PHYLOGENY OR CLASSIFICATION
Variation Succession ecological succession a
process over time
of organisms in an
Classification
-
phylogeny is more specific t
logical community
·
eco
taxonomy study -
of classification produces a continuous tree Interspecific - between primary succession-occurs in an area
of land that has been newly formed or
↳ allows
organisms to be organised classification can be misleading species exposed- where no soil or
organic material is present
into manageable groups implies it Intraspecific within land where soil present such
as that different -
secondary succession-occurs on areas
of
is
binomial naming system international, groups within -
the same rank a species as bare earth after plant a forest five -
no or animal species
written in italics in the form of are similar PROCESS OF PRIMARY SUCCESSION
>
Genus species' eg. Homo sapiens CAUSES VARIATION
OF ·
pioneer species -
species that colonise an area first eg.
-
xerophytes+lichen
taxonomic groups-hingdom, carried the wind birds
genes-mutations during replication may -
arrive as spores or seeds
by or
phylum, class, order, family, be passed on, random assortment in meiosis, -
release organic product (humus) into soil which helps growth of secondary
genus-made by Carl Linnaeus random gusion of gametes colonies -
can also fixnitrogen from the atmosphere
5/6 kingdoms prokaryote/eubacteriat - ↳ in asexual
organisms, variation only occurs -
ADAPTATIONS -
can produce lots of seeds, their seeds germinate (growl rapidly,
archeabacterial, protoctista, fungi, plant, by a mutation can
photosynthesise andare tolerant to extreme environmentS
animal environment -
affects all organisms to ·Intermediate community secondary -
colonisers like mosses arrive as spores or seeds
3 domain system bacteria, archaea,
-
some extent and can decide which and seed off of pioneer species -
some animals start to colonise -
plants adaptedwith waxy
euharya genes and to what extent they are cuticle to prevent water loss to survive extreme conditions
FEATURES OF THE
5 KINGDOMS expressed -
tertiary colonisers like grasses form, then shrubland develops -
better suited organisms better
prokaryotes -
unicellular, no nucleus, outcompete + become dominant -rocks are eroded providing nutrients in the soil-makes
abiotic conditions
nutrients absorbed through cell wall community
climax species such as trees in a woodland are in a stable state
-
dominant
Sungi-uni/multicellular, have a
Classification and -
in a temperate climate this is large trees (lots of water), in subarctic climate herbs -
nucleus+ membrane bound organelles, -the more successful the dominant or shrubs (low tempsttwater
chitin
evolution Ecosystems
have a cell wall, no chloroplasts species, the less biodiversity
chlorophyll, nutrients absorbed Evolution -biodiversity peaks
or in mid-succession
Food chains/webs
plants multicellular, have nucleust -
EVIDENCE FOR NATURAL SELECTION ·
deflectedsuccession-occurs when human activity
d:direction of
membrane bound organelles, cellulose paleontology -
study of fossils that stops natural succession (eg. farming) which producer (autotrophs) energy
cell wall, have chlorophyll, store food proves that: prevents formation of a climax community ↓ transfer
as starch, nutrients acquired via .
