elisaInfectious disease epidemiology
General information Risk factors/ causes Symptoms/ signs Treatment
Epidemiology: the study and The cause often known is an Infectious disease: Caused Koch’s postulates
analysis of the incidence, infectious agent is a necessary by an infectious agent. to identify the
distribution and control of cause. microbial cause of
diseases. Communicable disease: specific diseases
What is infectious disease Transmission- directly or
What is infectious disease epidemiology then used for? indirectly from an Microbes must be
epidemiology? Identification of causes infected person. present in every
- Humans of new, emerging case of the disease
- Infectious agents infections, e.g., HIV, Rotes of transmission but not in healthy
(helminths, bacteria, vCJD, Zika, SARS-CoV2 Direct organisms.
fungi, protozoa, viruses, Surveillance of Skin-skin: Herpes
prions. infectious disease. type 1 Microbe must be
- Vectors (mosquito, snails, Identification of source Mucous-mucous: isolated from a
blackfly) of outbreaks. STIs. disease host and
- Animals (dogs and sheep/ Studies of routes of Across placenta: grown in pure
goats, mice and ticks) transmission and Toxoplasmosis. culture.
natural history of Through breast
What is infectious disease infections. milk: HIV Disease must be
epidemiology? Identification of new Sneeze-cough: reproduced when
interventions. Influenza. a pure culture is
A case is a risk factor… Indirect: introduced into a
Infection in one person can be Food-borne: non-disease
transmitted to others Salmonella susceptible host.
Water-borne:
Hepatitis A. Microbe must be
Vector-borne: recoverable from
Malaria. an experimentally
Air-borne: Chicken infected host.
Timeline for infection pox.
Exposure: a relevant
contact – depends on the
agent.
Transmissible disease:
transmission- through
unnatural routes- from an
infected person.
Week 1
The difference between disease epidemiology and infectious disease epidemiology:
, Disease epidemiology Infectious disease epidemiology
Deals with one population (e.g., human) Two or more populations (e.g., human and
pathogen)
Risk that causes the disease – cases A case of a risk factor
Identifies causes e.g., cancer (radiation The cause often known
source)
Cancer is an example of the disease
epidemiology because something like
radiation causes the cancer.
Week 2
Wound infectious
General information Risk factors/ causes Symptoms/signs Treatment
Staphylococci In general – healthy people Reservoir – Antibiotic
facultative, non- don’t get serious staph humans sensitivity –
sporulating, non- infections. Asymptomatic sensitive to
motile, gram positive - Skin disease – carriage sites Penicillin,
cocci. increased - Nares metronidazole,
Cell division (3 colonisation (nostril clindamycin,
planes) – daughter - Trauma – expose or nasal tetracycline,
cells don’t fully binding sites passages) erythromycin
separate - forms - Viral respiratory - Rectum Resistant to
clusters tract infection - Perineum aminoglycosides –
(influenza) -expose (area e.g., kanamycin
binding sites - between and streptomycin
Decreased anus and
clearance genitals)
- Foreign Body - Pharynx
- Liver disease Skin
- Neoplasia (benign colourisation –
growth) brief, repeated
27 species – three - Diabetes Transmission –
important species - Renal Failure person to person
1. Staphylococcus - Leukocyte &
aureus – important Immunoglobulin
human pathogen Defects
2. Staphylococcus - Elevated Serum IgE
epidermidis – Levels
normal skin flora, - Narcotics Addiction
disease under - Broad Spectrum
special Antibiotic Therapy
circumstances.
3. Staphylococcus
saprophyticus –
UTI’s in young
females.
,Pseudomonas – Epidemiology – Found in soil, Diagnosis, treatment and
– Gram negative rod- P. aeruginosa is rarely part decaying matter, prevention
shaped of the microbiota – can moist Diagnosis can be
cause infections environments difficult
throughout the body once – Virulence Difficult to treat
inside. factors – due to multidrug
adhesins, toxins, resistance of P.
polysaccharides aeruginosa.
– Pathogenesis
- Infection
can occur
in burn
victims
- Bacteria
grow
under
the
surface
of the
burn
The bacteria kill
cells, destroys
tissue and
triggers shock.
Clostridium spps Clostridium form Lab characterisers: Antibiotic
Anaerobic endospores under adverse Large gram- sensitivity-
Spore-forming environmental conditions. positive rods sensitive to
Gram positive bacilli Spores- useful in Penicillin,
Mostly soil identification metronidazole,
saphrophytes Culture- blood clindamycin,
Potent toxins – agar tetracycline,
important in (anaerobically), erythromycin.
pathogenesis. selective media Resistant to
(add aminoglycosides –
aminoglycoside) e.g., kanamycin
and streptomycin.
