1
Inhoud
Lecture 5 International Security.............................................................................................................5
What is international security?...........................................................................................................5
Why do conflicts/wars happen?.........................................................................................................5
Security Dilemma................................................................................................................................5
How can war be prevented? The balance of power...........................................................................6
Collective Defense..............................................................................................................................6
Collective Security..............................................................................................................................7
Comparing the three types of alliances..............................................................................................7
Contemporary wars............................................................................................................................8
Current Trends:...................................................................................................................................9
The United Nations...........................................................................................................................10
The History.......................................................................................................................................10
The Purposes....................................................................................................................................10
The principles...................................................................................................................................10
The Structure....................................................................................................................................11
The General Assembly......................................................................................................................11
The Security Council.........................................................................................................................11
The Secretariat.................................................................................................................................12
The International Court of Justice.....................................................................................................12
The UN and collective security.........................................................................................................13
Collective Security RIP......................................................................................................................13
The UN security mechanisms to address conflicts............................................................................14
UN Redefinition of Security: from states to individuals....................................................................14
Responsibility to protect R2P............................................................................................................14
Lecture 6 Human Rights........................................................................................................................16
Human Rights...................................................................................................................................16
1948 – Fundamental document, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)...........................16
Are Human Rights Universal?...........................................................................................................17
1966 Binding Treaties.......................................................................................................................17
Refugees...........................................................................................................................................18
UN Agencies.....................................................................................................................................18
INGOs...............................................................................................................................................19
Peacekeeping....................................................................................................................................20
Traditional Peacekeeping.................................................................................................................20
, 2
Second generation............................................................................................................................21
Genocide of Rwanda.........................................................................................................................21
Why?................................................................................................................................................22
Third Generation..............................................................................................................................23
Humanitarian Intervention...............................................................................................................23
When can IOs override state sovereignty to protect HR ?................................................................24
Who should be responsible for HR?.................................................................................................24
UN peacekeeping missions...............................................................................................................25
Lecture 7 Trade.....................................................................................................................................26
International Trade...........................................................................................................................26
Main periods.....................................................................................................................................26
Mercantilism.....................................................................................................................................27
Adam smith......................................................................................................................................27
David Ricardo....................................................................................................................................28
Immanuel Kant.................................................................................................................................28
The Welfare Dilemma.......................................................................................................................29
Three conditions for cooperation after WWII...................................................................................29
The Bretton Woods System (between 1945 and 1970)....................................................................29
Three pillars Bretton Woods System................................................................................................30
The Global Level...............................................................................................................................30
What is the WTO?.............................................................................................................................30
The WTO’s principles?......................................................................................................................31
The WTO...........................................................................................................................................31
The WTO continued..........................................................................................................................31
Ten benefits of the WTO ( according to its website).........................................................................32
The WTO and developing countries..................................................................................................32
The WTO and the European Union...................................................................................................32
Forms of protectionism?..................................................................................................................33
Issues?..............................................................................................................................................33
Criticisms..........................................................................................................................................33
The Corona-crisis?............................................................................................................................34
Conclusions.......................................................................................................................................34
Lecture 8 Development........................................................................................................................35
What is development?......................................................................................................................35
The Orthodox vs. Critical Approach..................................................................................................35
Causes underdevelopment in Orthodox view?.................................................................................35
, 3
The Orthodox vs. Critical Approach..................................................................................................36
Underdevelopment stems from:......................................................................................................36
John Adams......................................................................................................................................37
Debt..................................................................................................................................................37
Orthodox view on debt.....................................................................................................................38
Critical view on debt.........................................................................................................................38
World Bank (1944)............................................................................................................................38
International Monetary Fund (IMF, 1944)........................................................................................39
UNCTAD (1964).................................................................................................................................39
UNDP (1965).....................................................................................................................................40
Millennium Development Goals.......................................................................................................40
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)..........................................................................................40
Lecture 9 The Environment..................................................................................................................42
WWF Living Planet Report 2019.......................................................................................................42
Dilemmas..........................................................................................................................................42
Global Commons..............................................................................................................................42
The tragedy of the commons............................................................................................................43
Environmental Problems..................................................................................................................43
5. Climate Change.............................................................................................................................45
Greenhouse effect............................................................................................................................45
The environmental dilemma trap.....................................................................................................45
How can we protect the commons?.................................................................................................46
International cooperation to protect the environment....................................................................46
International solutions......................................................................................................................47
UNEP.................................................................................................................................................47
Earth Summit 1992...........................................................................................................................48
Kyoto Agreement..............................................................................................................................49
N-S Disputes.....................................................................................................................................49
The Road to Paris..............................................................................................................................50
COP 21 Paris 2015: Main Provisions.................................................................................................51
Last meeting.....................................................................................................................................53
How does it work? NDCs..................................................................................................................53
Lecture 10 Civil participation in decision-making.................................................................................55
Global Governance...........................................................................................................................55
Functions of NGOs............................................................................................................................55
The Council of Europe.......................................................................................................................55
, 4
Structure...........................................................................................................................................56
The Conference of INGOs.................................................................................................................56
Code of Good Practice of the COE....................................................................................................57
4 principles of the Code of Good Practice........................................................................................57
Levels of Participation......................................................................................................................58
Cycle of Decision-Making..................................................................................................................58
Matrix of Civil Participation..............................................................................................................59
The way forward...............................................................................................................................59
IOs: a look back.................................................................................................................................60
IOs in the future................................................................................................................................60
