B1 questions B1 answers
What is a Eukaryotic cell? ● Cell that contains genetic material in a
nucleus
● Complex and relatively large (sizes between
10µm and 100µm)
● Plant and animal cells
What is a Prokaryotic cell? ● Don’t contain a nucleus - genetic material
floats in cytoplasm
● Simple cells - smaller than Eukaryotes (most
have size between 1µm and 10µm)
● Bacterial cells
Which subcellular structures do all ● Cell membrane
Eukaryotic cells contain? ● Nucleus
● Cytoplasm
● Mitochondria
Draw an animal cell and label the
subcellular structures
What is the function of the nucleus? ● Contains organism’s genetic material (in
What does it contain? chromosomes)
● Controls the activities of the cell
● Contains instructions to make new
cells/organisms
What is the function of the ● Contains enzymes for cellular respiration
mitochondrion? (pl: mitochondria)
What is the function of the cell ● Selective barrier - controls which
membrane? What does it contain? substances pass in/out of cell
● Contains receptor molecules (used for cell
communication eg. hormones)
,What is the function of the cytoplasm? ● Where chemical reactions that keep cell
alive happen
● It’s a ‘jelly-like’ substance
Draw an animal cell and label the
subcellular structures
Why do plant cells need more subcellular Plants produce their own food (can’t move body to
structures than animal cells? different places)
Which are their extra subcellular ● Cell wall
structures? ● Vacuole
● Chloroplasts
What is the cell wall and what it it’s ● Cell wall is a wall surrounding outside of
function? cell made of tough fibre called cellulose
which makes the wall rigid
● Supports the cell
What is the vacuole and what it it’s ● Full of cell sap (solution made of sugars
function? and salts)
● Helps to keep cell rigid so therefore
supports plant and keeps it upright
What are the chloroplasts and what are ● Only green parts of plant - contain green
their functions? chlorophyll
● Chlorophyll transfers energy from Sun to
plant as light; used in Photosynthesis
● Where Photosynthesis occurs
What are bacteria? What size are they? ● Smallest living organisms - unicellular
organisms (one cell). Unicellular organisms
can carry out MRS GREN (7 life processes)
● Many around 1µm in size - need microscope to
see
What are 3 examples of prokaryotes? 1. E coli - food poisoning
, 2. Streptococcus bacteria - sore throat
3. Streptomyces bacteria - found in soil,
antibiotic comes from them
Draw a prokaryotic cell and label the
subcellular structures - no adaptations
What is the cell wall of a prokaryotic Made of peptidoglycan, which holds together and
cell made of? What is its function? protects cell
What is the genetic material like in a ● Floats freely in cytoplasm
prokaryotic cell? What it its function? ● One long, normally circular, strand of DNA -
called bacterial chromosome
● Controls the cell’s activities and
replication
What do bacterial cells all contain? ● Cell membrane
● Cell wall
● Genetic material
Why do some types of bacterial cell have Adaptations to their environment
extra subcellular structures?
Adaptation = Flagella (sing: flagellum) ● ‘Tail-like’ structure
What are they and what is their function? ● Allows cell to move through liquids
Adaptation = Pili ● Tiny ‘hair-like’ structures
What are they and what is their function? ● Enable cell to attach to structures (eg.
cells that line digestive tract)
● Used to transfer genetic material between
bacteria
Adaptation = slime capsule ● Layer outside cell wall
What is it and what is its function? ● Protects bacteria from drying out
● Protects bacteria from poisonous substances
● Helps bacteria stick to smooth surfaces
, Adaptation = plasmids ● Circular piece of DNA used to store extra
What are they and what is their function? genes needed in times of stress (eg. where
antibiotic resistance genes found)
What is the function of a microscope? ● Use lenses to magnify images
● Increase resolution (detail) of image
Define resolution Smallest distance between 2 points that can be seen
as separate entities
What is a light microscope? Microscope that uses light to observe small
structures in detail
How does a light microscope work? 1. Light passed through object on a slide on
the stage
2. Light passes through objective lens and
eyepiece lens (glass)
3. Lenses magnify object
4. When look through eyepiece can see object in
more detail
How can you observe cells through a 1. Move stage to lowest position
microscope? 2. Select objective lens with lowest
magnification
3. Place slide with cells on it on the stage
4. Turn coarse focus knob slowly until see
cells (usually blurred)
5. Turn fine focus knob slowly until object
comes into clear focus
● To see the cells in greater detail repeat
the steps above using higher magnification
objective lens
How can you calculate the total Total mag = eyepiece lens mag x objective lens mag
magnification of a microscope?
