D
N
A
,DNA ,
Genes & Genome
→ Genetic Information of the Ccd
① cell nucleus
membrane bonded
organelle
in
eukaryotic cells
contain genetic material
② chromosome
structure
composed of a
long molecule
of
DNA
E coiled & condensed amowd proteins
organised compact way
in
very
a
③ DNA -
Deoxy ribonucleic Acid ← 2min
length
stores
genetic information " "man >
determines inherited characteristics
④ Gene
a
length of DNA at a
specific place on a
chromosome
② codes
for a
specific protein
⑤ Genome
's
an
organism complete set of DNA
all the
including genes
needed to build
contains all the
and maintain
information
the
organism
,→
summary
DNA is a chemical found inside the
nucleus .
As an
important molecule ,
it
needs to looked it is
packaged
be
after so
into structures called chromosomes .
A section
of called
DNA that codes for a trait is a
Humans have 23
gene .
pairs of chromosomes .
In each pair there
copy of the
is one
chromosome
from each
of our
parents .
The genome the the
is name
for all
material
genetic found in the
organism .
Most cells have the
copy of
an entire
entire their nucleus
genome in .
-
, → all '
instructions are written
organisms
in
4 letters A T
c←>G
& full set 23 Chromosomes human
karyotype *
of of
=
pairs
→ structure
of a DNA molecule
consists strands
of 2
long connected to
each other
↳ double helix
coiled to form a
link between strands done
is
by Hz bonds
between paired bases
Adenine IA )
[ Thymine A=T
-
a)
CIG
(c)
Cytosine
[
-
-
Guanine (G)
sugar phosphate
backbone
§ bases ( paned )
sugar
→
§
)
c
G ( deoxyribose
→ phosphate
T
A
Hz Bonds
* Antiparallel DNA strands *
?⃝
,RNA & Protein synthesis
→ DNA & the code
proteins are
responsible for the characteristics 1
-
traits
of an
organism
acids
proteins long sequence of amino
- :
② 20 acids
different amino
the order that these bases
along
-
come on
DNA is the
genetic code
↳ DNA molecule (gene )
a section
of bases that
comprises a
sequence of
the code (
are
recipe)
② how to make certain
protein
on a
sequence of →
the sequence of
the bases amino acids
of the
that gene
protein
encodes
for
combination
of 3 bases order
in a
specific
-
② Codon
↳ the code codon acid
unit
of → 1 = I amino
-
64 possible different codons
acids & STOP codons
↳ codes
for 20 amino
↳ some amino acids
are coded
by more
↳than
codons
one codon
are redundant
,→ Protein synthesis -
Transcription nucleus
The DNA has the nucleus the
••
stay
to in so
onto
code is
first copied another molecule
↳ RNA ( mRNA )
made
* proteins are
in the *
① DNA Unzips cytoplasm
* DNA is too big
-
code can be accessed to leave nucleus t
will bind to the opened DNA
special proteins
-
② starts to assemble a new molecule → RNA
according to DNA
sequence
DNA $ RNA }
}
deoxyribose ribose
sugar
sugar mRNA (
messenger )
nitrogen nitrogen bases /
bases ↳ a. u ; e. a
- tRNA (
transfer,
↳ AM :c , G
u : Uracil
double single
stranded stranded
( double helix )
② DNA is transcribed into mRNA
out the
mRNA is small
enough to
pass of
-
i. nucleus into the
'
cytoplasm
.
-
-
÷, translation
, D- cytoplasm
→ Protein Synthesis -
Translation
in the
••
mRNA then attaches to ribosomes cytoplasm
↳ read the code
↳ assemble acids tRNA
the
right amino
using
① code is transcribed into mRNA
② taken to
cytoplasm
① code is translated
② converted acids
into a
sequence of amino
A ribosome 3 bases at a time
←
-
bind to mRNA
-
read the code
tRNA
-
found free in
cytoplasm
-
clover
leaf shaped
3 bases at the bottom
Complimentary
-
② codon mRNA
match to
corresponding
on
* anticodon *
-
exposed bases at the
opposite end
② acid
corresponds to a
specific amino
-
reads a codon at a time
corresponding tRNA complimentary
-
binds to the codon
↳ happen with every codon
-
first ERNA is released
after the second birds
② ribosome moves
along to read the next codon
-
continues until STOP codon is reached
, ③ protein is
formed
-
folded into 3D shape
mRNA released ribosome to be reused
by
-
& Model Answer it
Q Outline the
.
process of protein synthesis
A. The DNA code is
copied into mRNA ,
this is called
transcription .
