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Statistiek 1 samenvatting tutorials

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Statistiek 1 3-9-2018 periode 1




Tutorial 1
Research

Waarover? -> Research question ( Do children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy often have
a lower birth weight?)

Waaraan -> Population ( All pregnant women in the Netherlands 2017 – volledig beeld populatie- ) ->
sample ( selection of pregnant women… ) -> units

Wat? -> variable

 Population : every member of a group ( persons, objects etc) for which we would like to
collect information ( langste beschrijving -> volwassen koeien v/e bepaald ras) all…
 Sample: part of the population that we will study and collect information for ( why? - Too
expensive or too time consuming to question al pregnant women )
 Units : the elements of a sample wich at we are gathering information ( kortste beschrijving :
plant, dier mens etc.)
 Variable :
- Quantitative variable kwantitatief ( continuous/ discrete )
Continuous = alle getallen worden bereikt ( tot zoveel cijvers achter de komma)
discrete = losse uitkomsten ( aantal kinderen : 1 of 2) ( number of)
- Qualitative variable kwalitatief ( nominal / ordinal )
Nominal ( geen orde in)
Ordinal ( rangorde) kwaliteit van een ei/ hoe leuk / naar oordeel


Simple random sampling = SRS ( alle eenheden in de populatie zouden getrokken kunnen worden)
(elke soort steekproef zou getrokken kunnen worden ) -> zorgt ervoor dat je niet bepaalde mensen
gaat selecteren. ( alle samples moet kunnen )

Niet : 50 appels uit 50 verschillende kisten
5 appels uit 5 verschillende bomen

Belangrijk!
- undersampling
- Non-response
- volunatry participation (sterke mening)
- response bias ( te persoonlijke vragen)

Research
- Observational : observe the unit/ process without influencing it
- experimental : apply a treatment to the unit to observe the reaction ( alleen maar oorzaal gevolg bij
deze mogelijk)

, Statistiek 1 3-9-2018 periode 1


Tutorial 2
Investigating salt in bread
population : all loaves of bread sold in de Netherlands
Units : loaves of brad
Variable : amount of salt in bread

y 1+ y 2 … .
Mean = gemiddelde : Ӯ =
n=totaal een h eden
Median (M) = rangschik klein -> groot en dan middelste waarneming van oneven aantal
- met even aantal neem je het gemiddelde van de middelste twee.

Als Mean en Median overeenkomen dan … geen outliers
The Median is not sensitive to outliners (en daardoor soms een betere maat om aan te geven wat er in het
midden wordt gedaan ) the Mean is very sensitive to outliners

Min <-> max = ---range---

Standard deviation (s) = standaard afwijking = √ variance

Interquartile range (IQR) ( kwartielafstand) = Q3-Q1
- Q1 = 1st quartile = 25% = lower quartile ( Mediaan eerste helft)
- Q3 = 3rd quartile = 75% = upper quartile ( Mediaan tweede helft)
interquatile range is not sensitive to outliers in contrast tot he variance
- the Median is also called the 2nd quartile / or the 50th percentile ( je hebt evenveel
waarnemingsgetallen voor de Mediaan als na de Mediaan.

Heb je 15 waarnemingin is 1st quartile = 0,25 x 15 = 3.75 dus 4 e waarneming ( altijd naar boven
afronden)

Kans berekenen
Frequency -> probabililty

Law of large numbers: hoe meer je hebt ( experimenten) hoe nauwkeuriger je uitkomst is.

The more times you observe a random event the frequentie will approach its theoretical probability.
probability = relatieve frequentie op de lange termijn.



n = number of persons
y = variable
p = probability
( zie powerpoint)

alle kansen bij elkaar = altijd 1/ 100%

The complement _A is alles wat niet A is.
the event union AcB
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