simple life forms evolve into complex
ones ↳ sinal stage of this is called phagioclimax' primary (heterotrophs) productivity the
-
photosynthesis ·animals need plants to survives plant fossils consumer rate that energy
animals multicellular, have nucleus -
formed before animal ones Alfred Wallace- studied
Carbon and nitrogen cycles ↓ is stored in an
Problems with
membrane bound organelles, no cell
paleontology:plants animals in South secondary (heterotrophs) organism
+ -
-
wall chloroplasts, nutrients ingested,
or
incomplete fossil record east Asia studied the
+
extracellular digestion -
enzymes are
consumer/prey (5(kg/yr)
good stored as glycogen jossils easily destroyed evolution of warning colours secretedonto dead material to break ↓ CPP-energy
protoctista-unicellular, have only shows vertebrates in insects andhow new species it down to absorb products in tertiary (heterotrophs) fixed in a plant
nucleus + membrane bound organelles, comparitive anatomy -
form
-
developed a similar theory decomposition consumer/predator in photosynthesis
some have chloroplasts, some can looking at anatomical to Darwin detritivores -
small insects that
move similarities -
organisms STAGES IN NATURAL SELECTION consume dead or
decaying matter
·
classification systems change that share structures show I random mutation causes variation heterotrophs -
eat other
organisms CARBON CYCLE
discovered about DNA 2. mutation provides autotrophs make their good
as more is
divergent evolution a competitive -
own
such as sequences which
DNA comparitive biochemistry advantage NITROGEN CYCLE CO2 <
17
-
helps us identify how similar looking at
advantageous survive and pass
DNAtamino acid 3. nitrogen
fixation
hotosynthesi
Ss
dissolves
into ocean
&respiration
species by comparing sequences to compare highly on advantageous allele to offspring Nz >NMz/NM, &
-
are
the order conserved molecules between 4. frequency (gas)
(rhizobium Azotobacter)
+
Cammonial respiration
of advantageous
of bases within producers consumers
N
a DNA sequence organisms allele increases nitrification photosynthesis feeding molecules are passed
-
PHYLOGENETIC TREE Charles Darwin-1830s HMS Charles Lyell- suggested fossil were denitrification
Initrosomonas) turns CO2 into smaller to primary consumers
molecules when producers are
Idenitrifying
phylogeny-evolutionary Beagle to Galapagos Islands + evidence of historic animals bacterial
eaten
N
between South America where he discovered
relationships embryology-study of how NOR
nitrification
NO E
death L
->
decomposition
organisms variation of Finches
-
he noted that creatures develop before they 3 (nitrobacter) I
decomposition
no
(nitrates) (nitrites) where no decomposers
with decomposers
organisms in the same beak shape depended on good are born as
embryos are present
taxonomic group are more
availability ammonification -
decomposition using saprotrophs
closely related ↳ collected specimens of plants lightning-splits carbon bonds - releases nitrogen into the soil josil
shows to take home fuels
↳ common
ancestry +animals Oxidation-nitrifying bacteria respire aerobically -
no
present
oxygen
Variation Succession ecological succession a
process over time
of organisms in an
Classification
-
phylogeny is more specific t
logical community
·
eco
taxonomy study -
of classification produces a continuous tree Interspecific - between primary succession-occurs in an area
of land that has been newly formed or
↳ allows
organisms to be organised classification can be misleading species exposed- where no soil or
organic material is present
into manageable groups implies it Intraspecific within land where soil present such
as that different -
secondary succession-occurs on areas
of
is
binomial naming system international, groups within -
the same rank a species as bare earth after plant a forest five -
no or animal species
written in italics in the form of are similar PROCESS OF PRIMARY SUCCESSION
>
Genus species' eg. Homo sapiens CAUSES VARIATION
OF ·
pioneer species -
species that colonise an area first eg.
-
xerophytes+lichen
taxonomic groups-hingdom, carried the wind birds
genes-mutations during replication may -
arrive as spores or seeds
by or
phylum, class, order, family, be passed on, random assortment in meiosis, -
release organic product (humus) into soil which helps growth of secondary
genus-made by Carl Linnaeus random gusion of gametes colonies -
can also fixnitrogen from the atmosphere
5/6 kingdoms prokaryote/eubacteriat - ↳ in asexual
organisms, variation only occurs -
ADAPTATIONS -
can produce lots of seeds, their seeds germinate (growl rapidly,
archeabacterial, protoctista, fungi, plant, by a mutation can
photosynthesise andare tolerant to extreme environmentS
animal environment -
affects all organisms to ·Intermediate community secondary -
colonisers like mosses arrive as spores or seeds
3 domain system bacteria, archaea,
-
some extent and can decide which and seed off of pioneer species -
some animals start to colonise -
plants adaptedwith waxy
euharya genes and to what extent they are cuticle to prevent water loss to survive extreme conditions
FEATURES OF THE
5 KINGDOMS expressed -
tertiary colonisers like grasses form, then shrubland develops -
better suited organisms better
prokaryotes -
unicellular, no nucleus, outcompete + become dominant -rocks are eroded providing nutrients in the soil-makes
abiotic conditions
nutrients absorbed through cell wall community
climax species such as trees in a woodland are in a stable state
-
dominant
Sungi-uni/multicellular, have a
Classification and -
in a temperate climate this is large trees (lots of water), in subarctic climate herbs -
nucleus+ membrane bound organelles, -the more successful the dominant or shrubs (low tempsttwater
chitin
evolution Ecosystems
have a cell wall, no chloroplasts species, the less biodiversity
chlorophyll, nutrients absorbed Evolution -biodiversity peaks
or in mid-succession
Food chains/webs
plants multicellular, have nucleust -
EVIDENCE FOR NATURAL SELECTION ·
deflectedsuccession-occurs when human activity
d:direction of
membrane bound organelles, cellulose paleontology -
study of fossils that stops natural succession (eg. farming) which producer (autotrophs) energy
cell wall, have chlorophyll, store food proves that: prevents formation of a climax community ↓ transfer
as starch, nutrients acquired via .