, Respiratory infections continued
Important bacterial Infections of the respiratory tract
• URT: Upper respiratory tract infections
• LRT: Lower respiratory tract infections
General information Risk factor/ cause Symptoms/ signs Treatment
URT infection– whooping Caused by Bordatella Fever Effective antibiotic
cough (Pertussis) pertussis Malaise erythromycin or
Anorexia azithromycin
Rhinorrhea Vaccine
Sneezing DPT (Diphtheria,
Lacrimation Pertussis,
Conjunctivitis Tetanus)
General information Risk factors/ causes Symptoms/ signs Treatment
Epidemiology: the study and The cause often known is an Infectious disease: Caused Koch’s postulates
analysis of the incidence, infectious agent is a necessary by an infectious agent. to identify the
distribution and control of cause. microbial cause of
diseases. Communicable disease: specific diseases
What is infectious disease Transmission- directly or
What is infectious disease epidemiology then used for? indirectly from an Microbes must be
epidemiology? Identification of causes infected person. present in every
- Humans of new, emerging case of the disease
- Infectious agents infections, e.g., HIV, Rotes of transmission but not in healthy
(helminths, bacteria, vCJD, Zika, SARS-CoV2 Direct organisms.
fungi, protozoa, viruses, Surveillance of Skin-skin: Herpes
prions. infectious disease. type 1 Microbe must be
- Vectors (mosquito, snails, Identification of source Mucous-mucous: isolated from a
blackfly) of outbreaks. STIs. disease host and
- Animals (dogs and sheep/ Studies of routes of Across placenta: grown in pure
goats, mice and ticks) transmission and Toxoplasmosis. culture.
natural history of Through breast
What is infectious disease infections. milk: HIV Disease must be
epidemiology? Identification of new Sneeze-cough: reproduced when
interventions. Influenza. a pure culture is
A case is a risk factor… Indirect: introduced into a
Infection in one person can be Food-borne: non-disease
transmitted to others Salmonella susceptible host.
Water-borne:
Hepatitis A. Microbe must be
Vector-borne: recoverable from
Malaria. an experimentally
Air-borne: Chicken infected host.
Timeline for infection pox.
Exposure: a relevant
contact – depends on the
agent.
Transmissible disease:
transmission- through
unnatural routes- from an
infected person.
Week 1
The difference between disease epidemiology and infectious disease epidemiology:
, Disease epidemiology Infectious disease epidemiology
Deals with one population (e.g., human) Two or more populations (e.g., human and
pathogen)
Risk that causes the disease – cases A case of a risk factor
Identifies causes e.g., cancer (radiation The cause often known
source)
Cancer is an example of the disease
epidemiology because something like
radiation causes the cancer.
Week 2
Wound infectious
General information Risk factors/ causes Symptoms/signs Treatment
Staphylococci In general – healthy people Reservoir – Antibiotic
facultative, non- don’t get serious staph humans sensitivity –
sporulating, non- infections. Asymptomatic sensitive to
motile, gram positive - Skin disease – carriage sites Penicillin,
cocci. increased - Nares metronidazole,
Cell division (3 colonisation (nostril clindamycin,
planes) – daughter - Trauma – expose or nasal tetracycline,
cells don’t fully binding sites passages) erythromycin
separate - forms - Viral respiratory - Rectum Resistant to
clusters tract infection - Perineum aminoglycosides –
(influenza) -expose (area e.g., kanamycin
binding sites - between and streptomycin
Decreased anus and
clearance genitals)
- Foreign Body - Pharynx
- Liver disease Skin
- Neoplasia (benign colourisation –
growth) brief, repeated
27 species – three - Diabetes Transmission –
important species - Renal Failure person to person
1. Staphylococcus - Leukocyte &
aureus – important Immunoglobulin
human pathogen Defects
2. Staphylococcus - Elevated Serum IgE
epidermidis – Levels
normal skin flora, - Narcotics Addiction
disease under - Broad Spectrum
special Antibiotic Therapy
circumstances.
3. Staphylococcus
saprophyticus –
UTI’s in young
females.
,Pseudomonas – Epidemiology – Found in soil, Diagnosis, treatment and
– Gram negative rod- P. aeruginosa is rarely part decaying matter, prevention
shaped of the microbiota – can moist Diagnosis can be
cause infections environments difficult
throughout the body once – Virulence Difficult to treat
inside. factors – due to multidrug
adhesins, toxins, resistance of P.
polysaccharides aeruginosa.
– Pathogenesis
- Infection
can occur
in burn
victims
- Bacteria
grow
under
the
surface
of the
burn
The bacteria kill
cells, destroys
tissue and
triggers shock.
Clostridium spps Clostridium form Lab characterisers: Antibiotic
Anaerobic endospores under adverse Large gram- sensitivity-
Spore-forming environmental conditions. positive rods sensitive to
Gram positive bacilli Spores- useful in Penicillin,
Mostly soil identification metronidazole,
saphrophytes Culture- blood clindamycin,
Potent toxins – agar tetracycline,
important in (anaerobically), erythromycin.
pathogenesis. selective media Resistant to
(add aminoglycosides –
aminoglycoside) e.g., kanamycin
and streptomycin.
, Respiratory infections continued
Important bacterial Infections of the respiratory tract
• URT: Upper respiratory tract infections
• LRT: Lower respiratory tract infections
General information Risk factor/ cause Symptoms/ signs Treatment
URT infection– whooping Caused by Bordatella Fever Effective antibiotic
cough (Pertussis) pertussis Malaise erythromycin or
Anorexia azithromycin
Rhinorrhea Vaccine
Sneezing DPT (Diphtheria,
Lacrimation Pertussis,
Conjunctivitis Tetanus)
