Aysha Eiman Akmal Page 1 IGCSE Edexcel Biology
1 - Principles of Chemistry
(a) States of matter 2
(b) Elements, Compounds & Mixtures 5
(c) Atomic Structure 8
(d) Periodic Table 9
(e) Chemical formulae, equations and calculations 11
(f) Ionic Bonding 17
(g) Covalent Bonding 19
(h) Metallic Bonding 22
(i) Electrolysis 23
,Aysha Eiman Akmal Page 2 IGCSE Edexcel Biology
(a) States of matter
States of Ma er
Solids:
• Arrangement - xed pattern
• Movement - vibrating in xed positions
• Energy of the particles - very strong forces
Liquids:
• Arrangement - random pattern
• Movement - vibrating and moving tile touching each other
• Energy of the particles - stronger than gas, weaker than solid
Gases:
• Arrangement - far from each other
• Movement - moving around randomly
• Energy of the particles - weakest forces
Intro Conversion
sublimation
melting evaporation
solid liquid gas
freezing condensation
solidi cation / deposition
Solutions & Solubility Basics
• Diffusion and dilution experiments support a theory that all matter (solids, liquids and gases) is made up of tiny, moving
particles.
•
Bromine Gas
This is the diffusion of bromine gas from bottom ask to the top ask.
Explanation:
• The air and bromine particles are moving randomly and there are large gaps between
particles.
• The particles can therefore easily mix together.
fi fi tt
fi fl fl
, Aysha Eiman Akmal Page 3 IGCSE Edexcel Biology
Potassium Manganate Solution (VII)
When potassium manganate (VII) crystals are dissolved in water, a purple solution is formed. Even a small number of crystals
produce a highly intense colour.
Explanation:
• The water and potassium manganate (VII) particles are moving randomly and the particles can
slide over each other, therefore allowing the particles to mix together
• Diffusion in liquids is slower than in gases because the particles in a liquid are closely packed
together and move more slowly.
Dilution of Coloured Solids
When potassium magnate (VII) crystals are dissolved in water, the solution can be diluted
several times. The colour fades but does not disappear until a lot of dilutions have been done.
Explanation:
This indicates that there are a lot of particles in a small amount of potassium magnate
(VII) and therefore the particles must be very small.
Important Terms
term meaning example
solvent The liquid in which a solute dissolves water in seawater
solute The substance which dissolves in a liquid to form a solution salt in seawater
solution The mixture formed when a solute is dissolved in a solvent seawater
saturated solution A solution with the maximum concentration of solute dissolved in the solvent seawater in the Dead Sea
soluble Describes a substance that will dissolve salt is soluble in water
insoluble Describes a substance that won’t dissolve sand is insoluble in water
Term: Solubility
Different substances have different solubilities. Solubility can be expressed in g per 100 g of solvent.
• Solubility of solids is affected by temperature.
• temperature ↑ = solids become more soluble
• Solubility of gases is affected by temperature and pressure.
• pressure ↑ = gases become more soluble
• temperature ↑ = gases become less soluble in general
1 - Principles of Chemistry
(a) States of matter 2
(b) Elements, Compounds & Mixtures 5
(c) Atomic Structure 8
(d) Periodic Table 9
(e) Chemical formulae, equations and calculations 11
(f) Ionic Bonding 17
(g) Covalent Bonding 19
(h) Metallic Bonding 22
(i) Electrolysis 23
,Aysha Eiman Akmal Page 2 IGCSE Edexcel Biology
(a) States of matter
States of Ma er
Solids:
• Arrangement - xed pattern
• Movement - vibrating in xed positions
• Energy of the particles - very strong forces
Liquids:
• Arrangement - random pattern
• Movement - vibrating and moving tile touching each other
• Energy of the particles - stronger than gas, weaker than solid
Gases:
• Arrangement - far from each other
• Movement - moving around randomly
• Energy of the particles - weakest forces
Intro Conversion
sublimation
melting evaporation
solid liquid gas
freezing condensation
solidi cation / deposition
Solutions & Solubility Basics
• Diffusion and dilution experiments support a theory that all matter (solids, liquids and gases) is made up of tiny, moving
particles.
•
Bromine Gas
This is the diffusion of bromine gas from bottom ask to the top ask.
Explanation:
• The air and bromine particles are moving randomly and there are large gaps between
particles.
• The particles can therefore easily mix together.
fi fi tt
fi fl fl
, Aysha Eiman Akmal Page 3 IGCSE Edexcel Biology
Potassium Manganate Solution (VII)
When potassium manganate (VII) crystals are dissolved in water, a purple solution is formed. Even a small number of crystals
produce a highly intense colour.
Explanation:
• The water and potassium manganate (VII) particles are moving randomly and the particles can
slide over each other, therefore allowing the particles to mix together
• Diffusion in liquids is slower than in gases because the particles in a liquid are closely packed
together and move more slowly.
Dilution of Coloured Solids
When potassium magnate (VII) crystals are dissolved in water, the solution can be diluted
several times. The colour fades but does not disappear until a lot of dilutions have been done.
Explanation:
This indicates that there are a lot of particles in a small amount of potassium magnate
(VII) and therefore the particles must be very small.
Important Terms
term meaning example
solvent The liquid in which a solute dissolves water in seawater
solute The substance which dissolves in a liquid to form a solution salt in seawater
solution The mixture formed when a solute is dissolved in a solvent seawater
saturated solution A solution with the maximum concentration of solute dissolved in the solvent seawater in the Dead Sea
soluble Describes a substance that will dissolve salt is soluble in water
insoluble Describes a substance that won’t dissolve sand is insoluble in water
Term: Solubility
Different substances have different solubilities. Solubility can be expressed in g per 100 g of solvent.
• Solubility of solids is affected by temperature.
• temperature ↑ = solids become more soluble
• Solubility of gases is affected by temperature and pressure.
• pressure ↑ = gases become more soluble
• temperature ↑ = gases become less soluble in general
