PE PAPER 2 NOTES
Skill Classification -
Basic vs complex skills -
● Basic skill doesn’t need much thought or decision-making to do such as as running
● Complex skills needs lots of thought or decision-making to do such as an overhead
kick in football
Open vs closed skills -
● An open kill is performed in a changing environment, where a performer has to react
and adapt to external factors e.g. during a football tackle, you need to adapt to things
such as the position of the players on the pitch
● A closed skill is always performed in the same predictable environment e.g. breaking
off in snooker, the conditions and movement are always the same
Self-paced vs externally-paced -
● A self paced skill is controlled by the performer - they decide when and how quickly
it's done e.g long jump
● An externally paced skill is affected by external factors, which control when it starts
and how quickly it's done e.g. an opponent's actions in football might determine when
a pass is played and the speed its played at
Gross vs fine skills -
● A gross skill involves powerful movements performed by large muscle groups e.g.
long jump
● A fine skill uses smaller muscle groups to carry out precise movements that require
accuracy and coordination e.g. throwing a dart
Guidance -
Verbal guidance -
● An explanation in words of how to perform a technique
Advantages:
● Can be combined with other types of guidance
● Helpful for elite performance who understand technical language
● Can give guidance during a performance
● Useful for improving open skills
Disadvantages:
● Less useful for teaching complex skills, which are difficult to explain
● Could be confusing for a beginner if it uses complicated language
Visual guidance -
● Visual clues to help you perform a technique.
, ● Coaches could use demonstrations or videos and diagrams of a technique to show
how it should be performed
Advantages:
● Works well for beginners - they can copy the skill
● Can be used to teach closed skills - as they repeat the same action each time
● Slow motion videos can be useful to highlight small details of a skill for elite
performers
Disadvantages:
● Less useful for teaching complex and open skills - more difficult to copy
● Demonstrations for beginners must be clear, concise and simple in order to be useful
Manual guidance -
● When the coach physically moves your body through the technique
● For example, a coach might have to guide your arms when practising a golf swing
Advantages:
● Useful for teaching beginners - get the ‘feel’ of the skill
● Helpful for teaching complex skills
Disadvantages:
● A performer could start to rely on it and not be able to perform a skill without it
● Difficult to use with big groups of people
Mechanical guidance -
● Guidance given using sport equipment
● Harness in trampolining
Advantages:
● Useful for teaching beginners - feel safe when practising a new skills that might be
dangerous e.g somersault
● Helpful for teaching complex skills
Disadvantages:
● A learner might be unable to perform the skill without the help of the equipment
● Difficult to use in large groups
Feedback -
Intrinsic -
● You know how well you did the technique because of what it ‘felt’ like, this is called
kinesthetic feedback
● Works best for elite performers as they can judge how well they’ve performed
, Extrinsic -
● Someone else tells you or shows you what happened, and how to improve
● Suited to beginners - they don't have experience of knowledge to accurately assess
their own performance
Knowledge of performance -
● Didi you use the correct movements or techniques?
● This can be extrinsic or intrinsic
● This type of feedback works well for elite performers - helps to ‘fine-tune’ a skill they
can already perform
Knowledge of results -
● What was the outcome?
● This is usually extrinsic and can include data e.g. time in a race
● Useful for beginners - need to be told whether or not they achieved the right result
Negative and positive feedback -
● Feedback can focus on what went well and what didn't and needs improving
Beginners:
● Its better to avoid too much negative feedback with beginners - put them off learning
the skill
● Positive feedback is better - helps them to remember what parts they should repeat
Elite:
● Negative feedback can be useful to motivate elite performers by setting a goal for
them to aim for
Arousal -
Arousal -
● Arousal is a physical and mental (physiological and psychological) state of alertness
or excitement varying from deep sleep to intense excitement
● As arousal increases, performers must use specific techniques to control it
Physical effects:
● Increase in heart rate
● Sweat more
Inverted u-theory -
● As arousal increases, so does performance up to the optimum arousal
● If arousal increases past the optimum, performance decreases
● If arousal is low, then youre not very excited and unlikely to perform well
● At higher arousal levels, you'll be determined and ready and should be able to
perform your skills well
● If arousal levels rise too much then you become anxious and ‘choke’ so your
performance might suffer and you may become overaggressive
Skill Classification -
Basic vs complex skills -
● Basic skill doesn’t need much thought or decision-making to do such as as running
● Complex skills needs lots of thought or decision-making to do such as an overhead
kick in football
Open vs closed skills -
● An open kill is performed in a changing environment, where a performer has to react
and adapt to external factors e.g. during a football tackle, you need to adapt to things
such as the position of the players on the pitch
● A closed skill is always performed in the same predictable environment e.g. breaking
off in snooker, the conditions and movement are always the same
Self-paced vs externally-paced -
● A self paced skill is controlled by the performer - they decide when and how quickly
it's done e.g long jump
● An externally paced skill is affected by external factors, which control when it starts
and how quickly it's done e.g. an opponent's actions in football might determine when
a pass is played and the speed its played at
Gross vs fine skills -
● A gross skill involves powerful movements performed by large muscle groups e.g.
