Samenvatting inleiding CIW
Hoofdstuk 10
What is a public speech?
- A form of communication that is organized, purposeful, continuous presentation delivered in
the presence of a relatively large group of receivers.
- Speaker is the primary sender
Planning the public speech
- Audience adaptation
o When we take into account the beliefs and life experiences f audience members and
use that information in constructing a message
o Central idea and structure
1. What does the audience currently belief, what positions it might be willing to
accept, what positions it definitely will reject
o Supporting materials
1. Wat vertel je, welke kanten belicht je
o Style
1. Understandable
- Audience analysis
o Demographic analyses
1. Which group belong the members of the audience
2. Stephen Lucas; you must avoid false sex distinctions that do not exist and
acknowledge true sex distinctions where they do exist.
o Local media
o Personal interviews with individuals who are similar to the audience members
o If invited by an organisation: spend time with people in the organisation and read the
official publications
Structuring the speech
- Intro and conclusion are very important, had been researched
o Intro create initial impressions
o Conclusion sums up
Functions of the introduction
- To create a desire in the audience to listen to the speech
- To increase audience confidence in the speaker
- To let the audience know what the speech is about\
- The speaker must announce the thesis ; central purpose
Functions of the conclusion
- The speaker’s last chance to convince the audience
- Must be as carefully crafted as the intro
- Must generally do three things:
o Signal that the speech is ending
o Reiterate the significance of the topic
o Summarize the main ideas of the speech
, Organizing the body of the speech
To let the audience follow the flow of the speech:
- Preview
- Use transitions to move the audience from one idea to the next
- Employ internal summaries
Stock organizational patterns:
- Chronological
- Spatial
- Topical
- Causal
- Problem-solution orders
- Motivated sequence
o Alan Monroe
o Five steps:
1. Attention step
2. Need step
3. Satisfaction step
4. Visualization step
5. Action step
Managing delivery
- Impromptu
o When the speaker is suddenly confronted with a rhetorical situation and is able, on
the spur of the moment, to organize a message.
- Extemporaneous
o Carefully preplanned but nonmemorized delivery
o Researched an outlined the message but has not memorized its exact wording
- Manuscript
o The speaker reads from a printed page or teleprompter
- No one form is better than the others
Speech anxiety
- Cognitive restructuring
o In which you substitute adaptive thinking for negative
- Physical relaxation
- Raymond Ross
o Recognize
o Find a way to burn up excess tension by engaging in a simple, repetitive physical
activity before you begin
o Redirect your attention
o Use a clear organizational pattern to keep from losing your place or forgetting a
point
o Be realistic about the importance
o Concentrate on your message more than on yourself
Systematic desensitization: to substitute deep relaxation for fear responses
, Hoofdstuk 11
Mass communication:
- Institutional sources
o Als bij een film, niet 1 speaker maar meerdere, dus niet 1 producer maar er is ook
een associate producer
- Invisible receivers
- Interposes channels
o Receiver must be able to read for example because of the use of for example a
magazine
How audiences and media messages interact:
- Surveillance
o The gathering and disseminating of information
o Media sources affect receivers by providing them with news
- Correlation
o The analysis and evaluation of info
- Cultural transmission
o Media personalities act as role models for us
1. Prosocial learning
2. Antisocial learning
- Entertainment
Media effects:
Two opposing schools of thought:
- Powerful effects model
- Limited effects model
Magic bullet or hypodermic needle: media influence as a bullet or needle that could target
unsuspecting audience members or inject them with a message
Obstinate audience theory; receivers were viewed as creative consumers who sought out media
messages according to their own needs and interpreted messages in their own ways.
Hoofdstuk 12
What is culture?
- Benedict: we are in an important sense the products of our cultures
- Klopf: culture is that part of the environment made by humans
Characteristics of cultures
- Cultures are learned
- Cultures are shared
- Cultures are multifaceted
o Activities who are common to all people who live together in social groups and are
thus examples of cultural universals
- Cultures are dynamic
Hoofdstuk 10
What is a public speech?
