which will connect
the mouth with the stomach in order to transport the https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/art
icles/7041-the-structure-and-function-
food from mouth when swallowed to the stomach. The of-the-digestive-system
esophagus also contain epiglottis. The esophagus is https://byjus.com/biology/human-
made of a thin epithelium, a thick muscle layer, some digestive-system/ 10-09-2021
mucus glands to help the food lubrication and no villi.
The movement of food is enabled by a set of circular https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/art
motions inside the esophagus also known as peristalsis icles/7041-the-structure-and-function-
of-the-digestive-system 10-09-2021
where the lower esophageal sphincter should relax so
that the food can go down. The esophageal sphincter will
have to contract back to prevent the food from going back to esophagus. This series of
motion will continue up to the end of esophagus and the tip of the stomach. This
movement is involuntary and in some cases where this motion is not doing smoothly,
acid reflux can be followed.
The Stomach: The rectus abdominis muscle, which works https://byjus.com/biology/human-
as an expanding bag to store food for a length of time, makes digestive-system/ 10-09-2021
up the stomach. With the aid of digestive enzymes and
hydrochloric acid created by the stomach, it will take 6 to 8 https://www.disabled-
hours for the stomach to digest the food arriving from the world.com/health/hernias/dias
tasis-recti.php 10-09-2021
oesophagus. The digestive enzymes called pepsin and
rennin produced by the cells on the inner lining of the
stomach are responsible to break down the macromolecules such as proteins into its
simplest molecular form. The food eventually becomes liquid which is also called
chime. The mucosa on the stomach walls has many gastric pits instead of villi forming
the gastric glands which are responsible for secreting strong hydrochloric acid
which’s main function is to destroy any microbes and bacteria that may have entered
the stomach with the food ingested. Also, the stomach walls have another function
which is secreting mucus to protect the lining in the stomach and the glands from the
stomach acid.
3
, Figure 4 https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uLS9-
VHNXTA/VtslPecs9XI/AAAAAAAASkg/z1ysOSsJaOk/s1600/Sli
de24.TIF 12-09-2021
The stomach is where the food is broken
Digestive enzyme down by stomach acid and enzymes. This is
HCL acid also where the food is mixed through
contraction.
PEPSIN
RENNIN
Small Intestine:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/
the small intestine is where the food is further being digested with health/articles/7041-the-
digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas, liver and intestine structure-and-function-of-the-
itself in order to mix and push the food for even more digestion. digestive-system 10-09-2021
The small intestine is made of three parts known as duodenum,
jejunum and ileum. The small intestine is made of layers of https://www.niddk.nih.gov/he
smooth muscle forming approximately 22-foot-long tube due to alth-information/digestive-
longitudinal muscles. diseases/digestive-system-
how-it-works10-09-2021
Figure 5
Duodenum https://thealevelbiologist.co.uk/images/X2604-J-
03.png 12-09-2021
Jejunum
Small intestine is where the food is further
Ileum
digested thanks to liver and pancreas
juices. Jejunum and ileum is where the
nutrition’s is absorbed by blood.
The bolus will initially reach the duodenum, which is the first portion of the small
intestine, once it is transported from the stomach to the small intestine. The food
particles are further digested and broken down into smaller bits, resulting in a liquid
4