Why stain cells? Cells are usually colourless so staining them makes
them easier to observe
Give 3 common stains and their functions 1. Methylene blue - easier to see nucleus of
animal cell
2. Iodine - easier to see plant cell nucleus
3. Crystal violet - stains bacterial cell walls
How do you apply a stain to cells? 1. Place cells on glass slide
2. Add 1 drop of stain
3. Place coverslip on top
4. Tap coverslip gently with pencil or mounted
What is a Eukaryotic cell? ● Cell that contains genetic material in a
nucleus
● Complex and relatively large (sizes between
10µm and 100µm)
● Plant and animal cells
What is a Prokaryotic cell? ● Don’t contain a nucleus - genetic material
floats in cytoplasm
● Simple cells - smaller than Eukaryotes (most
have size between 1µm and 10µm)
● Bacterial cells
Which subcellular structures do all ● Cell membrane
Eukaryotic cells contain? ● Nucleus
● Cytoplasm
● Mitochondria
Draw an animal cell and label the
subcellular structures
What is the function of the nucleus? ● Contains organism’s genetic material (in
What does it contain? chromosomes)
● Controls the activities of the cell
● Contains instructions to make new
cells/organisms
What is the function of the ● Contains enzymes for cellular respiration
mitochondrion? (pl: mitochondria)
What is the function of the cell ● Selective barrier - controls which
membrane? What does it contain? substances pass in/out of cell
● Contains receptor molecules (used for cell
communication eg. hormones)
,What is the function of the cytoplasm? ● Where chemical reactions that keep cell
alive happen
● It’s a ‘jelly-like’ substance
Draw an animal cell and label the
subcellular structures
Why do plant cells need more subcellular Plants produce their own food (can’t move body to
structures than animal cells? different places)
Which are their extra subcellular ● Cell wall
structures? ● Vacuole
● Chloroplasts
What is the cell wall and what it it’s ● Cell wall is a wall surrounding outside of
function? cell made of tough fibre called cellulose
which makes the wall rigid
● Supports the cell
What is the vacuole and what it it’s ● Full of cell sap (solution made of sugars
function? and salts)
● Helps to keep cell rigid so therefore
supports plant and keeps it upright
What are the chloroplasts and what are ● Only green parts of plant - contain green
their functions? chlorophyll
● Chlorophyll transfers energy from Sun to
plant as light; used in Photosynthesis
● Where Photosynthesis occurs
What are bacteria? What size are they? ● Smallest living organisms - unicellular
organisms (one cell). Unicellular organisms
can carry out MRS GREN (7 life processes)
● Many around 1µm in size - need microscope to
see
What are 3 examples of prokaryotes? 1. E coli - food poisoning
, 2. Streptococcus bacteria - sore throat
3. Streptomyces bacteria - found in soil,
antibiotic comes from them
Draw a prokaryotic cell and label the
subcellular structures - no adaptations
What is the cell wall of a prokaryotic Made of peptidoglycan, which holds together and
cell made of? What is its function? protects cell
What is the genetic material like in a ● Floats freely in cytoplasm
prokaryotic cell? What it its function? ● One long, normally circular, strand of DNA -
called bacterial chromosome
● Controls the cell’s activities and
replication
What do bacterial cells all contain? ● Cell membrane
● Cell wall
● Genetic material
Why do some types of bacterial cell have Adaptations to their environment
extra subcellular structures?
Adaptation = Flagella (sing: flagellum) ● ‘Tail-like’ structure
What are they and what is their function? ● Allows cell to move through liquids
Adaptation = Pili ● Tiny ‘hair-like’ structures
What are they and what is their function? ● Enable cell to attach to structures (eg.
cells that line digestive tract)
● Used to transfer genetic material between
bacteria
Adaptation = slime capsule ● Layer outside cell wall
What is it and what is its function? ● Protects bacteria from drying out
● Protects bacteria from poisonous substances
● Helps bacteria stick to smooth surfaces
, Adaptation = plasmids ● Circular piece of DNA used to store extra
What are they and what is their function? genes needed in times of stress (eg. where
antibiotic resistance genes found)
What is the function of a microscope? ● Use lenses to magnify images
● Increase resolution (detail) of image
Define resolution Smallest distance between 2 points that can be seen
as separate entities
What is a light microscope? Microscope that uses light to observe small
structures in detail
How does a light microscope work? 1. Light passed through object on a slide on
the stage
2. Light passes through objective lens and
eyepiece lens (glass)
3. Lenses magnify object
4. When look through eyepiece can see object in
more detail
How can you observe cells through a 1. Move stage to lowest position
microscope? 2. Select objective lens with lowest
magnification
3. Place slide with cells on it on the stage
4. Turn coarse focus knob slowly until see
cells (usually blurred)
5. Turn fine focus knob slowly until object
comes into clear focus
● To see the cells in greater detail repeat
the steps above using higher magnification
objective lens
How can you calculate the total Total mag = eyepiece lens mag x objective lens mag
magnification of a microscope?
Why stain cells? Cells are usually colourless so staining them makes
them easier to observe
Give 3 common stains and their functions 1. Methylene blue - easier to see nucleus of
animal cell
2. Iodine - easier to see plant cell nucleus
3. Crystal violet - stains bacterial cell walls
How do you apply a stain to cells? 1. Place cells on glass slide
2. Add 1 drop of stain
3. Place coverslip on top
4. Tap coverslip gently with pencil or mounted