long jump
● A fine skill uses smaller muscle groups to carry out precise movements that require
accuracy and coordination e.g. throwing a dart
Guidance -
Verbal guidance -
● An explanation in words of how to perform a technique
Advantages:
● Can be combined with other types of guidance
● Helpful for elite performance who understand technical language
● Can give guidance during a performance
● Useful for improving open skills
Disadvantages:
● Less useful for teaching complex skills, which are difficult to explain
● Could be confusing for a beginner if it uses complicated language
Visual guidance -
● Visual clues to help you perform a technique.
, ● Coaches could use demonstrations or videos and diagrams of a technique to show
how it should be performed
Advantages:
● Works well for beginners - they can copy the skill
● Can be used to teach closed skills - as they repeat the same action each time
● Slow motion videos can be useful to highlight small details of a skill for elite
performers
Disadvantages:
● Less useful for teaching complex and open skills - more difficult to copy
● Demonstrations for beginners must be clear, concise and simple in order to be useful
Manual guidance -
● When the coach physically moves your body through the technique
● For example, a coach might have to guide your arms when practising a golf swing
Advantages:
● Useful for teaching beginners - get the ‘feel’ of the skill
● Helpful for teaching complex skills
Disadvantages:
● A performer could start to rely on it and not be able to perform a skill without it
● Difficult to use with big groups of people
Mechanical guidance -
● Guidance given using sport equipment
● Harness in trampolining
Advantages:
● Useful for teaching beginners - feel safe when practising a new skills that might be
dangerous e.g somersault
● Helpful for teaching complex skills
Disadvantages:
● A learner might be unable to perform the skill without the help of the equipment
● Difficult to use in large groups
Feedback -
Intrinsic -
● You know how well you did the technique because of what it ‘felt’ like, this is called
kinesthetic feedback
● Works best for elite performers as they can judge how well they’ve performed
, Extrinsic -
● Someone else tells you or shows you what happened, and how to improve
● Suited to beginners - they don't have experience of knowledge to accurately assess
their own performance
Knowledge of performance -
● Didi you use the correct movements or techniques?
● This can be extrinsic or intrinsic
● This type of feedback works well for elite performers - helps to ‘fine-tune’ a skill they
can already perform
Knowledge of results -
● What was the outcome?
● This is usually extrinsic and can include data e.g. time in a race
● Useful for beginners - need to be told whether or not they achieved the right result
Negative and positive feedback -
● Feedback can focus on what went well and what didn't and needs improving
Beginners:
● Its better to avoid too much negative feedback with beginners - put them off learning
the skill
● Positive feedback is better - helps them to remember what parts they should repeat
Elite:
● Negative feedback can be useful to motivate elite performers by setting a goal for
them to aim for
Arousal -
Arousal -
● Arousal is a physical and mental (physiological and psychological) state of alertness
or excitement varying from deep sleep to intense excitement
● As arousal increases, performers must use specific techniques to control it
Physical effects:
● Increase in heart rate
● Sweat more
Inverted u-theory -
● As arousal increases, so does performance up to the optimum arousal
● If arousal increases past the optimum, performance decreases
● If arousal is low, then youre not very excited and unlikely to perform well
● At higher arousal levels, you'll be determined and ready and should be able to
perform your skills well
● If arousal levels rise too much then you become anxious and ‘choke’ so your
performance might suffer and you may become overaggressive
