REACTIONS
; classifying
aq K0H alkaline hydrolysis '
- -
K0H reflux R
'
R
R OH 1- X H
• •
R -
✗ + OH → -
1 ' '
or •
nucleophilic
R ✗ TK0H → R OH + KX substitution I
It
-
1
- .
H "
R
nitrate in ethanol primary 1° secondary 2° tertiary 3°
aq silver
ethanol acts as solvent so
TH20 R OH HX
•
R ✗ → +
-
-
haeogenoa.lk one can react .
FN03 A nucleophile is an ion or
Agt AGX
-
✗ +
-
→ 8 species which donates a
precipitate
" "www.kn.ir
◦
produces lone pair of electrons to a
electron deficient atom)
in ethanol to form bond
potassium cyanide a covalent .
ammonia in sealed tube
④
a
µ < ≤ N
NH4 ✗
A-
/ NH3
-
,
→
R NH2
-
R X t → -
+ -
]
-
I
It
1
H
¥ i
H •
sealed tube so NH3 doesn't escape
' (it would under reflux )
✗
Nj: •excess cone
NH3 heat , sealed tube
•
forms primary amine
organic synthesis
•
important in
.
◦
as makes new c- C bond nucleophilic substation
.
◦ .
KCN in ethanol excess ammonia prevents
2° and 3°
reflux
• ◦ ◦ ◦
•
nucleophilic substitution .
amines being formed
•
produces a nitrile
; classifying
aq K0H alkaline hydrolysis '
- -
K0H reflux R
'
R
R OH 1- X H
• •
R -
✗ + OH → -
1 ' '
or •
nucleophilic
R ✗ TK0H → R OH + KX substitution I
It
-
1
- .
H "
R
nitrate in ethanol primary 1° secondary 2° tertiary 3°
aq silver
ethanol acts as solvent so
TH20 R OH HX
•
R ✗ → +
-
-
haeogenoa.lk one can react .
FN03 A nucleophile is an ion or
Agt AGX
-
✗ +
-
→ 8 species which donates a
precipitate
" "www.kn.ir
◦
produces lone pair of electrons to a
electron deficient atom)
in ethanol to form bond
potassium cyanide a covalent .
ammonia in sealed tube
④
a
µ < ≤ N
NH4 ✗
A-
/ NH3
-
,
→
R NH2
-
R X t → -
+ -
]
-
I
It
1
H
¥ i
H •
sealed tube so NH3 doesn't escape
' (it would under reflux )
✗
Nj: •excess cone
NH3 heat , sealed tube
•
forms primary amine
organic synthesis
•
important in
.
◦
as makes new c- C bond nucleophilic substation
.
◦ .
KCN in ethanol excess ammonia prevents
2° and 3°
reflux
• ◦ ◦ ◦
•
nucleophilic substitution .
amines being formed
•
produces a nitrile