simple life forms evolve into complex
ones ↳ sinal stage of this is called phagioclimax' primary (heterotrophs) productivity the
-
photosynthesis ·animals need plants to survives plant fossils consumer rate that energy
animals multicellular, have nucleus -
formed before animal ones Alfred Wallace- studied
Carbon and nitrogen cycles ↓ is stored in an
Problems with
membrane bound organelles, no cell
paleontology:plants animals in South secondary (heterotrophs) organism
+ -
-
wall chloroplasts, nutrients ingested,
or
incomplete fossil record east Asia studied the
+
extracellular digestion -
enzymes are
consumer/prey (5(kg/yr)
good stored as glycogen jossils easily destroyed evolution of warning colours secretedonto dead material to break ↓ CPP-energy
protoctista-unicellular, have only shows vertebrates in insects andhow new species it down to absorb products in tertiary (heterotrophs) fixed in a plant
nucleus + membrane bound organelles, comparitive anatomy -
form
-
developed a similar theory decomposition consumer/predator in photosynthesis
some have chloroplasts, some can looking at anatomical to Darwin detritivores -
small insects that
move similarities -
organisms STAGES IN NATURAL SELECTION consume dead or
decaying matter
·
classification systems change that share structures show I random mutation causes variation heterotrophs -
eat other
organisms CARBON CYCLE
discovered about DNA 2. mutation provides autotrophs make their good
as more is
divergent evolution a competitive -
own
such as sequences which
DNA comparitive biochemistry advantage NITROGEN CYCLE CO2 <
17
-
helps us identify how similar looking at
advantageous survive and pass
DNAtamino acid 3. nitrogen
fixation
hotosynthesi
Ss
dissolves
into ocean
&respiration
species by comparing sequences to compare highly on advantageous allele to offspring Nz >NMz/NM, &
-
are
the order conserved molecules between 4. frequency (gas)
(rhizobium Azotobacter)
+
Cammonial respiration
of advantageous
of bases within producers consumers
N
a DNA sequence organisms allele increases nitrification photosynthesis feeding molecules are passed
-
PHYLOGENETIC TREE Charles Darwin-1830s HMS Charles Lyell- suggested fossil were denitrification
Initrosomonas) turns CO2 into smaller to primary consumers
molecules when producers are
Idenitrifying
phylogeny-evolutionary Beagle to Galapagos Islands + evidence of historic animals bacterial
eaten
N
between South America where he discovered
relationships embryology-study of how NOR
nitrification
NO E
death L
->
decomposition
organisms variation of Finches
-
he noted that creatures develop before they 3 (nitrobacter) I
decomposition
no
(nitrates) (nitrites) where no decomposers
with decomposers
organisms in the same beak shape depended on good are born as
embryos are present
taxonomic group are more
availability ammonification -
decomposition using saprotrophs
closely related ↳ collected specimens of plants lightning-splits carbon bonds - releases nitrogen into the soil josil
shows to take home fuels
↳ common
ancestry +animals Oxidation-nitrifying bacteria respire aerobically -
no
present
oxygen