It
happy in the
nucleus .
C U replacing -1 )
The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes
to
cytoplasm ,
where the ribosome bonds to the mRNA .
The ribosome reads the codons ,
which consists
ofsequence of 3 bases
a / nucleotides .
The tRNA with set
of anticodon
a
complimentary
binds to the codon .
One codon then translated
is
to one amino acid .
added to the
The amino acid is then protein
and the the
sequence ribosome moves
along
mRNA to read the next codon .
This is translation
process
, Transcription summary
① DNA unwinds
attaches to DNA
① RNA polymerase enzyme
transcribed
being
③ Complimentary RNA nucleotides line
up opposite
the DNA bases
④ RNA
polymerase joins the RNA nucleotides
together
⑤ a strand of mRNA is
formed
⑥ mRNA →
cytoplasm
Translation summary
① ribosome attaches to mRNA
① correct tRNA molecule & its anticodon
at the ribosome & with
arrives
pairs up
the codon
③ next tRNA & its amino acid arrives at the ribosome
④ 2 amino acids
join together
⑤ the ribosome moves
alongline
the mRNA &
The next tRNA molecules up
⑥ protein grows until STOP codon
⑦ mRNA leaves and returns to
repeat
Protein
Synthesis
, Meoisis & Meiosis
→ Diploid V5 Haploid
Diploid cells contains
:
pairs of chromosomes
-
( 23 humans )
pairs for
-
Haploid cells : contains
single chromosomes
É
( 23 SINGLE chromosomes for E)
gametes diploid ←
* 2
gametes frm zygote to form embryo *
a
↳ if gametes diploid
are
zygotes will have
,
46
pairs of chromosomes ,
double the aunt
an human embryo needs
→ Meiosis
-
cell division that makes gametes
② results in 4
daughter cells
-
haploid
-
genetically non -
identical to each other &
parent cells
① DNA is replicated
② Chromosomes appear
cell
③ Chromosomes align in the middle of the
olhomologus side
by side
④ Homologues chromosomes are
pulled to
opposite
sides &
separated
N
A
,DNA ,
Genes & Genome
→ Genetic Information of the Ccd
① cell nucleus
membrane bonded
organelle
in
eukaryotic cells
contain genetic material
② chromosome
structure
composed of a
long molecule
of
DNA
E coiled & condensed amowd proteins
organised compact way
in
very
a
③ DNA -
Deoxy ribonucleic Acid ← 2min
length
stores
genetic information " "man >
determines inherited characteristics
④ Gene
a
length of DNA at a
specific place on a
chromosome
② codes
for a
specific protein
⑤ Genome
's
an
organism complete set of DNA
all the
including genes
needed to build
contains all the
and maintain
information
the
organism
,→
summary
DNA is a chemical found inside the
nucleus .
As an
important molecule ,
it
needs to looked it is
packaged
be
after so
into structures called chromosomes .
A section
of called
DNA that codes for a trait is a
Humans have 23
gene .
pairs of chromosomes .
In each pair there
copy of the
is one
chromosome
from each
of our
parents .
The genome the the
is name
for all
material
genetic found in the
organism .
Most cells have the
copy of
an entire
entire their nucleus
genome in .