- A form of communication that is organized, purposeful, continuous presentation delivered in
the presence of a relatively large group of receivers.
- Speaker is the primary sender
Planning the public speech
- Audience adaptation
o When we take into account the beliefs and life experiences f audience members and
use that information in constructing a message
o Central idea and structure
1. What does the audience currently belief, what positions it might be willing to
accept, what positions it definitely will reject
o Supporting materials
1. Wat vertel je, welke kanten belicht je
o Style
1. Understandable
- Audience analysis
o Demographic analyses
1. Which group belong the members of the audience
2. Stephen Lucas; you must avoid false sex distinctions that do not exist and
acknowledge true sex distinctions where they do exist.
o Local media
o Personal interviews with individuals who are similar to the audience members
o If invited by an organisation: spend time with people in the organisation and read the
official publications
Structuring the speech
- Intro and conclusion are very important, had been researched
o Intro create initial impressions
o Conclusion sums up
Functions of the introduction
- To create a desire in the audience to listen to the speech
- To increase audience confidence in the speaker
- To let the audience know what the speech is about\
- The speaker must announce the thesis ; central purpose
Functions of the conclusion
- The speaker’s last chance to convince the audience
- Must be as carefully crafted as the intro
- Must generally do three things:
o Signal that the speech is ending
o Reiterate the significance of the topic
o Summarize the main ideas of the speech
, Organizing the body of the speech
To let the audience follow the flow of the speech:
- Preview
- Use transitions to move the audience from one idea to the next
- Employ internal summaries
Stock organizational patterns:
- Chronological
- Spatial
- Topical
- Causal
- Problem-solution orders
- Motivated sequence
o Alan Monroe
o Five steps:
1. Attention step
2. Need step
3. Satisfaction step
4. Visualization step
5. Action step
Managing delivery
- Impromptu
o When the speaker is suddenly confronted with a rhetorical situation and is able, on
the spur of the moment, to organize a message.
- Extemporaneous
o Carefully preplanned but nonmemorized delivery
o Researched an outlined the message but has not memorized its exact wording
- Manuscript
o The speaker reads from a printed page or teleprompter
- No one form is better than the others
Speech anxiety
- Cognitive restructuring
o In which you substitute adaptive thinking for negative
- Physical relaxation
- Raymond Ross
o Recognize
o Find a way to burn up excess tension by engaging in a simple, repetitive physical
activity before you begin
o Redirect your attention
o Use a clear organizational pattern to keep from losing your place or forgetting a
point
o Be realistic about the importance
o Concentrate on your message more than on yourself
Systematic desensitization: to substitute deep relaxation for fear responses
, Hoofdstuk 11
Mass communication:
- Institutional sources
o Als bij een film, niet 1 speaker maar meerdere, dus niet 1 producer maar er is ook
een associate producer
- Invisible receivers
- Interposes channels
o Receiver must be able to read for example because of the use of for example a
magazine
How audiences and media messages interact:
- Surveillance
o The gathering and disseminating of information
o Media sources affect receivers by providing them with news
- Correlation
o The analysis and evaluation of info
- Cultural transmission
o Media personalities act as role models for us
1. Prosocial learning
2. Antisocial learning
- Entertainment
Media effects:
Two opposing schools of thought:
- Powerful effects model
- Limited effects model
Magic bullet or hypodermic needle: media influence as a bullet or needle that could target
unsuspecting audience members or inject them with a message
Obstinate audience theory; receivers were viewed as creative consumers who sought out media
messages according to their own needs and interpreted messages in their own ways.
Hoofdstuk 12
What is culture?
- Benedict: we are in an important sense the products of our cultures
- Klopf: culture is that part of the environment made by humans
Characteristics of cultures
- Cultures are learned
- Cultures are shared
- Cultures are multifaceted
o Activities who are common to all people who live together in social groups and are
thus examples of cultural universals
- Cultures are dynamic
