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C Self concepts are individuals' perception of who they are, their attributes and traits. Stabilization of one's self concept a. typically occurs during the pre school years b. is completed by early adolescence c. may be influenced by cultural and fmaily factors d. seldom stabilizes in one's lifetime D Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter which facilitates messages between neurons? a. dopamine b. serotonin c. acetycholine d. atropine 00:52 01:08 A The view that children begin their development as a blank slate has been identified by John Locke as... a. tabula rasa b. plasticity c. resiliency d. genotype D According to Erikson, young adults seek close relationships with others but fear that doing so would mean giving up independence. Erikson called this tension a. adaptation vs. accommodation b. formal vs. concrete developpment c. autonomy vs. shame and doubt d. intimacy vs. isolation C Justin's fmaily moved to anew school district in October of the school year. His teacher noticed that although his verbal skills were well developed, he was not particularly interested in interacting and playing with other children his age. Justin seemed preoccupied with anything with wheels and would try to determine what made them turn. Often the teacher would see Justin make turning movements with his hands or arms. The teacher decided to refer Justin to the school psychologist for assessment. It may be that Justin has... a. attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder b. autistic disorder c. Asperger's disorder d. obsessive compulsive disorder C Which of the following is a true statement pertaining to the DSM-5? a. all major categories of disorders have been renamed b. there is less emphasis on pathopsychological origin of symptoms and behavior The axial classification system has been dropped d. Autism and Asperger's are classified under disruptive impulse control disorders D According to behaviorists, the law of effect most nearly refers to... a. hierarchy of needs b. defense mechanisms c. psychosexual development d. conditioning principles B Strong interpersonal relationships are often forged by individuals working for the same company. Not infrequently marriages are the result of some of these relationships. The principle involved here is called... a. adaptation b. propinquity c. commitment d. accommodation A Frequently a mental status exam is administered to an individual seeking mental health services. This formal assessment process covers several specific areas. Which of the following is NOT one of those areas? a. interpersonal relationships b. mood and affect c. appearance and behavior d. sensorium B Albert Bandura developed a social learning theory and self efficacy is one of the principal concepts. Self efficacy is the belief that we can do some task or behavior. As counselors, we need to be able to empower clients to become more self efficacious. Which one of the following is NOT an approach recommended by Bandura? a. vicarious experience b. raising anxiety level c. modeling d. verbal persuasion B A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultations services on a job by job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules? a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval A Piaget identifies four major stages of child development. Which of the following refers to the period during which the child develops the abilities to classify and seriate objects and to maintain relationships between objects despite their physical manipulation? a. concrete operations b. preoperational c. formal operations d. sensorimotor D No single theory explains how women develop, however, there are a number of concepts attributable to women in their process of development. Which of the following concepts are NOT representative of women's development? a. caretaking and social b. relationships and other oriented c. communication and connections d. self absorption and power networks. C Erikson called the last stage in his theory of human development Integrity vs. Despair. A person's challenge in this stage is to achieve acceptance of the finality of life. Erikson postulated that such acceptance could be achieved only if the person had... a. successfully met the challenges of the previous stages b. reached an economic position wherein the person did not need to worry about having good living conditions c. accepted the accomplishment of the various roles the individual had filled in life d. reached a parallel level of moral development. A A prominent theory of psychosexual development is that of Freud. In one of his five postulated stages, children are often thought to be attracted to their parent of the opposite sex. This attraction appears to occur in the ____________ stage. a. phallic b. genital c. oral d. anal B A counselor is seeing a Latina client for the first time. She is experiencing anxiety and is distressed that her family members are scattered throughout several states in order to have jobs. the counselor determines that this client is an illegal immigrant and is considering what course of action he should take. the counselor chooses not to report this client to authorities which is consistent with Kohlberg's level of... a. conventional moral development b. postconventional moral development c. acceptance moral development d. preconventional moral development. B Gloria visits her college counseling center because she has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. She finds out that about five percent of the students at the college have similar complaints. This is known as ____________ of the sleep problem a. etiology b. prevalence c. incidence d. prognosis D A school counselor has met several times over the year with a tenth grader who is having difficulty with authority figures. At a session which includes the student's mother, the counselor notices the student exhibiting a number of childlike behaviors. In terms of defense mechanisms, this behavior can probably be labeled... a. displacement b. reaction formation c. denial d. regression A One of the early theorists viewed human development from an ecological perspective. this suggests that the system in which the individual finds him or herself is critical to the developmental process. this theorist was... a. Urie Bronfenbrenner b. Robert Havighurst c. B.F. Skinner d. William Perry C Proponents of Maslow's theory believe that people's behaviors are directed primarily by... a. pleasing others b. oral gratification c. need gratification d. pleasure principle D Which of the following statements about microaggressions is NOT true? a. it can be a comment, action or gesture b. it is usually based on personal characteristics or history of the microaggression target c. individuals with disabilities may also be targets of microaggressions d. is never unintentional C Some definable communities have a set of values, mores and behaviors which are passed from one generation to another. This can include such things as language, music and food. This describes... a. social class b. pluralism c. culture d. nationalism C Over the centuries, various groups of people have viewed themselves as the standard bearer and cultural model other people should strive to emulate. this notion is called... a. prejudice b. white privilege c. ethnocentrism d. cultural encapsulation D Which of the following statements is NOT true? Climate change... a. may be correlated with rising sea levels b. may result in more severe hurricanes c. may result in psychological consequences for those impacted d. leaves a very limited role for counselors in related intervention programs. B Appearing expert to your client may help to influence her or him to join into the counseling process. The individual who identified the interpersonal influence process is... a. Albert Bandura B. Stanley Storng C. Gilbert Wrenn D. Carl Rogers C The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has been a valuable piece of federal legislation. Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. ADA refers to discrimination of individuals who are handicapped in employment, access to public facilities, and public transportation b. disability refers to limits of the individual in several life activities such as manual tasks, walking, hearing, and learning c. if individuals with disabilities cannot complete the usual employment application process, there is no discrimination in not hiring such a person d. even employers with only 25 workers are subject to the provisions of ADA B Which of the following statements relating to teenage suicide is mort true? a. girls are more successful at committing suicide than boys b. among 10-24 year olds, suicide is the second leading cause of death c. of all the demographic groups, gays and lesbians are at lowest risk of suicide d. there are no valid indicators to look for to predict youth suicide. A Counseling women may be different than counseling men. Which of the following statements about counseling women is NOT true? a. Men experience as many conflicts in their roles as women do. b. As a group, women may be more emotionally expressive than men in counseling c. women are more apt to initiate the counseling process d. the feminist approach to counseling women directs focus on their history and cultural limitations placed on women. A In general, clients from minority groups may prefer engaging in which of the following counseling approaches? a. action oriented b. person centered c. psychodynamic d. existential C Motivation and reinforcement may come from within a person or from sources external to the person. According to Rotter, people's behavior is determined by their belief that reinforcements are either internally or externally controlled. this concept is called... a. expectancy level b. goal orientation c. locus of control d. reinforcement contingency D A counselor in a social services agency is working with an economically deprived immigrant. The first priority for this client might be... a. education b. love c. safety and security d. shelter and food B A number of different cultural factors and forces impact on individuals to make them unique. Some of these factors and forces have a broader impact than others. which of these factors results in the greatest similarity between individuals? a. national b. racio ethnic c. universal d. ecological