Tarskis World textbook.2020

How to Use This Book xi To the student xii To the instructor xiii Acknowledgements xv What’s new in this edition? xv More acknowledgements xvi I Exercises 1 Instructions About the Exercises 3 2 Exercises on Propositional Logic 9 3 Exercises on First-order Logic 25 4 More Theoretical Exercises 53 II Using the Software 5 Using Tarski’s World 67 5.1 Getting started 67 5.1.1 Opening saved files 68 5.1.2 Starting new files 68 viiviii / Tarski’s World: Revised and Expanded Edition 5.1.3 Saving a file 68 5.1.4 Closing Tabs 69 5.1.5 Reverting a File 69 5.1.6 Printing 70 5.1.7 Quitting (Exiting) Tarski’s World 70 5.2 The World Panel 70 5.2.1 Adding blocks 70 5.2.2 Selecting blocks 70 5.2.3 Moving blocks 70 5.2.4 Sizing and shaping blocks 70 5.2.5 Naming blocks 71 5.2.6 Deleting blocks 71 5.2.7 Cutting, copying, and pasting blocks 71 5.2.8 Hiding labels 72 5.2.9 2-D view 72 5.2.10 Rotating Worlds 72 5.3 The Sentence Panel 72 5.3.1 Writing formulas 72 5.3.2 Commenting your sentences 73 5.3.3 Creating a list of sentences 73 5.3.4 Moving from sentence to sentence 73 5.3.5 Deleting sentences 74 5.3.6 Typing symbols from the keyboard 74 5.3.7 Cutting, copying, and pasting 75 5.4 Verifying syntax and truth 75 5.5 Playing the game 76 5.5.1 Picking blocks and sentences 76 5.5.2 Backing up and giving up 76 5.5.3 When to play the game 77 5.6 Preferences 78 6 Using Submit 81 6.1 Getting started 81 6.2 Choosing files to submit 83 6.3 How you know your files were received 85 6.4 Saving your user data 85Contents / ix Appendixes A First-order Logic 89 A.1 First-order languages 89 A.2 Individual constants 90 A.3 Predicate symbols 90 A.4 Atomic sentences 91 A.5 Connectives 92 A.6 Variables 95 A.7 Atomic wffs 96 A.8 Quantifiers 96 A.9 Wffs and sentences 97 A.10 Satisfaction and truth 100 A.11 Game rules 101 A.12 Logical equivalences 103 A.13 Validity and logical consequence 104 B Using Tarski’s World 5.x 107 B.1 Getting started 107 B.1.1 Launching Tarski’s World 107 B.1.2 The main windows 107 B.1.3 Opening saved files 109 B.1.4 Starting new files 110 B.1.5 Saving a file 110 B.1.6 Quitting (Exiting) Tarski’s World 110 B.2 The world window 111 B.2.1 Adding blocks 111 B.2.2 Naming blocks 111 B.2.3 Moving blocks 111 B.2.4 Sizing and shaping blocks 112 B.2.5 Deleting blocks 112 B.2.6 Hiding labels 112 B.2.7 2-D view 112 B.2.8 Rotating Worlds 113