Summary GCSE Geography Grade 9 Economic World UK Notes (pt 2)

UK’s INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE
-> Industrial Structure = proportion of work force employed in different sectors of work

Industries

Primary Industry = produce unprocessed RAW materials e.g. mining, farming
Secondary Industry = take raw materials produced by P.S. and process them into manufactured
goods/products
Tertiary = providing services e.g. healthcare, entertainment, education, tourism

Quaternary = the knowledge economy, providing information + developing new ideas e.g. ICT, vaccines,
R&D




CAUSES OF ECONOMIC CHANGE IN THE UK
1. DE-INDUSTRIALISATION
“Using the graph,
-> The decline howtraditional
of old, have the following
secondary industrial
industrysectors changed?”
in the UK (heavy industry like iron and steel)
PRIMARY
Reasons
 A decreasing industry
 From 22% population in 1851, to 2% in 2011
NEE’s industrialized
SECONDARY Labour is cheaper in NEE’s as wages are lower – companies can make more profit
 Has  been
Manufacturing
fluctuating industries moved from the UK to NEE’s e.g. China, causing our factories to
for a long time
close
 1960’s – declined dramatically
 More recent times it has started to decrease gradually e.g. 2011 is 5-10% population working
Resources
TERTIARY Many of UK’s resources (raw materials for industry) have run out/became too expensive to
 Growingminerapidly
e.g. coal + iron =asmines
– wasn’t popularclosed
as it is now
 Highest earner of UK’s economy (mirrors manufacturing industry)
Mechanisation
 Machines replaced people, causing job losses in secondary industry e.g. car production
QUATERNARY
 Only introduced in 1981 – hasn’t had time to rise as much as tertiary
GLOBALISATION
 Will keep growing in the future = more important
 Growth and spread of ideas around the world due to faster transport + better
communication e.g. internet

, 2. POST-INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY
-> The growth of tertiary + quaternary sectors of industry

Tertiary = finance
 Quaternary = R&D (Research + Development), Consultancy (advice to businesses)


Why have these sectors grown in the UK?

 The wealth of the UK population has grown = leading to an increased demand in services e.g.
financial investments
 Growth of technology in the UK has led to Quaternary increasing


 UK specializes in high value services e.g. finance
 Also specializes in the very high Quaternary sector. It is a world leader in R&D e.g. vaccine
development + business consultancy
 1.3 million work in the IT sector

Workers are better paid in the 2 sectors, so the UK earns more money – increasing its GNI faster


Service industries in the UK
 Have grown rapidly since 1970s – RETAIL largest sector + finance

Finance example
 The UK is the world’s leading financial centre (London) e.g. banking, insurance, fund management
etc.
 Many companies e.g. HSBC have their local global HQ here
 10% of UK’s GNI


R&D [Research + Development]

 Adds over £3 billion to our economy
 Research is done at universities using university graduates e.g. Cambridge by companies British
Antarctic Survey
 ABCAM produces antibodies to treat diseases
 Sector is growing



BUSINESS AND SCIENCE PARKS
-> Business parks = purpose-built area of offices + warehouses
 Often at the edge of cities + close
ADVANTAGES to a main road (for access to materials/transport)
of Cambridge DISADVANTAGES of Cambridge
 Good transport links including M11  City is overcrowded and congested =
SCIENCE PARKS motorway
= located near university sites
+ Stanstead Airport and high tech industries are established.
difficulty driving Science research
+ commercial development may be carried out in co-operation with the uni.


Quaternary industries are found in science/business parks. Often found:
 Outskirts of cities near fast transport links e.g. motorways