-
, → all '
instructions are written
organisms
in
4 letters A T
c←>G
& full set 23 Chromosomes human
karyotype *
of of
=
pairs
→ structure
of a DNA molecule
consists strands
of 2
long connected to
each other
↳ double helix
coiled to form a
link between strands done
is
by Hz bonds
between paired bases
Adenine IA )
[ Thymine A=T
-
a)
CIG
(c)
Cytosine
[
-
-
Guanine (G)
sugar phosphate
backbone
§ bases ( paned )
sugar
→
§
)
c
G ( deoxyribose
→ phosphate
T
A
Hz Bonds
* Antiparallel DNA strands *
?⃝
,RNA & Protein synthesis
→ DNA & the code
proteins are
responsible for the characteristics 1
-
traits
of an
organism
acids
proteins long sequence of amino
- :
② 20 acids
different amino
the order that these bases
along
-
come on
DNA is the
genetic code
↳ DNA molecule (gene )
a section
of bases that
comprises a
sequence of
the code (
are
recipe)
② how to make certain
protein
on a
sequence of →
the sequence of
the bases amino acids
of the
that gene
protein
encodes
for
combination
of 3 bases order
in a
specific
-
② Codon
↳ the code codon acid
unit
of → 1 = I amino
-
64 possible different codons
acids & STOP codons
↳ codes
for 20 amino
↳ some amino acids
are coded
by more
↳than
codons
one codon
are redundant
,→ Protein synthesis -
Transcription nucleus
The DNA has the nucleus the
••
stay
to in so
onto
code is
first copied another molecule
↳ RNA ( mRNA )
made
* proteins are
in the *
① DNA Unzips cytoplasm
* DNA is too big
-
code can be accessed to leave nucleus t
will bind to the opened DNA
special proteins
-
② starts to assemble a new molecule → RNA
according to DNA
sequence
DNA $ RNA }
}
deoxyribose ribose
sugar
sugar mRNA (
messenger )
nitrogen nitrogen bases /
bases ↳ a. u ; e. a
- tRNA (
transfer,
↳ AM :c , G
u : Uracil
double single
stranded stranded
( double helix )
② DNA is transcribed into mRNA
out the
mRNA is small
enough to
pass of
-
i. nucleus into the
'
cytoplasm
.
-
-
÷, translation
, D- cytoplasm
→ Protein Synthesis -
Translation
in the
••
mRNA then attaches to ribosomes cytoplasm
↳ read the code
↳ assemble acids tRNA
the
right amino
using
① code is transcribed into mRNA
② taken to
cytoplasm
① code is translated
② converted acids
into a
sequence of amino
A ribosome 3 bases at a time
←
-
bind to mRNA
-
read the code
tRNA
-
found free in
cytoplasm
-
clover
leaf shaped
3 bases at the bottom
Complimentary
-
② codon mRNA
match to
corresponding
on
* anticodon *
-
exposed bases at the
opposite end
② acid
corresponds to a
specific amino
-
reads a codon at a time
corresponding tRNA complimentary
-
binds to the codon
↳ happen with every codon
-
first ERNA is released
after the second birds
② ribosome moves
along to read the next codon
-
continues until STOP codon is reached
, ③ protein is
formed
-
folded into 3D shape
mRNA released ribosome to be reused
by
-
& Model Answer it
Q Outline the
.
process of protein synthesis
A. The DNA code is
copied into mRNA ,
this is called
transcription .
It
happy in the
nucleus .
C U replacing -1 )
The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes
to
cytoplasm ,
where the ribosome bonds to the mRNA .
The ribosome reads the codons ,
which consists
ofsequence of 3 bases
a / nucleotides .
The tRNA with set
of anticodon
a
complimentary
binds to the codon .
One codon then translated
is
to one amino acid .
added to the
The amino acid is then protein
and the the
sequence ribosome moves
along
mRNA to read the next codon .
This is translation
process
, Transcription summary
① DNA unwinds
attaches to DNA
① RNA polymerase enzyme
transcribed
being
③ Complimentary RNA nucleotides line
up opposite
the DNA bases
④ RNA
polymerase joins the RNA nucleotides
together
⑤ a strand of mRNA is
formed
⑥ mRNA →
cytoplasm
Translation summary
① ribosome attaches to mRNA
① correct tRNA molecule & its anticodon
at the ribosome & with
arrives
pairs up
the codon
③ next tRNA & its amino acid arrives at the ribosome
④ 2 amino acids
join together
⑤ the ribosome moves
alongline
the mRNA &
The next tRNA molecules up
⑥ protein grows until STOP codon
⑦ mRNA leaves and returns to
repeat
Protein
Synthesis
, Meoisis & Meiosis
→ Diploid V5 Haploid
Diploid cells contains
:
pairs of chromosomes
-
( 23 humans )
pairs for
-
Haploid cells : contains
single chromosomes
É
( 23 SINGLE chromosomes for E)
gametes diploid ←
* 2
gametes frm zygote to form embryo *
a
↳ if gametes diploid
are
zygotes will have
,
46
pairs of chromosomes ,
double the aunt
an human embryo needs
→ Meiosis
-
cell division that makes gametes
② results in 4
daughter cells
-
haploid
-
genetically non -
identical to each other &
parent cells
① DNA is replicated
② Chromosomes appear
cell
③ Chromosomes align in the middle of the
olhomologus side
by side
④ Homologues chromosomes are
pulled to
opposite
sides &
separated