Inhoud
Lecture 5 International Security.............................................................................................................5
What is international security?...........................................................................................................5
Why do conflicts/wars happen?.........................................................................................................5
Security Dilemma................................................................................................................................5
How can war be prevented? The balance of power...........................................................................6
Collective Defense..............................................................................................................................6
Collective Security..............................................................................................................................7
Comparing the three types of alliances..............................................................................................7
Contemporary wars............................................................................................................................8
Current Trends:...................................................................................................................................9
The United Nations...........................................................................................................................10
The History.......................................................................................................................................10
The Purposes....................................................................................................................................10
The principles...................................................................................................................................10
The Structure....................................................................................................................................11
The General Assembly......................................................................................................................11
The Security Council.........................................................................................................................11
The Secretariat.................................................................................................................................12
The International Court of Justice.....................................................................................................12
The UN and collective security.........................................................................................................13
Collective Security RIP......................................................................................................................13
The UN security mechanisms to address conflicts............................................................................14
UN Redefinition of Security: from states to individuals....................................................................14
Responsibility to protect R2P............................................................................................................14
Lecture 6 Human Rights........................................................................................................................16
Human Rights...................................................................................................................................16
1948 – Fundamental document, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)...........................16
Are Human Rights Universal?...........................................................................................................17
1966 Binding Treaties.......................................................................................................................17
Refugees...........................................................................................................................................18
UN Agencies.....................................................................................................................................18
INGOs...............................................................................................................................................19
Peacekeeping....................................................................................................................................20
Traditional Peacekeeping.................................................................................................................20
, 2
Second generation............................................................................................................................21
Genocide of Rwanda.........................................................................................................................21
Why?................................................................................................................................................22
Third Generation..............................................................................................................................23
Humanitarian Intervention...............................................................................................................23
When can IOs override state sovereignty to protect HR ?................................................................24
Who should be responsible for HR?.................................................................................................24
UN peacekeeping missions...............................................................................................................25
Lecture 7 Trade.....................................................................................................................................26
International Trade...........................................................................................................................26
Main periods.....................................................................................................................................26
Mercantilism.....................................................................................................................................27
Adam smith......................................................................................................................................27
David Ricardo....................................................................................................................................28
Immanuel Kant.................................................................................................................................28
The Welfare Dilemma.......................................................................................................................29
Three conditions for cooperation after WWII...................................................................................29
The Bretton Woods System (between 1945 and 1970)....................................................................29
Three pillars Bretton Woods System................................................................................................30
The Global Level...............................................................................................................................30
What is the WTO?.............................................................................................................................30
The WTO’s principles?......................................................................................................................31
The WTO...........................................................................................................................................31
The WTO continued..........................................................................................................................31
Ten benefits of the WTO ( according to its website).........................................................................32
The WTO and developing countries..................................................................................................32
The WTO and the European Union...................................................................................................32
Forms of protectionism?..................................................................................................................33
Issues?..............................................................................................................................................33
Criticisms..........................................................................................................................................33
The Corona-crisis?............................................................................................................................34
Conclusions.......................................................................................................................................34
Lecture 8 Development........................................................................................................................35
What is development?......................................................................................................................35
The Orthodox vs. Critical Approach..................................................................................................35
Causes underdevelopment in Orthodox view?.................................................................................35
, 3
The Orthodox vs. Critical Approach..................................................................................................36
Underdevelopment stems from:......................................................................................................36
John Adams......................................................................................................................................37
Debt..................................................................................................................................................37
Orthodox view on debt.....................................................................................................................38
Critical view on debt.........................................................................................................................38
World Bank (1944)............................................................................................................................38
International Monetary Fund (IMF, 1944)........................................................................................39
UNCTAD (1964).................................................................................................................................39
UNDP (1965).....................................................................................................................................40
Millennium Development Goals.......................................................................................................40
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)..........................................................................................40
Lecture 9 The Environment..................................................................................................................42
WWF Living Planet Report 2019.......................................................................................................42
Dilemmas..........................................................................................................................................42
Global Commons..............................................................................................................................42
The tragedy of the commons............................................................................................................43
Environmental Problems..................................................................................................................43
5. Climate Change.............................................................................................................................45
Greenhouse effect............................................................................................................................45
The environmental dilemma trap.....................................................................................................45
How can we protect the commons?.................................................................................................46
International cooperation to protect the environment....................................................................46
International solutions......................................................................................................................47
UNEP.................................................................................................................................................47
Earth Summit 1992...........................................................................................................................48
Kyoto Agreement..............................................................................................................................49
N-S Disputes.....................................................................................................................................49
The Road to Paris..............................................................................................................................50
COP 21 Paris 2015: Main Provisions.................................................................................................51
Last meeting.....................................................................................................................................53
How does it work? NDCs..................................................................................................................53
Lecture 10 Civil participation in decision-making.................................................................................55
Global Governance...........................................................................................................................55
Functions of NGOs............................................................................................................................55
The Council of Europe.......................................................................................................................55
, 4
Structure...........................................................................................................................................56
The Conference of INGOs.................................................................................................................56
Code of Good Practice of the COE....................................................................................................57
4 principles of the Code of Good Practice........................................................................................57
Levels of Participation......................................................................................................................58
Cycle of Decision-Making..................................................................................................................58
Matrix of Civil Participation..............................................................................................................59
The way forward...............................................................................................................................59
IOs: a look back.................................................................................................................................60
IOs in the future................................................................................................................................60
