APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
UNIT 14 ASSIGNMENT A
A: Understand the structures, reactions and properties of functional group compounds.
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
The chemical reactivity of an organic molecule is determined by its functional groups.
Functional groups are structural units that determine a molecule's chemical reactivity under
specific conditions. Based on the functional groups they contain; organic compounds are
divided into several major categories.
NON-CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
HALOGENOALKANES
Halogenoalkanes are compounds that have one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by halogen
atoms in an alkane (fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine).
An alkyl halide (or haloalkane) is formed by replacing just one hydrogen atom, the
nomenclature scheme is very similar to that for alkanes. The common names of alkyl halides
are made up of two parts: the alkyl group's name and the stem of the halogen's name, with the
suffix -ide.
Format of Common Name: alkyl name + halide name
The IUPAC system employs the parent alkane's name with a prefix denoting the halogen
substituents, followed by a number indicating the location of the substituent. Fluoro-, chloro-,
bromo-, and iodo- are the prefixes. Ethyl chloride is the colloquial name for CH3CH2Cl,
while chloroethane is the IUPAC name. [1]
For example,
,Primary halogenoalkanes 1oc
Organic compounds with a carbon atom linked to one alkyl group and one halogen atom are
known as primary halogenoalkanes. As a result, a primary halogenoalkane's general structure
is R-CH2-X, where R is an alkyl group and X is a halogen. They can be represented as ten
haloalkanes.
Secondary halogenoalkanes 2 oc
Organic compounds with a carbon atom linked to two alkyl groups and a halogen atom are
known as secondary halogenoalkanes. R2-C(-H)-X is the general structure of secondary
halogenoalkanes. The two alkyl groups (R group) can be the same or different in this case.
These chemicals can be classified as 20 haloalkanes. Furthermore, SN2 nucleophilic
substitution events occur in secondary halogenoalkanes. As a result, the reactions are
bimolecular.
Tertiary halogenoalkanes 3 oc
Tertiary halogenoalkanes are organic compounds with a carbon atom, three alkyl groups (no
hydrogen atoms connected directly to this carbon), and a halogen atom attached to them. A
tertiary haloalkane's general structure is R3-C-X, where the three R groups (alkyl groups)
might be the same or different. 30 haloalkanes can be used to describe these substances.
, #
Halogenoalkanes are formed through two different processes
1) Replacing the -OH functional group of an alcohol with a halogen
2) Through reaction of alkenes and hydrogen halides
Elimination of Halogenoalkanes
Halogenoalkanes can carry out elimination processes in the form of refluxing, using
potassium and sodium hydroxide, as well as heat. By collecting the vapours in a condenser,
reflux reactions allow the solution to be heated in a controlled manner while preventing the
loss of reactants.
A halogenoalkane interacts with sodium hydroxide in this chemical reaction (NaOH). The
sodium hydroxide, which acts as a base, will take the hydrogen ion from the carbon in 2-
bromobutane. This allows for the formation of a double bond between the carbon atoms by an
electron pair.
CHEMISTRY
UNIT 14 ASSIGNMENT A
A: Understand the structures, reactions and properties of functional group compounds.
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
The chemical reactivity of an organic molecule is determined by its functional groups.
Functional groups are structural units that determine a molecule's chemical reactivity under
specific conditions. Based on the functional groups they contain; organic compounds are
divided into several major categories.
NON-CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
HALOGENOALKANES
Halogenoalkanes are compounds that have one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by halogen
atoms in an alkane (fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine).
An alkyl halide (or haloalkane) is formed by replacing just one hydrogen atom, the
nomenclature scheme is very similar to that for alkanes. The common names of alkyl halides
are made up of two parts: the alkyl group's name and the stem of the halogen's name, with the
suffix -ide.
Format of Common Name: alkyl name + halide name
The IUPAC system employs the parent alkane's name with a prefix denoting the halogen
substituents, followed by a number indicating the location of the substituent. Fluoro-, chloro-,
bromo-, and iodo- are the prefixes. Ethyl chloride is the colloquial name for CH3CH2Cl,
while chloroethane is the IUPAC name. [1]
For example,
,Primary halogenoalkanes 1oc
Organic compounds with a carbon atom linked to one alkyl group and one halogen atom are
known as primary halogenoalkanes. As a result, a primary halogenoalkane's general structure
is R-CH2-X, where R is an alkyl group and X is a halogen. They can be represented as ten
haloalkanes.
Secondary halogenoalkanes 2 oc
Organic compounds with a carbon atom linked to two alkyl groups and a halogen atom are
known as secondary halogenoalkanes. R2-C(-H)-X is the general structure of secondary
halogenoalkanes. The two alkyl groups (R group) can be the same or different in this case.
These chemicals can be classified as 20 haloalkanes. Furthermore, SN2 nucleophilic
substitution events occur in secondary halogenoalkanes. As a result, the reactions are
bimolecular.
Tertiary halogenoalkanes 3 oc
Tertiary halogenoalkanes are organic compounds with a carbon atom, three alkyl groups (no
hydrogen atoms connected directly to this carbon), and a halogen atom attached to them. A
tertiary haloalkane's general structure is R3-C-X, where the three R groups (alkyl groups)
might be the same or different. 30 haloalkanes can be used to describe these substances.
, #
Halogenoalkanes are formed through two different processes
1) Replacing the -OH functional group of an alcohol with a halogen
2) Through reaction of alkenes and hydrogen halides
Elimination of Halogenoalkanes
Halogenoalkanes can carry out elimination processes in the form of refluxing, using
potassium and sodium hydroxide, as well as heat. By collecting the vapours in a condenser,
reflux reactions allow the solution to be heated in a controlled manner while preventing the
loss of reactants.
A halogenoalkane interacts with sodium hydroxide in this chemical reaction (NaOH). The
sodium hydroxide, which acts as a base, will take the hydrogen ion from the carbon in 2-
bromobutane. This allows for the formation of a double bond between the carbon atoms by an
electron pair.
